The global aim of this research is to postulate a spatial development paradigm for regional integration in developing countries - more specifically, the research prospects to conceptualize form-based spatial planning theory for Africa. This was considered necessary on two grounds: first, the need for spatial regional integration as panacea for economic growth, and second the resilience of formal planning in the context of a neo-liberal paradigm shift in planning for economic growth. The research in essence strives to reconsider formal planning in an attempt to articulate an appropriate planning paradigm for the delivery of spatial regional integration within spatial systems in developing economies. In view of the foregoing the resilience of form-based planning paradigm informs the research. Hence the research sets out with the null hypothesis that form-based planning attributes are not significantly resilient in the perception of planning initiatives in the African context. The research methodology involved a relevant literature survey vis-à-vis theoretical and analytical frameworks as well as desktop case studies of selected country profiles and planning initiatives and then an empirical case study of integrated development planning (IDP) initiatives in South Africa. Following six sets of analysis, the research established compliance with a neo-liberal planning paradigm in Africa; however, it disproved the null hypothesis. The neo-liberal planning initiatives were found to be unable to deliver integrated development. Thus a change in development ideology to neo-mercantilism is recommended as a strategic move to redirect attention from private profitability to nation-building vis-à-vis spatial integration. Neo-mercantilism is therefore deployed as thinking instrument for a neo-mercantile planning paradigm postulated to deliver spatial regional integration in developing economies. The neo-mercantile planning paradigm which seeks spatio-physical bases of integration adopts integrated planning operationalized with spatial integration plans (SIPs) and thematic integration plans (TIPs) instruments. These instruments are designed to establish spatial integration networks. The networking of the spatial systems requires the grading of infrastructure and the classification of cities. While administrative criteria are used to determine the former, the latter is proposed to be conducted with a “Time-efficient” coefficient, an innovative unit with which “Time-efficient effect” of cities as centres of commerce can be measured. This coefficient contributes to the growth of regional development theories from a spatio-physical perspective. Furthermore, the research contributes a neo-mercantile spatial model for urban region development. The modality of applying the new paradigm in Africa is modelled to integrate the status quo given requisite visionary mind-set and abundant political will. The model adopts the sequence of securing a neo-mercantile planning paradigm, followed by the identification of priority problems, the articulation of a vision statement and then objectives set to achieve spatial regional integration. Present actions were assessed and new action cards proposed, based on priorities for action drawn from priority problems in Africa. The proposed action cards were regrouped into a typology of actions to aid implementation strategies. The strategies made provision for institutional requirements and implementation processes, manpower requirements, financial mechanisms, legal reforms and monitoring measures. The implementation process summarized with a calendar of the action plan for spatial regional integration in Africa. / PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The global aim of this research is to postulate a spatial development paradigm for regional integration in developing countries - more specifically, the research prospects to conceptualize form-based spatial planning theory for Africa. This was considered necessary on two grounds: first, the need for spatial regional integration as panacea for economic growth, and second the resilience of formal planning in the context of a neo-liberal paradigm shift in planning for economic growth. The research in essence strives to reconsider formal planning in an attempt to articulate an appropriate planning paradigm for the delivery of spatial regional integration within spatial systems in developing economies. In view of the foregoing the resilience of form-based planning paradigm informs the research. Hence the research sets out with the null hypothesis that form-based planning attributes are not significantly resilient in the perception of planning initiatives in the African context. The research methodology involved a relevant literature survey vis-à-vis theoretical and analytical frameworks as well as desktop case studies of selected country profiles and planning initiatives and then an empirical case study of integrated development planning (IDP) initiatives in South Africa. Following six sets of analysis, the research established compliance with a neo-liberal planning paradigm in Africa; however, it disproved the null hypothesis. The neo-liberal planning initiatives were found to be unable to deliver integrated development. Thus a change in development ideology to neo-mercantilism is recommended as a strategic move to redirect attention from private profitability to nation-building vis-à-vis spatial integration. Neo-mercantilism is therefore deployed as thinking instrument for a neo-mercantile planning paradigm postulated to deliver spatial regional integration in developing economies. The neo-mercantile planning paradigm which seeks spatio-physical bases of integration adopts integrated planning operationalized with spatial integration plans (SIPs) and thematic integration plans (TIPs) instruments. These instruments are designed to establish spatial integration networks. The networking of the spatial systems requires the grading of infrastructure and the classification of cities. While administrative criteria are used to determine the former, the latter is proposed to be conducted with a “Time-efficient” coefficient, an innovative unit with which “Time-efficient effect” of cities as centres of commerce can be measured. This coefficient contributes to the growth of regional development theories from a spatio-physical perspective. Furthermore, the research contributes a neo-mercantile spatial model for urban region development. The modality of applying the new paradigm in Africa is modelled to integrate the status quo given requisite visionary mind-set and abundant political will. The model adopts the sequence of securing a neo-mercantile planning paradigm, followed by the identification of priority problems, the articulation of a vision statement and then objectives set to achieve spatial regional integration. Present actions were assessed and new action cards proposed, based on priorities for action drawn from priority problems in Africa. The proposed action cards were regrouped into a typology of actions to aid implementation strategies. The strategies made provision for institutional requirements and implementation processes, manpower requirements, financial mechanisms, legal reforms and monitoring measures. The implementation process summarized with a calendar of the action plan for spatial regional integration in Africa. / PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This is a thesis presented on the position of the distance education student at a distance education university in the present era. Traditionally, the distance education student has been a sort of Cinderella: marginalised, being constructed as some form of lesser version of the on campus one. A largely invisible part of the higher education system in Australia since 1911, the distance education student has really only come to be foregrounded in university education discourses from 1983 onwards. It was not until then that the distance education student emerged from ‘hidden pools’ identified by Karmel (1975), and since then the construction of this student has undergone a number of modifications, mapped in this thesis. At the same time university education itself has undergone a series of modifications, not least of which has been its taking on mercantilist overtones as investments made by students in their own careers and professional development. The modifications, also mapped in this thesis, have progressed to the stage where the construction of the old distance education student is now one of a flexible learner in a mercantilist system of university education. The notion of distance education and the distance education student has undergone significant shifts, redefinitions and constructions, which are tracked in this thesis. My research has focussed on a number of pertinent questions, based on a study of Deakin University and its practice since its establishment. The thesis draws on a number of works which have been informed by those of Foucault, and I have framed my research questions accordingly. I have asked why and how Deakin University came into being as a distance education provider at tertiary level. What were the conditions of its establishment and progression in relation to the political events, economic practices and communication technology in use over time? To consider such questions, I needed to analyse the changes that I had seen occurring in the context of wider restructurings in university education. These had occurred in the context of government forging a closer interconnectedness between education and national economic aims and objectives at the same time as it demanded greater productivity in the face of commercial and industrial sector pushes for applied knowledge. Poststructuralist philosophical developments offer tools to explore not only questions of power, but the practical outcomes of questions of power, and how the complicity of individuals is established. This thesis explores ways in which such considerations helped to shape the changing constructions of the distance education student from a marginalised, disadvantaged and under-represented participant in higher education to a privileged, well catered for and advantaged learner. These same considerations are used to explore ways in which they have helped to shape university distance education courses from a perceived second-rate form of higher education to a prototype that better captures the essential elements of learning for what has been styled in a postmodern world as the Information Age. Overlaid on these considerations is a changing view of the economics of such provision of higher education. It is anticipated that this thesis will contribute to developing new understandings of the construction of subjectivities in relation to the distance education university student specifically, and to the university student generally, in the postmodern world. The implications of this examination are not inconsiderable for students and academics in a self-styled Information Society.

This dissertation studies public institutional arrangements on the Swedish salt market 1720-1862. Crucial issues are how an why these arrangements emerged and were changed as well as they were used. The arrangements were erected in order to realize economic and social goals. In this respect, the policy persued by the Swedish government differed from those of most other governments, where policies concerning salt primarily meant tax policies. Government policies in Sweden were firstly external and had a long-term orientation. The aim was to import as much salt as possible to Sweden. The government also pursued a short-term policy in order to cope with short-term shorages. Overall, these policies were successful. Contrary to what has been stated in earlier Swedish research, the protectionist shipping policies did not lead to shortages of salt and high saltprices. Instead, the Swedish shipping and freight manufacture was stimulated, and Sweden became independent of foreign merchant fleets. The mercantilist aim of building a large merchant fleet, independent of potential enemy nations, was achieved without any negative effects on prices or supply on the Swedish salt market. Shortages of salt were not caused by a generally low yearly supply of salt. On the contrary, Sweden consistently had a surplus of salt and re-exported every year salt to other countries. The shortages of salt was rather regional and temporary, due to unexpected shocks on the supply side (wars, buccaneering, shipwrecks, persistent head winds, crises of production) and on the demand side (abundant fishing, cattle diseases and forced slaughter etc.). Costly and slow transports and communication meant that unexpected shortages could not be solved through trade. To solve these problems different institutional arrangements were created. These arrangements emerged in an evolutionary process of institutional change characterized by significant random elements. Severe shortages caused large changes in relative prices which acted as triggering factors in the process of institutional formation. Three more elaborated institutional arrangements having welfare purpuses were established, but disappeared in a rather short time. In 1774 a system of State Salt Stores were established in all staple towns. This arrangement proved to be very efficient as an insurance system, and the Salt Stores were frequently used to avert temporary shortages until new cargos of salt had arrived. The active state policy was a prerequisite for the markets to function satisfactory under mercantilism. But public stockpiling came to an end because the need for this insurance services diminished. But new technologies in saltproduction and shipping, increases in security and improved communications, a more efficiently-functioning market structure caused a significant long run decline i saltprices in relation to other prices and wages. Consequently, the need for public arrangements on the saltmarket decreased.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_km_dr_assis.pdf: 465399 bytes, checksum: 3ac082992ab7afe4f58c23683eb0baee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o objetivo de contribuir para a reconstituição da história do Brasil do período colonial, o presente trabalho discute o papel desempenhado pelas Câmaras Municipais entre as duas últimas décadas do século XVIII e as duas primeiras do XIX, e redimensiona sua participação na disseminação do pensamento e das práticas mercantilistas na América portuguesa. As principais fontes utilizadas são as Atas da Câmara Municipal de São Paulo e o Registro Geral da Câmara Municipal de São Paulo, referentes ao período compreendido entre 1780 e 1822. Essa documentação demonstra que eram as câmaras, e não as instâncias administrativas metropolitanas, que imprimiam a dinâmica do universo colonial, e que eram elas que organizavam, dirigiam e arbitravam as atividades ligadas à produção e ao comércio local. Partindo do princípio de que ao Estado cabia orientar e conduzir a sociedade, os oficiais camarários entendiam a intervenção não como um direito, mas como um dever da administração pública, encarregada de zelar pelo bem estar coletivo. Mais que isso, a documentação camarária revela um outro lado do intervencionismo estatal no império luso-brasileiro: as dificuldades e restrições causadas aos colonos pelas práticas mercantilistas não estariam relacionadas apenas ao comércio transatlântico, mas também aos entraves gerados pelo sistema mercantilista da própria colônia e pelos próprios colonos. Assim, entende-se que o mercantilismo não era uma exclusividade dos agentes históricos metropolitanos, mas uma concepção que também estava presente aqui, enraizada nas instituições administrativas locais – cujos cargos eram ocupados por colonos - que as assumiram e as disseminaram por toda sociedade colonial, perpetuando uma tradição intervencionista e tutelar. Isso fica ainda mais evidente ao se analisar a política econômica adotada por Portugal nesse período... / Aiming to contribute to the reconstruction of Brazil’s colonial history, this paper discusses the role played by Municipal Chambers between the two last decades of the eighteenth century and the first two of the nineteenth century, and also resizes its participation in the dissemination of mercantilist practices and thoughts in Portuguese America. The main sources used are the Minutes of the Municipal Chamber of São Paulo and the General Registry of Municipal Chamber of São Paulo, corresponding of the period between 1780 and 1822. This documentation shows that it the was the Chambers and not the administrative metropolitan instances who dictated the dynamics of the colonial universe, and that they were who organized, directed and arbitrated the activities related to production and local trade. Assuming that the State had the duty to guide and lead the society, the city council had the intervention not as a right, but as an obligation of the public administration, in charge of taking good care of the collective well being. More than that, the city council’s documentation reveals another aspect of the state interventionism in the luso brazilian empire: the difficulties and restrictions caused to the colonists by the mercantilist practices would not be related only to the transatlantic market, but also to the barriers generated by the mercantilist system in its own colony and by the settlers themselves. Therefore, it is clear that the mercantilism was not an exclusivity of the historical metropolitan agents, but a conception that was also present here, deep-rooted in the local administrative institutions – whose positions were occupied by the settlers – which they took control and spread for all colonial society, perpetuating the interventionist and tutoring tradition. It is even more evident when analyzing the economical policy used by Portugal in this period, which tended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseneideSP_TESE.pdf: 1708211 bytes, checksum: 75aa7c93a4f575c2208cc19e2a9ad58c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study analyzes the expansion of Brazilian superior education, investigating how the public and the private sectors are inserted in this process, taking as analysis dimensions the philanthropic actions, the democratization and the mercantilism. The study had for general objective to analyze the dynamics of the expansion of superior education in Brazil, investigating how it configures the overlap between the public and the private in this process. More specifically was tried: a) to understand the process of participation of the non-state public, state and private sectors with lucrative goals in the expansion of superior education; b) to analyze the limits between the democratization and mercantilism in the process of expansion of superior education; c) to analyze the mechanisms that express the privatization in the process of expansion of superior education; d) to investigate, in a program of the government, how is materialized the overlap between the public and the private, in the expansion of superior education. In the development of the study, was adopted as theoretician and methodological way a historical and critical perspective, because is considered it allows to understand the mediations between the inquiry subject and the historical context in which it is developed, allowing, this way, the true explanation of the studied object. About the technician procedures, it was adopted documentary and bibliographical research. Also, secondary data were searched on the main governmental web sites (INEP, SISPROUNI, INEP, PNUD; IBGE) which produce statistics on superior education and sponsors of private institutions of superior education, as example ABMES and the Court of Accounts of the Union, amongst others. The study results had delineated a picture that allows to evidence that has been occurring, in the country, a process of expansion of superior education, marked for the articulated participation of the public state, private with lucrative ends and private without lucrative ends sectors, but it is distinguished in recent years the prevalence of the private sector with lucrative ends. In result, it is concluded that this process of expansion cannot be considered as dimension of the democratization because it occurs by means that move it away from the education as a right to be placed in the scope of the market, changing the right into a service that is appropriated by mercantile relations / O presente estudo analisa a expans?o do ensino superior brasileiro, investigando como os setores p?blico e o privado se inserem nesse processo, tomando como dimens?es de an?lise a filantropiza??o, a democratiza??o e a mercantiliza??o. O estudo teve por objetivo geral analisar a din?mica da expans?o do ensino superior no Brasil, investigando como se configura a imbrica??o entre o p?blico e o privado neste processo. Mais especificamente procurou-se: a) compreender o processo de participa??o dos setores p?blico n?o-estatal, estatal e privado com fins lucrativos na expans?o do ensino superior; b) analisar os limites entre a democratiza??o e a mercantiliza??o no processo de expans?o do ensino superior; c) analisar os mecanismos que expressam a privatiza??o no processo de expans?o do ensino superior; d) investigar, em um programa do governo, como se materializa a imbrica??o entre o p?blico e o privado, na expans?o do ensino superior. No desenvolvimento do estudo, adotou-se como caminho te?rico-metodol?gico, a perspectiva hist?rico-cr?tica, porque considera-se que ela permite compreender as media??es que se estabelecem entre o objeto da investiga??o e o contexto hist?rico no qual ele se desenvolve, favorecendo, desse modo, a verdadeira explica??o do objeto estudado. No que se refere aos procedimentos t?cnicos, adotou-se a pesquisa bibliogr?fica, documental e, tamb?m, buscou-se dados secund?rios, obtidos em s?tios dos principais ?rg?os governamentais (INEP, SISPROUNI, INEP, PNUD; IBGE) que produzem estat?sticas sobre o ensino superior e de mantenedoras de institui??es privadas de ensino superior a exemplo da ABMES e do Tribunal de Contas da Uni?o, dentre outros. Os resultados do estudo delinearam um quadro que permite constatar que vem ocorrendo, no pa?s, um processo de expans?o do ensino superior, marcado pela participa??o articulada dos setores p?blico estatal, privado com fins lucrativos e privado sem fins lucrativos, mas com preval?ncia, notadamente, nos ?ltimos anos, do setor privado com fins lucrativos. Em decorr?ncia, conclui-se que esse processo de expans?o n?o pode ser considerado como dimens?o da democratiza??o porque ocorre mediante mecanismos que se afastam da educa??o como direito para situar-se no ?mbito do mercado, transfigurando o direito em um servi?o que ? apropriado por rela??es mercantis

Orientador: Claudinei Magno Magre Mendes / Banca: Célia Reis Camargo / Banca: Ivan Aparecido Manoel / Resumo: Com o objetivo de contribuir para a história intelectual dos conflitos que antecederam a Independência do Brasil, o presente trabalho analisa duas fontes impressas: A Economia Brasileira no Alvorecer do Século XIX (1807) e Recopilação de Notícias Soteropolitanas e Brasílicas (1802), escritas na Bahia respectivamente pelo Desembargador João Rodrigues Brito e por Luiz dos Santos Vilhena. Os escritos de Vilhena são a expressão da mais genuína tradição mercantilista do mundo lusobrasileiro, para quem os dissabores enfrentados pelos colonos brasileiros derivavam da falta de ação mais enérgica do Estado no controle da produção e do comércio colonial. No outro extremo do debate estava Brito, um atualizado estudioso da Economia Política, cujos escritos revelam aspectos surpreendentes do mal-estar experimentado por setores coloniais às vésperas da transferência da Corte. A novidade apresentada por esse escrito reside no diagnóstico feito pelo seu autor de que os problemas dos produtores brasileiros não radicavam na oposição de interesses entre metrópole e colônia, mas no excesso de intervenção do Estado na economia colonial. Entretanto, por Estado Brito entendia não só a estrutura metropolitana, mas principalmente o sistema estatal instalado na própria colônia como instância de poder local, especialmente o Senado da Câmara. Assim, a análise dessas fontes documentais projetam novas luzes sobre as tensões e conflitos que antecederam a Independência do Brasil. O presente trabalho evidencia ainda que, além dos conflitos colônia versus metrópole já fartamente documentados pela historiografia tradicional... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present work is to contribute to the intellectual history of the conflicts that occurred before the Independence of Brazil, by analyzing two sources: A Economia Brasileira no Alvorecer do Século XIX (1807) and Recopilação de Notícias Soteropolitanas e Brasílicas (1802), written in Bahia by Desembargador João Rodriques Brito and by Luiz dos Santos Vilhena, respectively. Vilhena, whose writings are the expression of the most genuine mercantilist tradition of the Portuguese-Brazilian world, believed that the annoyances faced by the Brazilian colonists were a reflect of the lack of a more energetic posture of the State on the control of the colonial production and commerce. On the other edge of the debate was Brito, a political economy researcher, whose writings reveal surprising aspects of the adversities faced by colonialists sectors on the eve of Court’s transference. The novelty of this work was the analysis made by his author that the problems of the colonialist producers were not a consequence of the conflict of interests between metropolis and colony, but, in fact, a result of an excessive state intervention on the economy. However, by state Brito understood not only the metropolitan structure, but mainly the state system placed at the Colony as a part of the local power, specially the Senate and the Camera. Therefore, the analysis of these documental sources brings new lights on the conflict that preceded the Independence of Brazil. The present work also makes evident that beyond the conflicts between colony an metropolis, which have already been fully studied, there was... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tereza Cristina de Lima.pdf: 3016355 bytes, checksum: 4a1e87d123158ad21c782b5c5061b9aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-30 / This research intends to examine the expansion of the undergraduate teaching in Administration, specifically in Brazil and Goias state, through the period of 1995-2006, which was marked by deep transformations in the political, economic and social structures of the country, starting from the mercantilism, privatization and inland of that education level. This project analyzes the expansion of the undergraduate teaching in the context of a Brazilian State Reformation. It takes the politics of undergraduate teaching expansion in Administration within the conjuncture of the transformations in the capitalist way of production in Brazil, exploring, inclusively, the orientations of the neoliberal politics divulged by the multilateral organisms. The implemented government politics represent the crowning of the neoliberal politics in Goias, with predominance for the private teaching (with public budgets), in which the logic is settled by the criteria of the market, of the competition, of the lowest investment and largest profit. The methodological course includes bibliographical research, official documents, state and national organisms websites, as well as websites in IES researched in Goiás, questionnaires and interviews with protagonists of this history. The researched universe included 47 courses of Administration created in the period of 1995 - 2006, which 18 courses are carried out in Goiania, 29 inside the state, 9 in public IES and 38 in private IES. The results of the research indicate a significant growth of the private undergraduate teaching, the narrow relationship of the expansion, privatization and the inland of the undergraduate teaching in Administration. It presents the expansion of the course with its multiple qualifications as market strategy in order to supply the labor market, to generate profits to the educational entrepreneurs, disfiguring the course of Administration. It still indicates that creating courses of Administration was an investment opportunity in the world of businesses, delineating the privatized expansion of the undergraduate teaching in the country and in Goias state / Esta pesquisa procura examinar a expansão do Ensino Superior de Administração, no Brasil e em Goiás, no período de 1995-2006, período marcado por profundas transformações nas estruturas política, econômica e social do país, a partir da mercantilização, da privatização e da interiorização desse nível de ensino. Este trabalho tem vinculação com a linha de pesquisa Estado e Política Educacional e analisa a expansão do ensino superior, no contexto da reforma do Estado brasileiro e respectivas políticas para a educação superior. Para tanto, toma as políticas de expansão do ensino superior de Administração na conjuntura das transformações do modo de produção capitalista, no Brasil, explorando, inclusive as orientações das políticas neoliberais propaladas pelos organismos multilaterais. As políticas governamentais implementadas representam o coroamento da política neoliberal em Goiás, com predominância para o ensino privado (com verbas públicas), onde a lógica se estabelece pelos critérios do mercado, da concorrência, do menor investimento e, maior lucro. O percurso metodológico inclui pesquisa bibliográfica, documentos oficiais, sites do organismos estaduais e nacionais, sites das IES pesquisadas em Goiás, questionários e entrevistas com os protagonistas desta história, diretores, mantenedores e professores.. O universo pesquisado incluiu, 47 cursos de Administração criados no período de 1995 2006, sendo 18 cursos em Goiânia e, 29, no interior do Estado, 9 em IES públicas e 38 em IES privadas. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam um crescimento significativo do ensino superior privado, a estreita relação da expansão, privatização, mercantilização e interiorização do Ensino Superior de Administração. Apresenta a expansão do curso de Administração, com suas múltiplas habilitações como estratégia mercadológica para atender ao mercado de trabalho, gerar lucratividade aos empresários da educação, desconfigurando o curso de Administração. Indica ainda, que criar cursos de Administração foi uma oportunidade de investimento no mundo dos negócios delineando-se a expansão privatizada do Ensino Superior no país e no estado de Goiás

This is a study on the Indian government's use of mercantilism and imperialism in their policy choices in regards to the diminishing supply of sand. Because of this the study will revolve around the globally growing problem that is a sand shortage, and how the Indian government is preparing to handle it. What consequences the solutions have had and how different levels inside the government are working against each other. Then the rising phenomenon that is the Indian sand mafia will be analyzed, who are their partners and benefactors. How come they could emerge and what exactly is a sand mafia? These are some of the questions this thesis will answer

近年中國大陸在全球各地簽訂原油供應與相關原油探勘、開採合約，引起部分西方國家對此不滿，中國大陸能源外交的本質、目的、型態與手段亦成為學政界辯論的焦點，歐洲國家更將其對非洲的能源外交批評為新殖民主義，但中國大陸學者則認為僅止於重商主義。本文的研究目的在於檢視中國大陸外交政策屬於古典或新現實主義、能源是否為中國大陸對非洲外交政策的重心，與其對非洲能源外交的型態究竟是重商主義或新殖民主義；並回顧現實主義、國際政治經濟學、新殖民主義等相關理論，建構不同指標以檢驗本文的研究假設。 本文的研究成果可歸納為四個面向：其一，中國大陸對非洲政策為相當典型的新現實主義風格，追求優於非洲地主國的相對利得、政策佈局亦受國際體系權力結構制約；其次，能源為目前中國大陸對非洲政策的重心，中國大陸企業對非洲的投資亦以能源為主要考量；第三，包括中海油、中石油與中石化在內等三家中國大陸石油企業在非洲的投資以原油的探勘、開採權為主，符合其國內能源安全政策辯論的結果；第四，中國大陸在非洲的能源投資實無助於非洲國家的經濟發展，但亦無延滯非洲國家經濟發展，藉此擴張中國大陸在非洲的政經影響力的目的在內。 / In recent years, Mainland China has tried to sign oil supply and related exploration and exploitation contracts around the world, which has caused some western countries dissatisfaction. The essence, purpose, and means of Mainland China’s energy diplomacy have become the focus of debate in the academic and political circles. Some European countries even judged that Mainland China’s energy diplomacy toward Africa is a kind of neo-colonialism, but scholars from Mainland China consider it as mercantilism. The purposes of this thesis are to examine three assumptions: whether Mainland China’s foreign policy belongs to classical realism or neo realism; whether energy is the core of Mainland China’s foreign policy toward Africa; and whether the type of energy diplomacy toward Africa is neo- colonialism or mercantilism. The related theories including realism, international political economy and Neo-colonialism will also be reviewed of this thesis in order to establish four dimensions and twelve indictors to examine my assumptions. The conclusions of this thesis could be summarized into four dimensions: Firstly, Mainland China’s Africa policy is the typical neo-realism, seeking the better relative gain than African countries, and its policy arrangement is restricted by the power structure of the international system. Secondly, energy, especially oil, is the core concern of the Mainland China’s African policy. The investments of Mainland China’s enterprises in Africa also take energy as the main consideration. Thirdly, investments derived from three oil enterprises including China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC) focus on the right of oil exploration and exploitation, which conforms to the result of its domestic debates about energy security. Finally, Mainland China’s investments toward Africa can not help the economic development in Africa, but will not slow down the Africa’s economic development nor extend its ability to influence Africa.