Darbo objektas: pramoginių orientacinių varžybų organizavimo poreikis Lietuvos liaudies buities muziejuje. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti pramoginių orientacinių varžybų organizavimo poreikį Lietuvos liaudies buities muziejuje. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Pateikti renginių organizavimo sampratą ir klasifikavimą; 2. Apibrėžti sportinių renginių organizavimo ypatumus; 3. Atskleisti pramoginių orientacinių varžybų organizavimo ir formavimo etapus; 4. Ištirti ir įvertinti pramoginių orientacinių varžybų poreikį Lietuvos liaudies ir buities muziejuje; Tyrimo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė; 2. Anketinė apklausa; 3. Aprašomoji statistinė analizė. Rezultatai, išvados, pasiūlymai Atitinkami veiksniai, organizuojant ir klasifikuojant renginius, iš jų reikalauja vientisumo ir išbaigtumo, kad pasiteisintų darbo pradžioje iškelti tikslai ir būtų įgyvendinti uždaviniai. Apibendrinus gautus viso tyrimo rezultatus galima pateikti išvadą, kad dalyvavimas orientacinių varžybų programoje respondnetų nuomone suteikia galimybę jiems išnaudoti visas savo galimybes siekiant socialinės įtraukties, tuo pačiu, tai galimybė siekti pripažinimo bei saviraiškos, įvertinant savo fizinį pasirengimą. Atlikus tyrimą buvo nustatyta, kad dauguma apklaustųjų renkasi aktyvias laisvalaikio praleidimo formas, siekdami realizuoti save kaip asmenybę neįprastoje aplinkoje. Orientavimosi sportas – tai išskirtinė sporto šaka, kurios pagrindą sudaro fizinių galimybių, dėmesio ir atminties lavinimas, sugebėjimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the work: organization demand for entertaining orientation matches. The aim of the work: to measure the demand for organising entertaining orientation matches in the Open Air Museum in Lithuania. The goals of the work: 1. To present the conception and classification of organising events; 2. To define the peculiarities of organising sports events; 3. To reveal stages of organisation and formation of entertaining orientation matches; 4. To survey and estimate the demand for organising entertaining orientation matches in the Open Air Museum in Lithuania; Methods of survey: 1. Analysis of scientific literature; 2. Questionnaire; 3. Descriptive statistics. Results, conclusions, suggestions Some actions in organising and classifying events require integrity and perfection in order to justify the aims and goals that were set at the beginning of this work. After summarising the results of the survey the opinion of the respondents show that participation in the orientation matches gives them opportunities to better incorporate into the society. At the same time it is a perfect opportunity to seek acceptance and self-expression evaluating fitness. The survey showed that most respondents prefer active forms of pastime in aspiring to realise themselves as personalities. Orientation sport is an exclusive branch of sports the basis of which is not only to train body, attention and memory but also to train the ability to think quickly and rationally. Having in mind the... [to full text]

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:48:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luís César de Souza - 2014.pdf: 1481655 bytes, checksum: f4e72c8a00a5fbaddf7feef5e909b2e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:49:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luís César de Souza - 2014.pdf: 1481655 bytes, checksum: f4e72c8a00a5fbaddf7feef5e909b2e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-30T14:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luís César de Souza - 2014.pdf: 1481655 bytes, checksum: f4e72c8a00a5fbaddf7feef5e909b2e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Attributed to organized fan clubs, the violence in soccer matches has been regularly and widely broadcasted by the media, however, this debate is laden with controversies about the responsibility of those scuffles, their motivations and authorships. In view of this, the theme whose reflections of this thesis are developed upon, are the mediations – the apparent and non apparent ones – that are established between the actions of organized soccer fans, the violence in football-entertainment produced by the cultural industry and contemporary society. Our broader objective was to realize some motivations for violence in soccer matches from organized football fan clubs’ demonstrations of the three most prominent teams in the State of Goiás: Atlético Clube Goianiense, Goiás Esporte Clube e Vila Nova Futebol Clube. Major studies on the phenomenon indicate that the violence can’t be observed as “from” soccer, but "in" soccer matches. However, from a critical theory of the Frankfurt School's society, particularly on the reflections of H. Marcuse, T. W. Adorno e M. Horkheimer, we argue that violence has a social cause, it finds relations on the individual, therefore, it’s dependent on the social context and gets a new meaning due the subjective dynamics. As violence in soccer matches and scuffles between organized fans are the obvious aspect of this phenomenon, we consider them as the "starting point". We fell back upon the empirical research to follow up the role that those organized fan clubs play in the expansion of violence and to understand how the main subjects involved in this process realize the phenomenon. We have observed matches of those three teams in state and national competitions; we’ve interviewed presidents, directors, members and former members of organized fan clubs, club officers, people in charge of the stadium security; television media workers, and a questionnaire was applied to the more organic members of those fan clubs. Among the main discussion, we highlight, in broad scenery, the intensification of soccer as an article of trade in the age of media spectacle, shaping a scenario of cultural soccer industry, and the formation of individuality in those administered societies that seem to be more available to belong to clusters of people. Specifically, we highlight the conflicts of organized fan clubs with the police and the media, the manifestation of hypothetically uncontrollable feelings, the revelation that the scuffles are tolerated under certain circumstances and the emphasis on that the violence in soccer matches is due to a minority of criminals infiltrated in fan clubs, reason why the repression and punishment were the most remembered actions to fight it – to the detriment of cultural background or structural inequalities stimulated by the current social production style. As a "finish point", we have sought the contradictions hidden behind the motivations and justifications for the scuffles and we emphasize the fundamental role of the education as a counterpoint to violence and barbarism. This thesis was supervised by the teacher Ph.D. Sílvia Rosa Silva Zanolla and developed in the research line of Culture and Educational Processes of Doctorate in Education at the UFG – Universidade Federal de Goiás. / A violência no futebol atribuída às torcidas organizadas tem sido recorrente e amplamente divulgada pelos meios de comunicação, todavia, esse debate é carregado de controvérsias sobre a responsabilidade dos confrontos, suas motivações e autorias. Diante disso, o tema em torno do qual as reflexões desta tese se desenvolvem são as mediações – perceptíveis e não evidentes – que se estabelecem entre as ações de torcedores organizados, a violência no futebol espetáculo produzido pela indústria cultural e a sociedade contemporânea. Nosso objetivo mais amplo foi compreender algumas motivações da violência no futebol a partir das manifestações de torcedores organizados dos três times de maior destaque em Goiás: Atlético Clube Goianiense, Goiás Esporte Clube e Vila Nova Futebol Clube. Os principais estudos sobre o fenômeno assinalam que a violência não pode ser considerada como “do” futebol, mas “no” futebol. Contudo, a partir da teoria crítica da sociedade da Escola de Frankfurt, sobretudo pelas reflexões de H. Marcuse, T. W. Adorno e M. Horkheimer, argumentamos que se a violência tem uma causa social, ela encontra correspondência no indivíduo, sendo, portanto, tributária do contexto social objetivo e ressignificada pela dinâmica subjetiva. Como a violência no futebol e os confrontos entre torcedores organizados constituem a face evidente do fenômeno, os consideramos como “ponto de partida”. Recorremos à investigação empírica para acompanhar o papel que as torcidas organizadas desempenham na ampliação da violência e entender como os principais sujeitos envolvidos nesse processo percebem o fenômeno. Observamos jogos em competições estadual e nacional dos três times; entrevistamos presidentes, diretores, membros e ex-membros das torcidas organizadas; dirigentes de clubes; responsáveis pela segurança no estádio; profissionais da mídia televisiva; além do uso de questionário com os membros mais orgânicos dessas torcidas. Entre as principais discussões, destacamos, num plano amplo, a intensificação do futebol como mercadoria na era do espetáculo midiático, configurando um cenário de indústria cultural do futebol, e a formação da individualidade nas sociedades administradas que se mostra mais disponível para pertencer a agrupamentos de massa. De modo específico, ressaltamos os conflitos dos torcedores organizados com a polícia e com a mídia, a manifestação de sentimentos supostamente incontroláveis, a revelação de que os confrontos são tolerados sob certas circunstâncias e a ênfase no argumento de que a violência no futebol se deve a uma minoria de criminosos infiltrados nas torcidas, motivo pelo qual a repressão e a punição foram as medidas mais lembradas para combatê-la – em detrimento da formação cultural ou das desigualdades estruturais engendradas pelo modo de produção social vigente. Como “ponto de chegada”, procuramos pelas contradições que se escondem por trás das motivações e justificativas para os confrontos e ressaltamos o papel fundamental da educação como contraponto à violência e à barbárie. Esta tese foi orientada pela Profª. Drª. Sílvia Rosa Silva Zanolla e desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa Cultura e Processos Educativos do Doutorado em Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás.

Best match graphs (BMGs) are vertex-colored digraphs that naturally arise in mathematical phylogenetics to formalize the notion of evolutionary closest genes w.r.t. an a priori unknown phylogenetic tree. BMGs are explained by unique least resolved trees. We prove that the property of a rooted, leaf-colored tree to be least resolved for some BMG is preserved by the contraction of inner edges. For the special case of two-colored BMGs, this leads to a characterization of the least resolved trees (LRTs) of binary-explainable trees and a simple, polynomial-time algorithm for the minimum cardinality completion of the arc set of a BMG to reach a BMG that can be explained by a binary tree.

Facial Recognition Systems är något som har blivit populärt de senaste åren, speciellt efter den 11 september 2001. Möjligheten att kunna över-vaka personer som rör sig i olika miljöer har varit av intresse för bland annat regeringar, till exempel USA:s regering. Eftersom det finns mängder med olika typer av undersökningar och alla försöker göra så bra matchningar som möjligt av personer mot databaser, fast de utförs på olika sätt, är det intressant att se om det finns någon parameter som har en större påverkan på resultaten, oavsett om undersökningen görs med 2D, 3D eller en kombination av metoderna. Det finns många olika faktorer och parametrar som påverkar matchningsprocenten därför skall denna littera-turstudie försöka lokalisera och se om det finns någon parameter som har en större påverkan på matchningsprocenten. Det visar sig att två parametrar har en större påverkan än övriga parametrar. De är antalet bilder av varje objekt som finns att matcha i databasen och kvaliteten på indata vilket innebär kontrast och upplösning samt hur kompletta ansiktena är. / Facial Recognition Systems is something that has become popular in recent years, especially after 11 September 2001. The ability to monitor people that are moving in different environments has been of interest to particular governments, for instance the US government. Since there are a lot of different types of surveys, though performed in different ways, all trying to do the best matches of people to databases as possible, it is interesting to see if there is any parameter that has a major impact on the result. Whether the survey is done with 2D, 3D or a combination of methods, there are many different factors and parameters that affect the matching percentage. Therefore this study tries to locate and see if there is any parameter that has a greater impact on the matching percentage. It appears that two of the parameters have a greater effect on the result, than the others. These are the number of images of a test subject in the database and the quality of the input data. The quality is defined by contrast and resolution as well as how complete the faces are.

This work is about the table tennis beginning and the development in the Czech lands from 1920 to 1945. There is a mention about the world table tennis. The beginning of the racing era, the table tennis association establishment, the Czech Players success and racing and clubs development are described in this work. It is focusing on table tennis in Moravia, Prague, Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Bohemia. It presents sportsmen in the thirties (XX. century). It meets us with life of sportsmen, their conditions and especially financial conditions and their approach to sport.

Small-sided soccer games (SSGs) are being widely used to improve the technical-tactical behavior and soccer-specific endurance simultaneously. However, there are numerous factors, which can influence the exercise intensity of SSGs. In this regard, a number of studies on SSGs reported the different physical demands and physiological responses according to the altering the number of players, pitch dimension etc. However, there are no studies, which investigated the energetic profiles from three energy pathways. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify the energetic contributions in the relation of physical demands and physiological responses according to 1) altering the number of players and game duration (study 1), 2) pitch dimensions (study 2) and 3) further to explore which number of players and pitch dimensions can reproduce more closely to real soccer match (study 3). Thirty-four male junior soccer players from youth academy of German semi- and professional teams participated in this study. A portable spirometry system was used to validly record the proportionate energy supply mechanisms and the running load was recorded using a global positioning system (GPS). The heart rate (HR) and the post-exercise blood lactate concentration (BLa) were recorded before and after the respective exercise. For the calculation of the energetic contributions from three energy pathways the method developed by Beneke et al. (2002) was utilized. The subjects conducted three game formats i.e., 2 vs. 2, 4 vs. 4 and 6 vs. 6 for 2 min, 4 min and 4 min, respectively to examine the effect of altering the number of players. The results showed that three game formats had no difference in total distance covered, but 2 vs. 2 elicited greater distance covered in sprint than the other two ones. This was in accordance with the higher BLa during 2 vs. 2 than the other two ones. Besides, the values of heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2) during 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 were higher than 6 vs. 6. In contrast to these results, the change of number of players and game duration had less impact on the energetic contributions. The energy supply for all game formats with different game duration relies mainly on the aerobic system with more than 70 - 90 % of total energy supply. The share of anaerobic energy accounted for less than 15 - 30 % of total energy supply. Particularly, the glycolytic share had very small influence on energy supply with less than 3 - 10 %. Moreover, the energetic contribution significantly depends on the individual fitness level. For the second purpose of this study the subjects performed 4 vs. 4 on the three different pitch dimensions (relative individual pitch dimensions; 66 m2: SSG66, 166 m2: SSG166, 266 m2: SSG266) during 4 min for each pitch dimensions. The results showed that total distance and sprint distance covered increased when the pitch dimension increased, and SSG166 and SSG266 led to higher HR, LA and %VO2 compared to SSG66. These physical demands and physiological responses were in line with the energetic contributions. The least total distance and sprint covered for SSG66 led to the least total energy turnover among three pitch dimensions. Moreover, the greater sprint distance covered for SSG166 and SSG266 than SSG66 resulted to the greater anaerobic and aerobic share compared to SSG66. However, the most of energy was supplied by the aerobic energy system (approximately 80 %) with very small glycolytic share, irrespective of pitch dimension. Furthermore, it was to investigate which number of players and pitch dimensions can reproduce more closely to real soccer match. The subject conducted four friendly matches during the study period. The response of HR and physical demands during 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 with three different pitch dimensions (individual playing area; 66 m2: 4 vs. 4PA66, 166 m2: 4 vs. 4PA166, 266 m2: 4 vs. 4PA266) were compared with the real soccer match. While all SSGs reproduced the HR (except for 4 vs. 4PA66) and demands of acceleration activity executed during the real soccer match, the demand of sprint could be reproduced by 4 vs. 4PA266 only. This study concludes that SSGs are a very effective and suitable tool to influence the dominant aerobic energy system of soccer-specific performance. Furthermore, there are possibilities to modify the number of players and the field dimensions depending on the training objective.:Abbreviations I List of figures II List of tables V Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. State of problem 4 1.2. Structure of study 5 Chapter 2. Literature review 7 2.1. Trend analysis of study on SSGs 7 2.2. Effect of number of players 11 2.3. Effect of pitch dimension 19 Chapter 3. General methods 25 3.1. Subjects 25 3.2. Experiment equipments 26 3.3. Diagnostics of endurance performance 30 3.3.1. VO2max test 30 3.3.2. Incremental running test 32 3.3.3. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level1 34 3.4. Calculation method for energetic contributions from three energy pathways 36 Chapter 4. Study 1: Effect of number of players during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 41 4.1. Introduction 41 4.2. Methods 43 4.2.1. Subjects 43 4.2.2. Study design 43 4.2.3. Dependent variables 46 4.2.3.1. Physical performance 46 4.2.3.2. The number of technical actions with ball 48 4.2.3.3. Energetic contributions and physiological responses 48 4.2.4. Experimental procedures 48 4.2.5. Statistics 50 4.3. Results 51 4.3.1. Physical performance during SSGs 52 4.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 52 4.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 56 4.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 58 4.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 63 4.3.1.5. Body load 65 4.3.2. Technical actions with ball 66 4.3.3. Physiological responses to SSGs 67 4.3.3.1. Response of heart rate during SSGs 67 4.3.3.2. Response of blood lactate concentration during SSGs 69 4.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake during SSGs 71 4.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 73 4.3.5. Energetic contribution to SSGs 74 4.3.5.1. The absolute energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 74 4.3.5.2. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 77 4.3.5.3. The absolute energetic contributions to SSGs during 4. bout 79 4.3.5.4. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs for 4. bout 81 4.3.5.5. The absolute energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 84 4.3.5.6. The relative energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 85 4.3.5.7. Comparison of the energetic contribution between 1. bout and 4. bout within each game format 87 4.3.6. Summary of results for the energetic contribution 88 4.4. Discussion 90 Chapter 5. Study 2: Effect of pitch dimension during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 110 5.1. Introduction 110 5.2. Methods 112 5.2.1. Subject 112 5.2.2. Study design 112 5.2.3. Dependent variables 114 5.2.4. Experimental procedures 114 5.2.5. Statistics 115 5.3. Results 116 5.3.1. Physical performance during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 117 5.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 117 5.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 121 5.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 124 5.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 129 5.3.1.5. Body load 131 5.3.2. Technical actions with ball 132 5.3.3. Physiological responses to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.1. Response of heart rate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.2. Responses of blood lactate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 134 5.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 135 5.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 137 5.3.5. Energetic contribution during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 138 5.3.5.1. The energetic contribution during 1. bout 138 5.3.5.2. The energetic contribution during 4. bout 140 5.3.5.3. Comparison of energetic contribution between 1. and 4. bout within each pitch dimension 142 5.4. Discussion 143 Chapter 6. Study 3: Comparison of heart rate and physical demands between SSGs and real soccer match according to number of players and pitch dimensions 157 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Methods 158 6.2.1. Subjects 158 6.2.2. Study design 158 6.2.3. Dependent variables 160 6.2.4. Experimental procedures 160 6.2.5. Statistics 161 6.3. Results 162 6.3.1. Comparison of heart rate between SSGs and matches 162 6.3.2. Comparison of physical demands between SSGs and matches 163 6.3.2.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 163 6.3.2.2. Analysis of sprint effort 164 6.3.2.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 165 6.3.2.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities 166 6.4. Discussion 166 Chapter 7. Limitation of methods 172 Chapter 8. General summary 175 Chapter 9. Practical application 183 References 186 Appendix 201 Eidesstattliche Erklärung / Kleinfeldfussballspiele (sog. Small-sided games: SSGs) werden seit geraumer Zeit eingesetzt, um sowohl das technisch-taktische Verhalten als auch das fussballspezifische Ausdauertraining zu schulen. Dabei gibt es jedoch zahlreiche Faktoren, die eine Einwirkung auf die Intensitätsgestaltung der SSGs haben, so z.B. Spieleranzahl, Feldgröße, Spielregeln etc. Frühere Studien untersuchten dabei die Veränderung der verschiedenen physiologischen, körperlichen und technischen Parameter in Abhängigkeit der oben genannten Einflussgrößen. Bis dato gibt es jedoch keine Studien, die die anteilige Energiebereitstellung bei SSGs abschätzt. Daher ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studien die anteiligen Energiebereitstellungen unter Berücksichtigung der läuferischen und physiologischen Belastungen und in Abhängigkeit von der Spieleranzahl, Spielzeit (Studie 1) und Feldgrößen (Studie 2) zu quantifizieren. Darüber hinaus wurde auch untersucht, Welche Spielformen und Feldgröße die reale Wettkampfintensität näherungsweise abbilden können (Studie 3). Zur validen Erfassung der anteiligen Energiebereitstellungsmechanismen wurde ein portables Spirometriesystem verwendet und die Laufbelastung mittels eines Global Positioning Systems (GPS) erfasst. Vor und nach den jeweiligen Belastungen wurden die Herzfrequenz (HF) als auch die Nachbelastungsblutlaktatkonzentration (BLa) erhoben. Die Kalkulation bzw. Bestimmung der anteiligen Energiebereitstellungsprozesse erfolgte in Anlehnung an das Modell von Beneke et al. (2002). Alle Probanden absolvierten Spielformen 2 gegen 2 mit zweiminütiger Belastungszeit sowie 4 gegen 4 und 6 gegen 6 mit vierminütiger Belastungszeit; alle drei Spielformen wiesen keinen Unterschied bei der zurückgelegten Gesamtdistanz auf, die Spielform 2 gegen 2 zeigte im Vergleich zu den anderen Spielformen eine höhere Sprint- und Beschleunigungsdistanz. Diese Ergebnisse gingen einher mit höheren BLa-Werten bei 2 gegen 2 im Vergleich zu den anderen Spielformen. Die Herzfrequenz und die Sauerstoffaufnahme lagen bei 2 gegen 2 und 4 gegen 4 höher als bei 6 gegen 6. Im Gegensatz zu den Differenzen in der Laufbelastung zeigten HF und VO2 zwischen drei Spielformen nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die anteilige Energiebereitstellung. Bei allen Spielformen lag der größte Anteil der Energiebereitstellung im Bereich des aeroben Stoffwechsels mit mehr als 70 - 90 %. Der anaerobe Anteil betrug weniger als 15 - 30 % der gesamten Energiebereitstellung, wobei insbesondere der glykolytische Anteil mit 3 - 10% insgesamt sehr gering war. Es ergab sich weiter, dass die anteilige Energiebereitstellung vom individuellen konditionellen Niveau abhängig ist. Um den Einfluss der Feldgröße zu untersuchen absolvierten die Probanden die Spielform 4 gegen 4 auf drei unterschiedlichen Feldgrößen (kleine Feldgröße = KF, mittlere Feldgröße = MF und große Feldgröße = GF) mit jeweils vierminütiger Belastung. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass die zurückgelegten Gesamtdistanzen und Sprintdistanzen auf MF und GF länger als auf KF waren. Die jeweils ermittelte VO2, HF und BLa auf MF und GF waren größer als auf KF. Erwartungsgemäß wiesen die geringsten Gesamt- und Sprintdistanzen auf dem KF auch den niedrigsten Gesamtenergieumsatz auf. Größere Anteile an Sprintdistanz auf MF und GF hatten höhere anaerobe und aerobe Anteile im Vergleich zu KF zur Folge. Trotzdem wird, unabhängig von der Feldgröße, der größte Anteil der Energiebereitstellung über den aeroben Stoffwechsel (ca. 80 %) mit einem sehr geringen glykolytischen Anteil abgedeckt. In weiteren Verlauf der Untersuchungen absolvierten die Probanden vier Wettkampfspiele, wobei die Laufbelastung und die HF der Wettkampfspiele mit der Belastungssituation 2 gegen 2 und 4 gegen 4 auf drei Feldgrößen verglichen wurden. Die Befunde zeigten, dass die Spielformen 2 gegen 2 und 4 gegen 4 auf MF und GF die HF und Beschleunigungsbelastungen der realen Wettkampfspiele weitgehend abbilden konnten. Als zusammenfassende Konsequenz kann statuiert werden, dass SSGs je nach der angedachten Verwendung ein sehr probates und geeignetes Mittel darstellen, den primär aeroben Anteil der fussballspezifischen Leistung in Training und Wettkampf zu beeinflussen bzw. zu trainieren. Weiter ergibt sich insgesamt ein sehr umfangreiches und breites Spektrum, die Spieleranzahl und Feldgröße je nach Trainingsziel entsprechend zu modifizieren und gemäß den jeweiligen trainingsmethodischen Zielsetzungen für die Belange in der Praxis auszurichten.:Abbreviations I List of figures II List of tables V Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. State of problem 4 1.2. Structure of study 5 Chapter 2. Literature review 7 2.1. Trend analysis of study on SSGs 7 2.2. Effect of number of players 11 2.3. Effect of pitch dimension 19 Chapter 3. General methods 25 3.1. Subjects 25 3.2. Experiment equipments 26 3.3. Diagnostics of endurance performance 30 3.3.1. VO2max test 30 3.3.2. Incremental running test 32 3.3.3. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level1 34 3.4. Calculation method for energetic contributions from three energy pathways 36 Chapter 4. Study 1: Effect of number of players during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 41 4.1. Introduction 41 4.2. Methods 43 4.2.1. Subjects 43 4.2.2. Study design 43 4.2.3. Dependent variables 46 4.2.3.1. Physical performance 46 4.2.3.2. The number of technical actions with ball 48 4.2.3.3. Energetic contributions and physiological responses 48 4.2.4. Experimental procedures 48 4.2.5. Statistics 50 4.3. Results 51 4.3.1. Physical performance during SSGs 52 4.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 52 4.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 56 4.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 58 4.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 63 4.3.1.5. Body load 65 4.3.2. Technical actions with ball 66 4.3.3. Physiological responses to SSGs 67 4.3.3.1. Response of heart rate during SSGs 67 4.3.3.2. Response of blood lactate concentration during SSGs 69 4.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake during SSGs 71 4.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 73 4.3.5. Energetic contribution to SSGs 74 4.3.5.1. The absolute energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 74 4.3.5.2. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs during 1. bout 77 4.3.5.3. The absolute energetic contributions to SSGs during 4. bout 79 4.3.5.4. The relative energetic contribution to SSGs for 4. bout 81 4.3.5.5. The absolute energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 84 4.3.5.6. The relative energetic contribution to 2 vs. 2 for 8. bout 85 4.3.5.7. Comparison of the energetic contribution between 1. bout and 4. bout within each game format 87 4.3.6. Summary of results for the energetic contribution 88 4.4. Discussion 90 Chapter 5. Study 2: Effect of pitch dimension during SSGs on the physical and technical demands and physiological responses in relation with energetic profile 110 5.1. Introduction 110 5.2. Methods 112 5.2.1. Subject 112 5.2.2. Study design 112 5.2.3. Dependent variables 114 5.2.4. Experimental procedures 114 5.2.5. Statistics 115 5.3. Results 116 5.3.1. Physical performance during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 117 5.3.1.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 117 5.3.1.2. Analysis of sprint effort 121 5.3.1.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 124 5.3.1.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities and relation of acceleration distance to total distance 129 5.3.1.5. Body load 131 5.3.2. Technical actions with ball 132 5.3.3. Physiological responses to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.1. Response of heart rate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 133 5.3.3.2. Responses of blood lactate to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 134 5.3.3.3. Response of oxygen uptake to 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 135 5.3.4. Summary of physical and physiological demands and technical actions with ball 137 5.3.5. Energetic contribution during 4 vs. 4 on three pitch dimensions 138 5.3.5.1. The energetic contribution during 1. bout 138 5.3.5.2. The energetic contribution during 4. bout 140 5.3.5.3. Comparison of energetic contribution between 1. and 4. bout within each pitch dimension 142 5.4. Discussion 143 Chapter 6. Study 3: Comparison of heart rate and physical demands between SSGs and real soccer match according to number of players and pitch dimensions 157 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Methods 158 6.2.1. Subjects 158 6.2.2. Study design 158 6.2.3. Dependent variables 160 6.2.4. Experimental procedures 160 6.2.5. Statistics 161 6.3. Results 162 6.3.1. Comparison of heart rate between SSGs and matches 162 6.3.2. Comparison of physical demands between SSGs and matches 163 6.3.2.1. Distance covered at various speed zones 163 6.3.2.2. Analysis of sprint effort 164 6.3.2.3. Distance covered in acceleration at various intensities 165 6.3.2.4. Number of acceleration at various intensities 166 6.4. Discussion 166 Chapter 7. Limitation of methods 172 Chapter 8. General summary 175 Chapter 9. Practical application 183 References 186 Appendix 201 Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Title: Reorganization of the First Czech Football League Objectives: The main objective of the thesis was to find opinions of sports redactors on changing structure in the first Czech football league. Methods: We used a poll for finding our objectives. The poll was create in apllication click4survey.cz and it was sending by email to all respondents. The respondents were 50 football journalists. The rate of return of the poll was 46%. Results: In our research 73% of respondents agree with a new model of league. They accede with raising of count of matches in czech league (64%). They concur that more matches in season will improve footballer performance (64%) and financial income (55%). 55% of journalist approve with the play-off between the first and the second league. Conclusion: The footballer journalist agree with the benefits of a higher matches in the league and new structure of the league. Keywords: 1. Czech league, number of matches in the season, profesional football in Czech republic, gaming structure in e-pojistení league

La réalité augmentée consiste en l'insertion d'éléments virtuels dans une scène réelle, observée à travers un écran. Les systèmes de réalité augmentée peuvent prendre des formes différentes pour obtenir l'équilibre désiré entre trois critères : précision, latence et robustesse. On identifie trois composants principaux : localisation, reconstruction et affichage. Nous nous concentrons sur l'affichage et la reconstruction. Pour certaines applications, l'utilisateur ne peut être isolé de la réalité. Nous proposons un système sous forme de "tablette augmentée" avec un écran semi transparent, au prix d'un étalonnage adapté. Pour assurer l'alignement entre augmentations et réalité, il faut connaître les poses relatives de l'utilisateur et de la scène observée par rapport à l'écran. Deux dispositifs de localisation sont nécessaires et l'étalonnage consiste à calculer la pose de ces dispositifs par rapport à l'écran. Le protocole d'étalonnage est le suivant : l'utilisateur renseigne les projections apparentes dans l'écran de points de référence d'un objet 3D connu ; les poses recherchées minimisent la distance 2D entre ces projections et celles calculées par le système. Ce problème est non convexe et difficile à optimiser. Pour obtenir une estimation initiale, nous développons une méthode directe par l'étalonnage intrinsèque et extrinsèque de caméras virtuelles. Ces dernières sont définies par leurs centres optiques, confondus avec les positions de l'utilisateur, ainsi que leur plan focal, constitué par l'écran. Les projections saisies par l'utilisateur constituent alors les observations 2D des points de référence dans ces caméras virtuelles. Un raisonnement symétrique permet de considérer des caméras virtuelles centrées sur les points de référence de l'objet, "observant" les positions de l'utilisateur. Ces estimations initiales sont ensuite raffinées par ajustement de faisceaux. La reconstruction 3D est basée sur la triangulation de correspondances entre images. Ces correspondances peuvent être éparses lorsqu'elles sont établies par détection, description et association de primitives géométriques ou denses lorsqu'elles sont établies par minimisation d'une fonction de coût sur toute l'image. Un champ dense de correspondance est préférable car il permet une reconstruction de surface, utile notamment pour une gestion réaliste des occultations en réalité augmentée. Les méthodes d'estimation d'un tel champ sont basées sur une optimisation variationnelle, précise mais sensible aux minimums locaux et limitée à des images peu différentes. A l'opposé, l'emploi de descripteurs discriminants peut rendre les correspondances éparses très robustes. Nous proposons de combiner les avantages des deux approches par l'intégration d'un coût basé sur des correspondances éparses de primitives à une méthode d'estimation variationnelle dense. Cela permet d'empêcher l'optimisation de tomber dans un minimum local sans dégrader la précision. Notre terme basé correspondances éparses est adapté aux primitives à coordonnées non entières, et peut exploiter des correspondances de points ou de segments tout en filtrant implicitement les correspondances erronées. Nous proposons aussi une détection et gestion complète des occultations pour pouvoir mettre en correspondance des images éloignées. Nous avons adapté et généralisé une méthode locale de détection des auto-occultations. Notre méthode produit des résultats compétitifs avec l'état de l'art, tout en étant plus simple et plus rapide, pour les applications de flot optique 2D et de stéréo à large parallaxe. Nos contributions permettent d'appliquer les méthodes variationnelles à de nouvelles applications sans dégrader leur performance. Le faible couplage des modules permet une grande flexibilité et généricité. Cela nous permet de transposer notre méthode pour le recalage de surfaces déformables avec des résultats surpassant l'état de l'art, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives. / Augmented reality is the process of inserting virtual elements into a real scene, observed through a screen. Augmented Reality systems can take different forms to get the desired balance between three criteria: accuracy, latency and robustness. Three main components can be identified: localization, reconstruction and display. The contributions of this thesis are focused on display and reconstruction. Most augmented reality systems use non-transparent screens as they are widely available. However, for critical applications such as surgery or driving assistance, the user cannot be ever isolated from reality. We answer this problem by proposing a new “augmented tablet” system with a semi-transparent screen. Such a system needs a suitable calibration scheme:to correctly align the displayed augmentations and reality, one need to know at every moment the poses of the user and the observed scene with regard to the screen. Two tracking devices (user and scene) are thus necessary, and the system calibration aims to compute the pose of those devices with regard to the screen. The calibration process set up in this thesis is as follows: the user indicates the apparent projections in the screen of reference points from a known 3D object ; then the poses to estimate should minimize the 2D on-screen distance between those projections and the ones computed by the system. This is a non-convex problem difficult to solve without a sane initialization. We develop a direct estimation method by computing the extrinsic parameters of virtual cameras. Those are defined by their optical centers which coincide with user positions, and their common focal plane consisting of the screen plane. The user-entered projections are then the 2D observations of the reference points in those virtual cameras. A symmetrical thinking allows one to define virtual cameras centered on the reference points, and “looking at” the user positions. Those initial estimations can then be refined with a bundle adjustment. Meanwhile, 3D reconstruction is based on the triangulation of matches between images. Those matches can be sparse when computed by detection and description of image features or dense when computed through the minimization of a cost function of the whole image. A dense correspondence field is better because it makes it possible to reconstruct a 3D surface, useful especially for realistic handling of occlusions for augmented reality. However, such a field is usually estimated thanks to variational methods, minimizing a convex cost function using local information. Those methods are accurate but subject to local minima, thus limited to small deformations. In contrast, sparse matches can be made very robust by using adequately discriminative descriptors. We propose to combine the advantages of those two approaches by adding a feature-based term into a dense variational method. It helps prevent the optimization from falling into local minima without degrading the end accuracy. Our feature-based term is suited to feature with non-integer coordinates and can handle point or line segment matches while implicitly filtering false matches. We also introduce comprehensive handling of occlusions so as to support large deformations. In particular, we have adapted and generalized a local method for detecting selfocclusions. Results on 2D optical flow and wide-baseline stereo disparity estimation are competitive with the state of the art, with a simpler and most of the time faster method. This proves that our contributions enables new applications of variational methods without degrading their accuracy. Moreover, the weak coupling between the components allows great flexibility and genericness. This is the reason we were able to also transpose the proposed method to the problem of non-rigid surface registration and outperforms the state of the art methods.

本文旨在探討休閒興趣相似程度與夫妻間的依附類型配對組合兩者對婚姻滿意度之影響。測量工具上採用問卷調查法的方式進行，依附類型的分類部分，參考ECR量表（Experiences in Close Relationships），自編依附關係量表，以群集分析方式分類夫妻雙方各別的依附類型；休閒興趣部分則使用自編之休閒興趣調查表，量測受試者夫妻在休閒興趣的四大向度，個人/群體*靜態/動態上之有興趣之休閒活動數量；最後以關係評估量表（Relationship Assessment Scale，RAS）作為婚姻滿意度之測量工具。樣本部分，本研究以卡培爾國際有限公司之「為愛啟程」團隊網路交友配對計畫所蒐集之夫妻樣本資料做二手資料分析，採取系統觀點以201對(共402人)完整夫妻配對資料，進行研究。 　　研究經由結果得知，夫妻雙方之休閒興趣的相似程度、各自依附類型、依附類型配對組合皆能部分解釋丈夫、妻子及雙方平均婚姻滿意度部分變異，而丈夫婚姻滿意度之解釋力以休閒興趣相似程度為最高，夫妻皆不安全依附之配對組合為次之。妻子婚姻滿意度之解釋力以夫妻皆安全依附之配對組合為最高，休閒興趣相似程度為次之，夫妻間一方為安全一方為不安全依附之配對組合則為第三高。平均婚姻滿意度之解釋力以夫妻皆不安全依附之配對組合為最高，休閒興趣相似程度為次之。 / This study aims to explore the relationships of married couple’s similarity in leisure interest, matches of attachment styles and marital satisfaction. Based on the data of “Capire International Company “collected from 201 pairs of married couples, and reconstructed this study’s model. In the study, we used attachment stype scale to test married couple’s attachment style. Cluster analysis was also used to sort out each spouse’s attachment type. As for leisure interest, we used self-edited questionnaire to measure married couple’s four dimensions of leisure interested. Finally, the RAS (Relationship Assessment Scale) was used to measure couple’s marital satisfaction. The result of the research indicated that, no matter the similarity in leisure interest of married couple, husband or wife’s individual attachment type and married couple’s matches of attachment styles all can explain part of the variation of the husband, wife and the mean of both marital satisfactions. And the similarity in leisure interest has the highest prediction for husband's marital satisfaction, with both spouses’ attachment type as insecure lying second. As for the explanation power for the wife’s marital satisfaction, both spouses’ attachment type as secure ranked the highest, with similarity in leisure interest second and one spouse attachment type as secure and another as insecure ranked the third. Last of all, for mean martial satisfaction, both spouses’ attachment type as insecure has the highest prediction, with similarity in leisure interest ranked second.

This master thesis deals with design and implementation of betting agent. It covers issues such as theoretical background of an online betting, probability and statistics. In its first part it is focused on data mining and explains the principle of knowledge mining form data warehouses and certain methods suitable for different types of tasks. Second, it is concerned with neural networks and algorithm of back-propagation. All the findings are demonstrated on and supported by graphs and histograms of data analysis, made via SAS Enterprise Miner program. In conclusion, the thesis summarizes all the results and offers specific methods of extension of the agent.