Klimatförändringarnas påverkan på stadsmiljöer blir alltmer påtagligt med ökande frekvenser av extrema väderfenomen, vilket kräver resilienta städer med förmågan att anpassas till framtida störningar. Urbaniseringen förtätar städerna och leder till mer hårdgjord mark och minskad vegetation som kan resultera i fenomenet urbana värmeöar. Fenomenet koncentrerar och förlänger värmen i städer, vilket hotarmänniskors hälsa, särskilt under extrema värmeböljor. Värmeöar är väldokumenterade globalt men är en förbisedd fråga i Sverige. Examensarbetets syfte var därför att öka förståelsen kring värmeöar för svenska kommuner och myndigheter med exempel från städerna Gävle, Sundsvall och Uppsala. Målen var att föreslå resilienta planeringsåtgärder som både kan förbättra det pågående arbetet mot värmeöar samt nya inslag från internationell forskning.Studiens metoder var litteraturstudie, dokumentstudie av översiktsplaner (ÖP) samtintervjuer. En spatial multikriterieanalys (MKA) användes för att skapa farokartor av var värmeöar kan uppstå. Kriterier valdes genom litteratur, viktades med analytisk hierarkiprocess samt genomgick en känslighetsanalys. Farokartorna valideradessedan med Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskaps (MSB) värmekartering. Resultaten visade att värmeöar behandlades på en övergripande nivå i ÖP. Varierade kunskaper om fenomenet framkom av respondenter från både kommuner och myndigheter. Flera utmaningar, möjligheter och planeringsåtgärder identifierades iarbetet mot värmeöar. Resiliens framhölls som ett nyckelkoncept i stadsplaneringen för att beakta olika klimatrisker där värmeöar är ett exempel. Litteraturstudien gav förslag på resilienta planeringsåtgärder i arbetet mot värmeöar som kan användas i svensk stadsplanering, vilka sedan sammanställdes. För att skapa resilienta städer krävs både reduceringsåtgärder (minska den byggda miljöns påverkan på stadsvärme)samt hanteringsåtgärder (förebyggande arbeten för att minska människors värmeexponering).  Farokartorna visade att värmeöar framför allt kan uppstå i bostads-, handels- och industriområden. MKA som metod för kartläggning av värmeöar överensstämdedelvis med marktemperaturer från MSB:s värmekartering. Slutsatsen av studien var att värmeöar behöver uppmärksammas mer i den svenska stadsplaneringen. Utmaningarna inkluderade att inkorporera värmefrågor i befintlig bebyggelse, medan möjligheterna fanns i fler planeringsunderlag och detaljerade kartläggningar. Främjandet av resiliens, särskilt genom reducerings- och hanteringsåtgärder,behöver utvecklas i Sverige för att stärka planeringsarbetet mot värmeöar i både nutida och framtida stadsplanering. / The impact of climate change on urban environments is becoming increasinglyapparent with higher frequencies of extreme weather phenomena, which requires resilient cities with the ability to adapt to future disturbances. Urbanization densifies cities and leads to more hard surfaces and reduced vegetation which can result in urban heat islands (UHI). This phenomenon concentrates and prolongs heat in citieswhich threatens human health, especially during extreme heat waves. UHI are well documented globally but are an overlooked issue in Sweden.  The aim of the study was therefore to increase the understanding of UHI for Swedish municipalities and authorities with examples from the cities of Gävle, Sundsvall and Uppsala. The goals were to propose resilient planning measures that can both improve the ongoing work against UHI as well as new elements from international research. The study's methods were a literature study, a document study of comprehensive plans (översiktsplan) and interviews. A spatial multicriteriaanalysis (MCA) was used to create hazard maps of where UHI can occur. Criteria were selected through literature, weighted using analytic hierarchy process and underwent a sensitivity analysis. The hazard maps were validated with the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency’s (MSB) heat mapping. The results showed that UHI were treated at an overall level in comprehensiveplans. Varied knowledge about the phenomenon emerged from respondents from both municipalities and authorities. Several challenges, opportunities and planning measures were identified in the work against UHI. Resilience was highlighted as a key concept in urban planning to consider various climate risks where UHI are an example. The literature study provided suggestions for resilient planning measures in the work against UHI that can be used in Swedish urban planning, which were then compiled. To create resilient cities, both reduction measures (reducing the built environment's impact on urban heat) and management measures (preventive work to reduce people's heat exposure) are required.  The hazard maps showed that UHI mainly occur in residential, commercial and industrial areas. MCA as a method for UHI mapping partially matches ground temperatures from MSB's heat mapping. The conclusion of the study was that UHIneed more attention in Swedish urban planning. Challenges included incorporating heating issues into existing buildings, while the opportunities were in more planning documents and detailed mapping. The promotion of resilience, especially through reduction and management measures, needs to be developed in Sweden to strengthen the planning against UHI in both present-day and future urban planning.

Les relations entre les Etats-Unis et l’Amérique latine entre 1988 et 2008 ont connu de nombreux bouleversements et chambardements. Les nombreuses raisons qui en sont les causes ont été abordées dans cette thèse. Après avoir étudié les enjeux théoriques de leurs relations nous nous sommes demandés si la politique étrangère était une politique publique comme les autres. Suite à une comparaison générale nous avons étudié les spécificités de l’aide publique au développement et le cas d’une théorie promue par George Bush Jr qui est la « diplomatie transformationnelle ». Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les bouleversements diplomatiques apparus dans un certain nombre de pays de cette région du fait de l’arrivée de gouvernements de gauche. Les pages consacrées aux trois programmes élaborés par Washington dans les années 2000 (MCA, les deux plans Colombie et le Plan Merida) montrent leur originalité mais aussi leur application et leurs résultats mitigés tant du point de vue de l’efficacité, de l’efficience que de la consolidation des relations diplomatiques avec les pays de cette région. Enfin, nous avons décrit et analysé l’importance des enjeux énergétiques avec l’Amérique latine pour les Etats-Unis puis développé les raisons qui les poussent à vouloir constituer la ZLEA. Cela démontre l’imbrication des questions économiques, diplomatiques et sécuritaires pour les décideurs américains. / The relations between the United States and Latin America between 1988 and 2008 had known a lot of upheavals. The different reasons which were at the origin of that were approached in this dissertation. After having studied the theorical stakes concerning their relations we asked ourself if foreign policy was a classic public policy. Then, we studied development aid’s specificities and a theory promoted by George W. Bush which is the « transformational diplomacy ». In a second part, we studied diplomatical upheavals appeared in some countries of the region, consequence of the election of left wing governments. Pages dedicated to the three programs worked out by Washington during the 2000’s (MCA, both Colombian plans and Merida Initiative) showed the originality but also their application and their reserved results so much from the point of view of the efficiency and the consolidation of the diplomatical relations with the countries of this region. At last, we described and analyzed the importance the energy challenges with Latin America for the United States and developed reasons which urge them to want to constitute the FTAA. This show The interweaving of the economic, diplomatic and security questions for the American decision-makers.

Utilizando registros isotópicos (\'delta\' \'POT.18\'O e \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C) de alta resolução, razões de elementos-traço em relação ao cálcio e taxas de crescimento de espeleotemas, precisamente datados pelo método U-Th, foi feita uma reconstrução da intensidade do Sistema de Monções Sul-Americano (SMSA) nos últimos 1500 anos na região do município de Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. O estudo do sinal climático, interpretado por meio de variações geoquímicas dos espeleotemas, foi realizado com base em estudos e comparações com dados instr umentais de uma estação meteorológica de Bonito, com dados de monitoramentos do IAEA - GNIP de Campo Grande e Cuiabá e com informações de modelos computacionais que simulam a variação de \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O em relação à intensidade das monções na América do Sul, o qual e stá relacionado com variação regional de pluviosidade. Apesar destes dados mostrarem que o amount effect é um dos fatores determinantes na variação das razões isotópicas dos espeleotemas, outros fatores como o degree of rainout upstream e a fonte de umidade (Amazônia x oceano Atlântico sul) também devem ser considerados importantes. Assim, a interpretação das razões de \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O é atribuída à intensidade do sistema de monções e, desta forma, à atuação da Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZACS), principalmente associada à propagação de chuvas da região Amazônica para o centro-oeste e sudeste brasileiro. O registro paleoclimático de Bonito mostrou excelente coerência com variados tipos de registros de outros locais da América do Sul, e também com dados do Hemisfério Norte, evidenciando a influência de eventos de escala secular como MCA e LIA na intensidade das monções na América do Sul. A boa correlação entre algumas razões de elementos-traço com a precipitação mostra que o \"amount effect\" não controla totalmente os registros isotópicos. Análises de estatísticas de séries temporais aplicadas aos registros isotópicos e aos registros de elementos-traço permitiram a observação de vários eventos de freqüêcia decadal a multidecadal influenciando as monções da América do Sul. Os principais destes eventos são a NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) e a AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation), os quais, pelas flutuações de TSM no Atlântico Norte, desencadeiam teleconexões que têm resultados no posicionamento da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ) e da ZACS. / High-resolution isotope records (\'delta\'\'POT.18\'O e \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C), growth rates, elemental ratios in precisely dated speleothems by U/Th method are used to reconstruct the intensity of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) during the 1500 years in Bonito Region, Mato Grosso do Sul. The interpretations of geochemical variations in speleothems are based on comparative studies with instrumental climatic data and at isotope measurements in rain water at IAEA - GNIP stations in Campo Grande and Cuiabá, as well as from climate model studies using oxygen isotope ratios as tracers of monsoon rainfall intensity. Despite of these data suggest that the \"amount effect\" is a dominant factor controlling the isotope variations in preci pitation, the \"degree of rainout upstream\" is considered also important because the distal influence of SAMS and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) along the moisture transport tra jectory from Amazon to SE Brazilian Coast. The other significant factor to isotope composition to precipitation, therefore to speleothems, is the difference in moisture source area from Amazon Region (summer monsoonal precipitation) and Atlantic Ocean (extratropical regime). Bonito\'s paleoclimate Record indicate very good coherence with other records in South America and Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the response to the global scale climate events such as Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) e Little Ice Age (LIA) on summer precipitation. In these events were evidenced dryer and wetter conditions, respectively, not just from the stable isotope ratios but also from Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Time series statistical analysis in the isotope and trace -element records showed that the SAMS is largely influenced by decadal to multidecadal events. In this regard, the most influent climate modes are the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and the AMO (Atlantic multi Decadal Oscillation), with significant influence on the precipitation variability. In both cases these changes in precipitation are resulted from teleconection with Atlantic Ocean, which impacts the location of ITCZ and consequently the SACZ activity in Central-West Brazil.

Having been running for over 10 years, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is considered an innovative and successful mitigation initiative. CDM has the dual aims of helping industrialised countries achieve compliance with their emission limitation and reduction commitments in a cost-effective way, while simultaneously assisting developing countries in sustainable development. This thesis does a comprehensive analysis of the dual aims of CDM and is intended to assist in discussions about the post-2012 regime regarding CDM. To analyse the aim of assisting mitigation in a cost-effective way, the prices of certified emission reductions (CERs) on the international carbon market was studied and the provision of CDM was tested by comparing the amount of CERs with the mitigation commitments of the Annex I countries. It was found that CDM plays an important role in maintaining the international carbon price at a low level and that the total amount of CERs alone had already reached up to 52.70% of the entire mitigation commitments of industrialized countries by the end of 2010 and was continuing to grow before 2012. A theoretical analysis of the impacts of CDM showed that CDM has a double mitigation effect in both developing countries and industrialised countries, without double counting at present. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of China’s CDM projects on China’s total emissions showed that the contribution of CDM projects to limiting total emissions is small due to the dominance of fossil fuels, but CDM’s role in stimulating renewable energy is significant, e.g. about 11% of hydropower and 93% of wind power was generated by CDM projects in 2010. The results provide strong evidence in support of CDM’s contribution under the current Kyoto Protocol mitigation regime. To analyse the aim of promoting sustainable development in developing countries, popular methods such as checklist, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) were reviewed, a CBA of co-benefits of China’s CDM projects was carried out, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied in an experimental study. The results showed that every method has its own advantages and problems. In other words, neither the CBA of co-benefits nor the AHP method alone is able to assess sustainable development in a completely satisfactory way. Currently, a bottom-up approach through engaging local stakeholders in CDM design and approval, combining a mandatory monitoring and evaluation of co-benefits, could be more effective for safeguarding local sustainable development than any consolidated standards. The future of the CDM is still unclear mainly due to uncertainties about the post-2012 regime. This thesis shows that there is more than sufficient reason for CDM to continue after 2012. Industrialised countries in general should make more substantial efforts to reduce their domestic emissions rather than blaming developing countries. For developing countries, learning from the CDM projects and further applying the knowledge, technology and experiences to their domestic development agenda could be more valuable than the present CER revenues. CDM can be an important starting point for developing countries to gradually make incremental greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and limitation efforts. / QC 20110817

Στο πρόβλημα της ταξινόμησης μιας κλάσης μία από τις κλάσεις, που ονομάζεται target κλάση, πρέπει να διαχωριστεί από όλα τα άλλα πιθανά αντικείμενα. Αυτά θεωρούνται σαν outliers (ή non-targets). Η ανάγκη για τη λύση ενός τέτοιου προβλήματος προκύπτει σε πολλές πρακτικές εφαρμογές, π.χ. στη μηχανική ανίχνευση λάθους, στην αναγνώριση προσώπου, στην επαλήθευση συγγραφικών δικαιωμάτων, στην αναγνώριση απάτης ή στη ταυτοποίηση ατόμου με βάση βιομετρικά δεδομένα. Στη συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική γίνεται ταξινόμηση μιας κλάσης ηλεκτροεγκεφαλικών σημάτων. Με αυτό τον τρόπο επιτυγχάνεται η ανίχνευση ενός πυραύλου μέσα σε δορυφορικές εικόνες, χρησιμοποιώντας τα ηλεκτροεγκεφαλικά σήματα ενός υποκειμένου το οποίο βλέπει δορυφορικές εικόνες σε μια LCD οθόνη. Για να γίνει η ταξινόμηση δημιουργήθηκε ένα σετ target και ένα σετ outlier αντικειμένων(δεδομένα).Τα target αντικείμενα είναι τα τμήματα από τα αρχικά ηλεκτροεγκεφαλικά σήματα τα οποία συνδέονται με την παρατήρηση πυραύλου μέσα σε μία δορυφορική εικόνα από το υποκείμενο, ενώ τα outlier αντικείμενα είναι άλλα τμήματα(ίδιου μεγέθους με τα target) των αρχικών ηλεκτροεγκεφαλικών σημάτων. Tα αντικείμενα μεταφέρονται σε ένα χώρο χαρακτηριστικών λιγότερων διαστάσεων από τον αρχικό τους χώρο, χρησιμοποιώντας τη γραμμική μέθοδο MCA (Minor Component Analysis). Για τη ταξινόμηση μιας κλάσης των αντικειμένων μελετώνται και χρησιμοποιούνται οι ταξινομητές MST_CD (Minimum Spanning Tree Class Descriptor), k-NNDD (k Nearest Neighbors Data Description) και SVDD (Support Vector Domain Description). Η εκπαίδευση των ταξινομητών αυτών γίνεται με ένα μικρό ποσοστό των target αντικειμένων (αντικείμενα εκπαίδευσης). Υπολογίζεται η απόδοση ταξινόμησης για κάθε έναν από αυτούς χρησιμοποιώντας τα υπόλοιπα target αντικείμενα μαζί με τα outlier αντικείμενα. Τέλος συγκρίνονται οι αποδόσεις και εξάγονται τα συμπεράσματα για τις υψηλές τιμές τους. Στο παράρτημα Α φαίνεται ο εκτελέσιμος στο matlab κώδικας με τον οποίο έγιναν όλα τα παραπάνω. Ο κώδικας γράφτηκε αποκλειστικά για τη συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία. / In the problem of one-class classification one of the classes, called the target class, has to be distinguished from all other possible objects. These are considered as outliers (or non-targets). The need for solving such a task arises in many practical applications, e.g. in fault detection, face recognition, authorship verification, fraud recognition or person identification based on biometric data. In this thesis a one-class classification of EEG (Electroencephalographic) data is being done. By this way, the detection of an air missile is achieved by using the EEG data of a subject, which is watching satellite images in a LCD monitor. For the classification a set of target and a set of outlier objects (data) were created. The target objects are parts of the original EEG data that are event-related with the detection of an air missile in a satellite image by the subject and the outlier objects are other parts (of the same size with target) of the original EEG data. The objects are mapped in a feature space of fewer dimensions than their original space, by using the linear method MCA (Minor Component Analysis). For the one-class classification of the objects, the classifiers that are studied and used are MST_CD (Minimum Spanning Tree Class Descriptor), k-NNDD (k Nearest Neighbors Data Description) and SVDD (Support Vector Domain Description). For the training of these classifiers a small percentage of target objects (training objects) are used. The performance of the classification is calculated for every classifier by using the rest target objects and the outlier objects. Finally the performances are compared and conclusions for their high values are made. In the appendix A there is the executable code in matlab which does all the above. The code created just for the purposes of this thesis.

Utilizando registros isotópicos (\'delta\' \'POT.18\'O e \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C) de alta resolução, razões de elementos-traço em relação ao cálcio e taxas de crescimento de espeleotemas, precisamente datados pelo método U-Th, foi feita uma reconstrução da intensidade do Sistema de Monções Sul-Americano (SMSA) nos últimos 1500 anos na região do município de Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. O estudo do sinal climático, interpretado por meio de variações geoquímicas dos espeleotemas, foi realizado com base em estudos e comparações com dados instr umentais de uma estação meteorológica de Bonito, com dados de monitoramentos do IAEA - GNIP de Campo Grande e Cuiabá e com informações de modelos computacionais que simulam a variação de \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O em relação à intensidade das monções na América do Sul, o qual e stá relacionado com variação regional de pluviosidade. Apesar destes dados mostrarem que o amount effect é um dos fatores determinantes na variação das razões isotópicas dos espeleotemas, outros fatores como o degree of rainout upstream e a fonte de umidade (Amazônia x oceano Atlântico sul) também devem ser considerados importantes. Assim, a interpretação das razões de \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O é atribuída à intensidade do sistema de monções e, desta forma, à atuação da Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZACS), principalmente associada à propagação de chuvas da região Amazônica para o centro-oeste e sudeste brasileiro. O registro paleoclimático de Bonito mostrou excelente coerência com variados tipos de registros de outros locais da América do Sul, e também com dados do Hemisfério Norte, evidenciando a influência de eventos de escala secular como MCA e LIA na intensidade das monções na América do Sul. A boa correlação entre algumas razões de elementos-traço com a precipitação mostra que o \"amount effect\" não controla totalmente os registros isotópicos. Análises de estatísticas de séries temporais aplicadas aos registros isotópicos e aos registros de elementos-traço permitiram a observação de vários eventos de freqüêcia decadal a multidecadal influenciando as monções da América do Sul. Os principais destes eventos são a NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) e a AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation), os quais, pelas flutuações de TSM no Atlântico Norte, desencadeiam teleconexões que têm resultados no posicionamento da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ) e da ZACS. / High-resolution isotope records (\'delta\'\'POT.18\'O e \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C), growth rates, elemental ratios in precisely dated speleothems by U/Th method are used to reconstruct the intensity of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) during the 1500 years in Bonito Region, Mato Grosso do Sul. The interpretations of geochemical variations in speleothems are based on comparative studies with instrumental climatic data and at isotope measurements in rain water at IAEA - GNIP stations in Campo Grande and Cuiabá, as well as from climate model studies using oxygen isotope ratios as tracers of monsoon rainfall intensity. Despite of these data suggest that the \"amount effect\" is a dominant factor controlling the isotope variations in preci pitation, the \"degree of rainout upstream\" is considered also important because the distal influence of SAMS and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) along the moisture transport tra jectory from Amazon to SE Brazilian Coast. The other significant factor to isotope composition to precipitation, therefore to speleothems, is the difference in moisture source area from Amazon Region (summer monsoonal precipitation) and Atlantic Ocean (extratropical regime). Bonito\'s paleoclimate Record indicate very good coherence with other records in South America and Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the response to the global scale climate events such as Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) e Little Ice Age (LIA) on summer precipitation. In these events were evidenced dryer and wetter conditions, respectively, not just from the stable isotope ratios but also from Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Time series statistical analysis in the isotope and trace -element records showed that the SAMS is largely influenced by decadal to multidecadal events. In this regard, the most influent climate modes are the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and the AMO (Atlantic multi Decadal Oscillation), with significant influence on the precipitation variability. In both cases these changes in precipitation are resulted from teleconection with Atlantic Ocean, which impacts the location of ITCZ and consequently the SACZ activity in Central-West Brazil.

Afin de déterminer les principaux leviers qui permettraient d’améliorer les taux de valorisation des VHU, dans des conditions socio-économiques et environnementales acceptables, des campagnes expérimentales de déconstruction et de broyage visant à comparer différents scenarii de déconstruction ont été réalisées sur un site industriel (Acyclea, groupe Praxy). Cette démarche vise à répondre à la directive européenne relative aux VHU qui fixe l’objectif ambitieux d’atteindre au plus tard le 1er janvier 2015 un taux de valorisation minimal de 95 % en masse du VHU, dont au maximum 10% de valorisation énergétique. Les campagnes expérimentales réalisées ont chacune traité des échantillons d’au moins 90 VHU, dont la masse et l’âge moyens ont été évalués à 989 kg / VHU et 14 ans respectivement. Les masses et compositions des flux de matière ont été mesurées pour déterminer les incidences du niveau de démantèlement des véhicules. D’autres paramètres ont également été suivis, tels que les temps de main d’œuvre sur les différentes opérations et l’analyse des rejets éventuels de la filière dans l’environnement. Les résultats montrent que les taux de valorisation augmentent avec le niveau de déconstruction des véhicules, passant de 81.6 +/- 3.4 % de la masse des VHU pour le scénario standard à 86.0 +/- 0.6 % pour le scénario le plus poussé. Cependant, les objectifs de la directive n’ont pas été atteints même avec le scénario le plus poussé. Une méthodologie d’évaluation globale adaptée au système « démantèlement / broyage / tri de VHU » a été mise en place. Elle repose sur 9 indicateurs qui évaluent des performances au regard des enjeux du Développement Durable et un indicateur plus spécifique qui évalue la performance technique de la filière. Les résultats obtenus ont été analysés indicateur par indicateur, puis une analyse multicritère globale a été effectuée à l’aide de la méthode ELECTRE II. Ils révèlent que le scénario intermédiaire de déconstruction serait optimal vis-à-vis de l’ensemble des critères sélectionnés. / To identify keys for improving the recovery rates of ELVs in sustainable socio-economic and environmental conditions, experimental campaigns of dismantling and shredding were performed to compare different scenarios of deconstruction on an industrial plant (Acyclea, Praxy group). This is a focus on the EU Directive on ELVs which sets the ambitious goal of achieving no later than 1 January 2015 a minimum recycling rate of 95% by weight of ELVs, including a maximum of 10% for energy recovery. The experimental campaigns were carried out each treated sample of at least 90 ELVs, whose mass and age means were evaluated at 989 kg / ELV and 14 years respectively. The masses and compositions of matter flows were measured to determine the impact of the level of dismantling vehicles. Other parameters were also monitored, such as labor time on the various operations and analysis of potential emissions in the environment. The results show that the recovery rates increase with the level of deconstruction of vehicles, from 81.6 + / - 3.4% of the mass of ELVs for the standard scenario to 86.0 + / - 0.6% for the scenario the more extensive. However, the objectives of the Directive have not been achieved even with the more extensive scenario further. A comprehensive assessment methodology adapted to the system "dismantling / shredding / sorting of ELV" was established. It is based on nine indicators to measure performance in terms of sustainable development issues and a more specific indicator that assesses the technical performance of the sector. The results were analyzed indicator by indicator, and a comprehensive multi-criteria analysis was performed using the method ELECTRE II. They show that the middle scenario of deconstruction is optimal vis-à-vis all the selected criteria.

Les nouvelles technologies développées ces dernières années dans le domaine de la génétique ont permis de générer des bases de données de très grande dimension, en particulier de Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), ces bases étant souvent caractérisées par un nombre de variables largement supérieur au nombre d'individus. L'objectif de ce travail a été de développer des méthodes statistiques adaptées à ces jeux de données de grande dimension et permettant de sélectionner les variables les plus pertinentes au regard du problème biologique considéré. Dans la première partie de ce travail, un état de l'art présente différentes méthodes de sélection de variables non supervisées et supervisées pour 2 blocs de variables et plus. Dans la deuxième partie, deux nouvelles méthodes de sélection de variables non supervisées de type "sparse" sont proposées : la Group Sparse Principal Component Analysis (GSPCA) et l'Analyse des Correspondances Multiples sparse (ACM sparse). Vues comme des problèmes de régression avec une pénalisation group LASSO elles conduisent à la sélection de blocs de variables quantitatives et qualitatives, respectivement. La troisième partie est consacrée aux interactions entre SNPs et dans ce cadre, une méthode spécifique de détection d'interactions, la régression logique, est présentée. Enfin, la quatrième partie présente une application de ces méthodes sur un jeu de données réelles de SNPs afin d'étudier l'influence possible du polymorphisme génétique sur l'expression du vieillissement cutané au niveau du visage chez des femmes adultes. Les méthodes développées ont donné des résultats prometteurs répondant aux attentes des biologistes, et qui offrent de nouvelles perspectives de recherches intéressantes / New technologies developed recently in the field of genetic have generated high-dimensional databases, especially SNPs databases. These databases are often characterized by a number of variables much larger than the number of individuals. The goal of this dissertation was to develop appropriate statistical methods to analyse high-dimensional data, and to select the most biologically relevant variables. In the first part, I present the state of the art that describes unsupervised and supervised variables selection methods for two or more blocks of variables. In the second part, I present two new unsupervised "sparse" methods: Group Sparse Principal Component Analysis (GSPCA) and Sparse Multiple Correspondence Analysis (Sparse MCA). Considered as regression problems with a group LASSO penalization, these methods lead to select blocks of quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. The third part is devoted to interactions between SNPs. A method employed to identify these interactions is presented: the logic regression. Finally, the last part presents an application of these methods on a real SNPs dataset to study the possible influence of genetic polymorphism on facial skin aging in adult women. The methods developed gave relevant results that confirmed the biologist's expectations and that offered new research perspectives.

Interest in the use of mass timber in building and construction is growing worldwide, this is due to the structural integrity and reduced environmental footprint of timber-based structures. Concerns associated with the biological and environmental degradation of mass timber necessitate the development of adequate protection strategies to ensure the durability of these products. Preservative treatment is a proven technique that increases the durability and performance of wood in-service and can also be applied to large-sized timber panels such as cross-laminated timber (CLT). Therefore, this study focused on investigating the feasibility of treating prefabricated 3- and 5-layer CLT panels with Copper-azole type C (CA-C) and micronized copper azole (MCA) preservatives. Further, we studied the effects of panel layup and thickness on the preservative impregnation in CLT. Based on the experimental results, we found adequate preservative penetration and retention in the treated 3- and 5-layer CLT panels, particularly in CA-C treated panels. Also, the lengthwise layup shows better treatment results in both CA-C and MCA-treated panels. In addition to the preservative-treatment of CLT panels, this dissertation covers the development of lignin-reinforced polyurethane adhesive (PUR) for bonding glue-laminated timber (Glulam). Herein, the glulam were fabricated and bonded using lignin-reinforced PUR at different wt% (1, 2, and 3) and tested for shear strength, wood failure and delamination. The lignin-treated PUR samples showed improved adhesion properties via high shear strength and reduced delamination compared to the control specimens. Thus, the lignin-reinforced PUR adhesive shows great potential as a bio-based and environment-friendly wood adhesive for producing glulam used in structural applications.

Länge har det funnits en föreställning om att den rasism som riktas mot öst- och sydostasiater är en ”positiv” sådan, eller så har asiater helt enkelt varit frånvarande i anti-rasistiska diskurser. I samband med covid-19 eskalerade hatbrott mot asiater, vilket synliggjorde anti-asiatisk rasism som ett aktuellt samhällsproblem som alltid funnits. I denna uppsats undersöks hur öst- och sydostasiater representeras diskursivt i det svenska internetforumet Flashback i syfte att öka medvetenhet om rasism mot asiater och vidare bidra till att motarbeta de kvarstående ojämlikheterna mellan olika etniska grupper. Studien tar avstamp i ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv på språk och diskriminering och den kritiska diskursanalysen (CDA) som övergripande analysramverk. Sammanlagt 22 diskussionstrådar som behandlar ämnen som Asien, asiat och de östasiatiska nationerna har analyserats med hjälp av Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) och den diskurshistoriska analysen (DHA).   Undersökningen utgörs av tre delstudier som ska belysa tre olika aspekter av diskriminering av asiater: 1) kategorisering av asiater; 2) de diskursiva strategier som används av skribenterna för att förneka och rättfärdiga nedsättande kommentarer; 3) diskussioner om den så kallade ”guling-humorn”, det vill säga de rasstereotypiska framställningarna av asiater som präglas av humor och komik. Resultatet visar bland annat hur kategorin asiat tillskrivs högst motsägelsefulla egenskaper och förväntningar, och att kontexten spelar en avgörande roll för att interaktionsdeltagarna ska kunna välja ut de mest relevanta föreställningarna om asiater. Detta påvisar att diskrimineringen av asiater inte enbart är ”positiv” utan kategorin kan ofta förknippas med tydligt negativa värderingar i olika sammanhang. Den andra delstudien har sedan belyst att olika diskursiva strategier kan användas beroende på två sammanhang: när rasism som sådan förnekas och när de enskilda nedvärderande kommentarerna riktade mot asiater rättfärdigas. Förnekandet av rasism förekommer främst i de diskussionsämne som har direkt koppling till det svenska samhället såsom mångkulturalism och invandring, medan nedsättande kommentarer om östasiater framträder mer frekvent i de trådar där de enskilda östasiatiska nationerna står i fokus. I den sista delstudien identifieras de olika diskursiva strategier som skribenterna använder för att förneka den kränkande aspekten hos ”humoristiska” karikatyrer av östasiater, vilket bidrar till att bevara Sveriges positiva självbild som världens mest toleranta och antirasistiska samhälle.