One approach that has demonstrated success in the field of molecular imaging utilizes microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) conjugated to specific antibodies and/or peptides to provide contrast effects on MRI in relation to the molecular expression of a specified target. The experimental aims of this thesis were 1) to investigate the ability of VCAM-1 and P-selectin targeted MPIO to detect the expression of VCAM-1 and P-selectin on the activated endothelium in-vitro and in-vivo in mouse models of renal and cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, and 2) develop a novel contrast agent for imaging αvβ3-integrin expression in angiogenesis using RGD peptide conjugated MPIO (RGD-MPIO) in-vitro. MPIO (1.0 µm) were conjugated to monoclonal antibodies against VCAM-1 (VCAM-MPIO) or P-selectin (PSEL-MPIO). In vitro, MPIO bound in a dose-dependent manner to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha stimulated sEND-1 endothelial cells when conjugated to VCAM-1 (R² = 0.88, P<0.01) and P-selectin antibodies (R² = 0.93, P<0.01), reflecting molecular VCAM-1 and P-selectin mRNA and protein expression. Mice subjected to unilateral, transient (30 minutes) renal ischemia and subsequent reperfusion received intravenous VCAM-MPIO and PSEL-MPIO (4.5 mg iron/kg body weight). In ischemic kidneys, MR related contrast effects of VCAM-MPIO were 4-fold higher than unclamped kidneys (P<0.01) and 1.5-fold higher than clamped kidneys of PSEL-MPIO injected mice (P<0.05). VCAM-MPIO binding was less evident in IRI kidneys pre-treated with VCAM-1 antibody (P<0.001). VCAM-1 mRNA expression and VCAM-MPIO contrast volume were highly correlated (R² = 0.901, P<0.01), indicating that quantification of contrast volume reflected renal VCAM-1 transcription. In mice subjected to cerebral ischemia, contrast volume was 11-fold greater in animals injected with VCAM-MPIO versus control IgG-MPIO (P<0.05). Finally, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) stimulated HUVEC-C cells, which express αvβ3-integrin, showed 44-fold greater RGD-MPIO binding than unstimulated cells (P<0.001) and 4-fold greater RGD-MPIO binding than SNAP stimulated cells blocked with soluble RGD peptide (P<0.001) in-vitro. This thesis demonstrated that targeted MPIO exhibited contrast effects that defined and quantified the molecular expression of specific targets through the use of high-resolution MRI in in-vitro and in-vivo models of vascular inflammation.

La chimiothérapie systémique par voie intraveineuse, essentiellement réservée aux cancers avancés, n'est pas ciblée sur la tumeur, il est très difficile d’atteindre des niveaux thérapeutiques en intra tumoral, et ses effets secondaires et sa toxicité sont doses-limitantes.La chimiothérapie localisée pourrait permettre :1) la stabilisation des molécules médicamenteuses incorporées une seule administration médicamenteuse,2) une libération prolongée et contrôlée du médicament pour assurer une diffusion adéquate et l'absorption par les cellules cancéreuses sur plusieurs cycles de division cellulaire 3) le chargement de molécules de chimiothérapie insolubles dans l’eau, 4) l’apport direct au site de la maladie, 6) des effets secondaires diminués en évitant la circulation systémique,7) des résections chirurgicales moindres en traitant les marges de la tumeur. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés aux cancers gynécologiques. Nous avons étudié les effets pharmacologiques et cliniques de microsphères chargées en doxorubicine (Doxo) sur un modèle de carcinose péritonéale et de tumeur de glande mammaire, et étudié le profil de diffusion ganglionnaire de divers implants non chargés. 12 jours après injection laparoscopique de tumeurs VX2 sur les ligaments larges droits et gauches de lapines WNZ 12 une injection laparoscopique de 0,5 ml de microsphères chargées ou non de Doxo (respectivement DM, groupe 1 et BM, groupe 2) a été réalisée de façon aléatoire d’un côté ou de l’autre, en sous péritonéal, au site tumoral. 7 jours après les ligaments larges, l’utérus, les ovaires, les orifices de trocarts, les intestins, la vessie, le foie et les poumons ont été examinés en macroscopie et microscopie. Le volume tumoral était plus faible dans le groupe 1 (3,6 ± 3,2 cm) par rapport au groupe 2 (8,9 ± 5,4 cm) (MW, p = 0,0179). La nécrose a été observée autour de toutes les DM, sans nécrose autour des BM. La concentration de Doxo était de 2,1 ± 2,7 uM aux limites tumorales, au-dessus du niveau thérapeutique de 1,0 uM. Sur un autre modèle, 19 jours après injection locale de suspensions tumorales de VX2 sur la deuxième glande mammaire de lapines WNZ chaque glande a été aléatoirement traitée par injection locale de 0,5 ml de microsphères chargées ou non de Doxo (HSDOXO, Groupe1, et HS, groupe 2).Pour les tumeurs de moins de 5 cm3 ou 2 cm de diamètre avant traitement, le volume final était plus faible dans le groupe 1 par rapport à groupe2 (respectivement p<0.008 et p<0.3, MW)et la croissance tumorale a été diminuée après injection de HSDOXO par rapport à HS. En microscopie une nécrose tissulaire a été observée autour des HSDOXO en extratumoral, sans nécrose autour des HS.Nous avons enfin étudié la diffusion de particules de diverses tailles, non chargées, au ganglion sentinelle d’une tumeur de glande mammaire . Les animaux ont été répartis en trois groupes de trois, chacun d'eux recevant des particules de 100 nM, 1 uM ou 10 uM. Cinq jours après traitement, l'intensité de fluorescence a été évaluée par lampe UV. Le ganglion sentinelle a été disséqué selon la technique du bleu, avant curage complet. Les premiers résultats montrent la capture de particules de 1 et 100µm par les ganglions tumoraux mais aussi dans les ganglions sains, ce qui permettrait d’envisager un traitement ganglionnaire préventif et curatif.De plus en plus de tumeurs seront décelées au stade local. Par ailleurs l'identification des phénotypes génomiques permettra un traitement personnalisé « à la carte ». On pourrait envisager un dispositif de délivrance programmable traitant tous les aspects de la maladie, de l'inhibition de la croissance tumorale et de l'angiogenèse à la promotion de la cicatrisation des tissus normaux. / Systemic chemotherapy is mainly reserved for advanced cancers, is not targeted to the tumor, it is very difficult to achieve intratumoral therapeutic levels and its side effects and toxicity are dose-limiting.Local chemotherapy may have several advantages:1) stabilization of embedded drug molecules and preservation of anticancer activity,2) controlled and prolonged drug release to ensure adequate diffusion and uptake into cancer cells over many cycles of tumor cell division, 3) loading and release of water-insoluble chemotherapeutics, 4) direct delivery to the site of disease, 5) one-time administration of the drug, 6) diminished side effects due to the avoidance of systemic circulation of chemotherapeutic drugs.We were particularly interested in gynecological cancers. We studied the pharmacological and clinical effects of doxorubicin-loaded microspheres (Doxo) in a model of peritoneal carcinomatosis,a model of mammary gland tumor, and studied the diffusion profile of various micro and nanoparticles in tumoral and non tumoral lymph nodes.12 days after laparoscopic injection of VX2 tumors on the right and left broad ligament of WNZ rabbits laparoscopic injection of 0.5 ml of microspheres loaded or not with Doxo (DM or Group 1, BM Group 2 respectively) was conducted randomly to one side or another, at the sub peritoneal tumor site. 7 days after the broad ligaments, uterus, ovaries, trocars, bowels, bladder, liver and lungs were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The tumor volume was lower in group 1 (3.6 ± 3.2 cm) compared with group 2 (8.9 ± 5.4 cm) (MW, p = 0.0179). Necrosis was observed around all DM without necrosis around the BM. Doxo concentration was 2.1 ± 2.7 µM at the tumor margins, above the therapeutic level of 1.0 uM.On another model, 19 days after local injection of VX2 tumor suspensions in the second mammary gland of WNZ rabbits each gland was randomly treated by local injection of 0.5 ml of microspheres loaded or not with Doxo (HSDOXO, Group1, and HS Group 2).For tumors less than 5 cm3 or 2 cm in diameter before treatment, the final volume was lower in group 1 compared to Group 2 (p <0.008 and p <0.3, MW) and tumor growth was reduced after HSDOXO injection compared to HS. Microscopic tissue necrosis was observed around extratumoral HSDOXO without necrosis around the HS.We finally studied the diffusion of unloaded particles of various sizes on the lymph nodes of a mammary gland tumor. The animals were divided into three groups of three, each receiving particles of 100 nm, 1 µm or 10 µm. Five days after treatment, the fluorescence intensity was measured by UV lamp. The sentinel lymph node was dissected according to the technique of blue dye.The first results show the capture of 1 μm and 100μm particles by the tumoral and non tumoral lymph nodes, which would consider a preventive and curative treatment of the nodes.Since more and more tumors are detected at the local stage and with the identification of genomic phenotypes, a personalized local chemotherapy could be the next step of cancer therapy. One could imagine a programmable controlled drug delivery device dealing with all aspects of the disease, inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, while promoting the healing of normal tissues.

Cette thèse a été consacrée à la mise au point de deux systèmes d'administration destinés à la voie orale, pour deux molécules différentes.Dans la première partie, des microparticules (MPs) à base de xylane et d'Eudragit® S-100 ont été produites pour encapsuler l’acide 5-aminosalicylique et permettre son absorption au niveau du colon. Le xylane a été extrait à partir de rafles de maïs et caractérisé selon ses propriétés physico-chimiques, rhéologiques et toxicologiques. Par la suite, les MPs ont été préparées soit par réticulation interfaciale, soit par séchage par atomisation et caracterisés quant à leur morphologie, leur taille moyenne et leur distribution, leur stabilité thermique, leur cristallinité, leur efficacité et leur profil de libération du médicament in vitro. Des MPs de caractéristiques physiques appropriées avec des rendements satisfaisants ont été préparées par ces deux méthodes, bien que les systèmes séchés par pulvérisation aient montré une plus grande stabilité thermique. En général, ces derniers systèmes étaient plus prometteurs en raison de leur stabilité thermique et de l'absence d'agents réticulants toxiques. Toutefois, la méthodologie doit être optimiser afin d’améliorer le chargement de principe actif ainsi que sa libération.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, des microémulsions huile-dans-l’eau (ME H/E) à base de triglycérides à chaîne moyenne ont été preparées afin de vectoriser et d’augmenter la solubilité de l'amphotéricine B (AmB). Des diagrammes de phases ont été construits en utilisant des mélanges de tensioactifs dont les valeurs de la balance hydrophile-lipophile variaient entre 9,7 et 14,4. Les MEs H/E sans et avec AmB étaient composées de gouttelettes sphériques non agrégées de diamètre moyen autour de 80 et 120 nm, respectivement, et avec une faible polydispersité. L'incorporation de l'AmB était élevée et dépendait de la fraction volumique de la phase dispersée. La viabilité des cellules J774.A1 n’était pas diminuée par l’exposition aux concentrations d’AmB encapsulée allant jusqu’à 25μg/mL. Par conséquent, les MEs H/E à base d’esters de propylèneglycol et d'acide caprylique peuvent être considéré comme des vecteurs adaptés pour l’AmB. / This thesis was devoted to the development of innovative oral delivery systems for two different molecules. In the first part, microparticles (MPs) based on xylan and Eudragit® S-100 were produced and used to encapsulate 5-aminosalicylic acid for colon delivery. Xylan was extracted from corn cobs and characterized in terms of its physicochemical, rheological and toxicological properties. The polymeric MPs were prepared by interfacial cross-linking polymerization and spray-drying and characterized for their morphology, mean size and distribution, thermal stability, crystallinity, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. MPs with suitable physical characteristics and satisfactory yields were prepared by both methods, although the spray-dried systems showed higher thermal stability. In general, spray-dried MPs would be preferable systems due to their thermal stability and absence of toxic agents used in their preparation. However, drug loading and release need to be optimized. In the second part of this thesis, oil-in-water microemulsions (O/W MEs) based on medium-chain triglycerides were formulated as drug carriers and solubility enhancers for amphotericin B (AmB). Phase diagrams were constructed using surfactant blends with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values between 9.7 and 14.4. The drug-free and drug-loaded MEs presented spherical non-aggregated droplets around 80 and 120 nm, respectively, and a low polydispersity index. The incorporation of AmB was high and depended on the volume fraction of the disperse phase. These MEs did not reduce the viability of J774.A1 macrophage-like cells for concentrations up to 25 µg/mL of AmB. Therefore, O/W MEs based on propylene glycol esters of caprylic acid may be considered as suitable delivery systems for AmB.

Distúrbios na superfície da córnea e nas glândulas lacrimais acometem com frequência os indivíduos com diabetes mellitus. Atualmente não existe tratamento seguro e eficaz para feridas na córnea e o tratamento da síndrome do olho seco (SOS) é predominantemente sintomático. A administração tópica da insulina (INS) é uma estratégia promissora para tratar esses distúrbios, devido à presença de seus receptores na superfície ocular e na glândula lacrimal, e aos seus efeitos metabólicos e mitogênicos. No entanto, os fármacos aplicados topicamente na forma de solução são rapidamente drenados do olho, resultando em uma baixa biodisponibilidade local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver formulações contendo INS e avaliar a sua influência no distúrbio das glândulas lacrimais e na regeneração da córnea em ratos diabéticos. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulações contendo 1 UI/mL de INS: dispersão contendo insulina (DISP INS), dispersão contendo micropartículas quitosana/INS (DISP MP INS), gel termorreversível in situ com INS (Gel INS) e Gel contendo as micropartículas quitosana/INS (Gel MP INS). Também foram produzidas formulações \"brancas\", sem a veiculação do fármaco: dispersão contendo micropartículas sem insulina (DISP MP s/INS); gel termorreversível in situ sem insulina (Gel s/INS). As MP incorporadas nas formulações foram preparadas por spray drying e apresentaram tamanho de 4,0±0,1 ?m, morfologia adequada e grande quantidade de INS (77±6%). Todas as formulações apresentaram pH e osmolalidade compatíveis com o uso ocular. Durante o estudo in vivo, foi realizado o tratamento diário (15 dias) dos animais diabéticos, com as formulações (50 ?L) em ambos os olhos, exceto nos controles positivo (sem diabetes) e controle negativo (diabético não tratado). Todos os animais tratados com INS aumentaram a produção de fluido lacrimal, sendo que, ao término do tratamento, não foi observada diferença estatística entre o controle positivo e aqueles tratados com DISP INS e com Gel MP INS. A INS foi detectada na glândula lacrimal e no globo ocular dos animais tratados com DISP MP INS, Gel INS e Gel MP INS, sendo que a maior concentração de INS foi encontrada nos ratos tratados com Gel MP INS. Ao término do tratamento houve redução da glicemia dos animais tratados com a INS, o que pode sugerir um tratamento coadjuvante em pacientes diabéticos. Estudos de citologia de impressão mostraram que o Gel INS e Gel MP INS foram capazes de aumentar o número de células do epitélio da córnea e melhorar a relação núcleo/citoplasma em relação ao controle negativo. A histologia do globo ocular mostrou que essas duas formulações também melhoraram a espessura do epitélio da córnea, que foi semelhante a dos controles positivos. Conclui-se que a incorporação da INS nos géis e nas micropartículas desenvolvidas desempenhou um efeito positivo no tratamento da síndrome do olho seco e de lesões na córnea. / Disorders in the corneal surface and the lachrymal glands often affect individuals with diabetes mellitus. Nowadays there is no safe and effective treatment for wounds in the cornea and the treatment of dry eye syndrome (DES) is primarily symptomatic. Topical administration of insulin (INS) is a promising strategy for treating these disorders due to the presence of receptors on the ocular surface and lacrimal gland, besides its metabolic and mitogenic effects. However, the drugs applied topically in the form of a solution are quickly drained from the eye, resulting in a low local bioavailability. The aim of this study was to develop formulations containing INS and evaluate their influence on disorders of lacrimal glands and cornea healing in diabetic rats. Four formulations containing 1 IU/mL of INS were developed: dispersion containing insulin (DISP INS), dispersion containing chitosan microparticles/INS (DISP MP INS), in situ forming gel containing INS (Gel INS) and in situ forming gel containing microparticles chitosan/INS (Gel MP INS). \"White\" formulations were also produced without the drug: dispersion containing microparticles without insulin and in situ forming gel without insulin. MP incorporated in the formulations were prepared by spray drying and showed size of 4.0±0.1 ?m, proper morphology and high INS load (77±6%). All formulations exhibited pH and osmolarity compatible with the ocular use. In vivo studies were performed using diabetic rats that were treated daily (15 days) with instillation of the formulations (50 ?L) in both eyes, except in the positive controls (health rats) and negative control (untreated diabetic rats). All animals treated with INS showed an increase in the production of tear fluid. After treatment, no statistical difference was observed between the positive control and those treated with DISP INS and Gel MP INS. The INS was detected in the lacrimal gland of the animals treated with DISP MP INS, Gel INS and Gel MP INS, with the highest concentration of INS found in mice treated with Gel MP INS. After treatment there was a reduction in blood glucose of the animals treated with formulations containing INS, which suggests that developed formulations may be used as an adjuvant treatment in diabetic patients. Impression cytology studies showed that the Gel INS and Gel MP INS were able to increase the number of the corneal epithelium cells and improve nucleus/cytoplasm ratio compared to the negative control. The histology of the eyeball showed that these two formulations have improved the thickness of the corneal epithelium, which was similar to the positive controls. In conclusion, incorporation of INS in the gels and MP developed induced a positive effect in the treatment of dry eye syndrome and corneal wound.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver uma formulação tópica contendo os filtros solares benzofenona-3 e avobenzona microencapsulados em associação com filtro solar não encapsulado octocrileno e nanoparticulas lipídicas sólidas contendo rutina (formulação completa) e avaliar a eficácia fotoquimiopreventiva dessa formulação usando biópsias de pele humana e pele reconstruída in vitro. Microparticulas lipídicas sólidas contendo grandes quantidades de filtros solares, benzofenona-3 e avobenzona foram obtidas pela técnica do spray congealing com propriedades adequadas para aplicação tópica. Além disso, o processo de microencapsulação foi capaz de diminuir a penetração de benzofenona-3 na pele, aumentar a estabilidade da avobenzona frente à radiação ultravioleta A e a capacidade fotoprotetora desses filtros microencapsulados em formulações tópicas quando expostos a radiação ultravioleta. Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas contendo o flavonóide rutina foram produzidas pelo processo de homogeneização a alta pressão e suas condições foram otimizadas pelo método da desejabilidade rendendo nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas com tamanho médio de 74,22 ±2,77 nm, índice de polispersividade de 0,161±0,03 e eficiência de encapsulação de 98,90 ±0,25 %. Em adição, as nanopartículas mostraram serem capazes de proteger a viabilidade celular de fibroblastos de ratos L929 irradiados com radiação ultravioleta A e B. Para a eficácia fotoquimiopreventiva a formulação completa foi capaz de evitar/diminuir a formação de células apoptóticas, caspase-3, dímeros de ciclobutanodipirimidina, metaloproteinases e peroxidação lipídica em pele humana e pele reconstruída expostos a UVB. O processo tecnológico de microencapsulação e nanoencapsulação dos ativos avaliados mostrou ser eficaz, não comprometendo as propriedades de fotoproteção dos filtros solares e rutina, apresentando resultados similares ou melhores do que as formulações contendo os ativos na forma livre. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de formulações contendo ativos microencapsulados e nanoencapsulados é uma alternativa interessante para o emprego em produtos comerciais para proteção solar, por diminuir as características indesejáveis como penetração e instabilidade, melhorando as propriedades fotoprotetoras e evitando a necessidade de desenvolver novos compostos com propriedades fotoprotetoras. / This study aimed the pharmaceutical development of a topical formulation containing an association of microencapsulated sunscreens benzophenone-3 and avobenzone, free sunscreen octocrylene and rutin flavonol solid lipid nanoparticles (complete formulation). This formulation was assessed for photochemoprotective ability using human skin obtained surgically and reconstructed human skin. Solid lipid microparticles containing large amounts of sunscreens benzophenone-3 and avobenzone were obtained by the spray congealing technique under conditions that allowed the manufacture of microparticles with suitable properties for topical application. The microencapsulation conditions were also able to reduce the penetration of benzophenone-3 through the skin, enhanced the stability of avobenzone against the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and increased the photoprotective ability of both filters in topical formulations exposed to UVR. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing rutin were produced by the high pressure homogenization process whose conditions were optimized using the desirability method, yielding nanoparticles with size of 74.22 ± 2.77 nm, polispersivity index of 0.161 ± 0.03 and encapsulation efficiency of 98.90 ± 0.25%. In addition, the nanoparticles were able to avoid the death of L929 mice fibroblasts exposed to UVR A and B. For the photochemopreventive ability studies, the complete formulation was able to reduce/avoid the induction of apoptotic cells, caspase-3, CPDs, metalloproteinases and lipid peroxides in human skin obtained surgically and reconstructed human skin in vitro exposed to UVB.Thus, the micro and nanoencapsulation solved some intrinsic problems related to sunscreens and rutin without, however, compromising their photohemoprotective ability, since the results showed similar or better efficacy when compared to the formulations containing actives in free form. Therefore, the development of formulations containing microencapsulated and nanoencapsulated compounds is an interesting alternative for employment in commercial products for sun protection by decreasing the undesirable characteristics, such as penetration and instability, improving the photoprotective properties and avoiding the need to develop new compounds with photoprotective characteristics.

Les systèmes in situ sont des liquides à base de polymère et de solvant organique pharmaceutiquement acceptable, contenant le principe actif. Après injection sous-cutanée, lors du contact avec les fluides corporels, le polymère précipite sous forme d'implant (ISI) ou de microparticules (ISM) qui se dégradent progressivement en libérant le principe actif. Dans ce travail, des ISI et des ISM réalisés à partir d'un copolymère d'acide lactique et glycolique ont été développés pour la libération prolongée de S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), des donneurs de monoxyde d'azote. L'influence du type de formulation, du solvant, de l'hydrophobie du principe actif et de l'environnement (in vitro ou in vivo) sur la solidification, la dégradation de la matrice polymérique et sur la libération du RSNO ont été étudiés. Les expériences in vivo ont prouvé la prolongation par la formulation de l'effet des RSNO sur la pression artérielle chez le rat (jusque 42 h). Néanmoins, le temps de dégradation des formulations est supérieur à 1 mois et doit donc être optimisé pour une application de longue durée. Le potentiel de ces formulations dans un modèle d'infarctus a été évalué. La faisabilité d'une injection directe dans le myocarde infarci a été démontrée. D'après les premiers résultats, ces implants chargés en RSNO permettraient d'améliorer la perfusion du coeur. Enfin, la porosité de ces systèmes augmente durant leur dégradation, ce qui rend la matrice susceptible de recruter et d'héberger des cellules. In vitro, des ISI ont permis l'adhésion et la prolifération de cellules musculaires. Ces formulations adaptées aux RSNO pourraient constituer un outil thérapeutique dans le cadre des maladies ischémiques / In situ forming injectable systems are liquids based of a polymer and a pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvent, to which drug is added. After subcutaneous injection, contact with aqueous body fluids triggers polymer precipitation as implant (ISI) or microparticles (ISM). This matrix degrades then slowly while releasing the drug. In this work, ISI and ISM made of a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acid were developed for sustained release of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), prodrugs of nitric oxide. Influence of formulation type, solvent, drug hydrophobicity and environment (in vitro vs in vivo) on polymeric matrix solidification, degradation and on RSNO release was studied. In vivo experiments proved that formulation extend (until 42 h) RSNO effect on arterial pressure of rats. However, matrix life-span is higher than 1 month, thus need optimization in view of an application requiring a long lasting release. Evaluation of these formulations has begun in a model of cardiac infarction. First, the feasibility of a direct injection into the infarct area has been established. Second, first results seem to indicate that these implants loaded with RSNO could enhance heart perfusion. Finally, porosity of these systems increases during their degradation, allowing cell recruitment and colonization of resulting matrix. An in vitro study conducted on implants with porosity artificially increased showed adhesion and proliferation of muscular cells seeded onto the systems. As a result, in situ formulations are suitable drug delivery systems for S-nitrosothiols, and represent a potential therapeutic tool, in particular in the field of ischemic diseases

Des particules constituées d’un cœur polymère polylactide (PLA), recouvertes d’une couche de polysaccharide adsorbé physiquement (dextrane hydrophobisé par des chaînes alkyle en C6, DexC6) et contenant des substances actives (SA) de type polyphénolique ont été élaborées par différents procédés physico-chimiques discontinus (nanoprécipitation et émulsion-évaporation de solvant) ou continus (procédé microfluidique d’émulsion-diffusion de solvant). L’extrapolation du procédé de nanoprécipitation de l’échelle laboratoire (25 mL) à l’échelle pilote (1 L) a été examinée. Ces particules étaient destinées au traitement des milieux aquatiques, pour la lutte contre le développement des cyanobactéries et des algues. Dans le but de maîtriser les caractéristiques des particules élaborées (distribution de taille, stabilité colloïdale, rendement d’encapsulation en SA ...), l’influence de paramètres physico-chimiques a été étudiée (concentration du PLA dans la phase organique, concentration du DexC6 dans la phase aqueuse, rapport volumique des deux phases, fraction massique SA/PLA …). Les procédés mis au point ont permis d’obtenir des particules dont les diamètres moyens allaient de 0,1 µm à 1 mm, avec des distributions granulométrique bien maîtrisées. Ces objets ont été caractérisés en termes de taux de recouvrement en dextrane, de quantité de SA encapsulée et de morphologie. La stabilité colloïdale des suspensions de nanoparticules a été examinée dans des milieux de force ionique variable. Par ailleurs, nous avons vérifié la possibilité de redisperser les suspensions de particules après lyophilisation. Pour les nanoparticules, l’addition d’un cryoprotecteur s’est avérée indispensable. Les cinétiques de libération des substances actives à partir des particules nano- et micrométriques ont également été suivies et les phénomènes limitant leur libération ont été identifiés.Enfin, des essais sur des milieux de culture contenant des cyanobactéries ont été réalisés. Ils ont montrés que la libération des SA conduisait à des effets algistatiques ou algicides selon les quantités utilisées. / Polysaccharide-covered polyester particles were prepared. The core of particles was made of polylactic acid (PLA) while their surface was covered by dextran chains via the use of water-soluble randomly hydrophobized dextran (DexC6) as a polymeric stabilizer. Polyphenolic active substances were encapsulated inside those particles. Polyphenol loaded PLA particles were designed for preventing cyanobacterias and algae proliferation in aquatic media. Conventional batch processes (nanoprecipitation or emulsion-solvent evaporation) and continuous processes (emulsion-solvent diffusion in microfluidics) were used to elaborate particles with average diameters ranging between 0.1 µm and 1 mm. The scale up of nanoprecipitation from lab scale (25 mL) to pilot scale (1 L) was also studied. The formulation parameters (PLA concentration in the organic phase, DexC6 concentration in the aqueous phase, aqueous phase to organic phase volume ratio, active substance weight fraction…) were optimized in order to obtain particles with well controlled characteristics (average diameter and size distribution, colloidal stability, encapsulation efficiency …). Loaded particles elaborated by different processes were characterized with regards to DexC6 surface coverage, colloidal stability at various ionic strengths, morphology and encapsulation efficiency. We also investigated the re-dispersion ability of particle suspensions after freeze drying and we showed that the use of a cryoprotectant was required in case of nanoparticles. The release of polyphenolic molecules from the elaborated polymeric nano- and microparticles was studied and limiting steps were identified. Finally, the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles toward cyanobacterias was evaluated. It was demonstrated that anti-algal effects were observed depending on the added quantities.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:13:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Cristine Mirante.pdf: 2726451 bytes, checksum: 032734e58cd5a2dc0e010068ceda3d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of antimicrobial agents is one of the most important advances in the therapeutic area due to microbial resistance, causing problems to public health, with serious economic, social and political implications. Thus, this study aimed to the technological development of microparticles of biopolymer poly-L-lysine (PLL) and polymeric nanocapsules containing essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel uncoated or coated with PLL. The microparticles were obtained by the spray drying technique with a yield of 42.4%. The nanocapsules were prepared by interfacial deposition technique of a preformed polymer. The nanocapsules showed average nanometer diameter (160-200 nm), polydispersity index of less than 0.25 and negative zeta potential for nanocapsules poly(caprolactone) (PCL) (-39.8 mV) and positive for the nanocapsules of PLL (+17, 75 mV), indicating that there was an electrostatic adsorption interaction between PCL and PLL. An analytical method was developed and validated by UV-vis pectrophotometry in order to enable a reliable determination of encapsulation efficiency (EE). This method showed specificity, linearity, precision, detection and quantification satisfactory limits according to current recommendations. The EE was 99.86%. The antimicrobial activity of micro systems and nanocapsules was evaluated, containing PLL against the microorganisms, E. coli S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of the essential oil of M. alternifolia in the nanostructured system developed has been able to increase their antibacterial activity. The microparticles and nanocapsules, can, in the future, be promising antimicrobial agents, promoting the development of an effective therapeutic alternative and more effective at lower doses. / O desenvolvimento de agentes antimicrobianos representa um dos mais importantes avanços na área terapêutica, devido à resistência microbiana acarretar problemas para a saúde pública, com sérias implicações econômicas, sociais e políticas. Visto isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento tecnológico de micropartículas do biopolímero -poli-L-Lisina (PLL) e de nanocápsulas poliméricas contendo óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel, revestidas ou não -PLL. As micropartículas foram obtidas pela técnica de secagem por aspersão com rendimento de 42,4 %. As nanocápsulas foram preparadas pela técnica de deposição interfacial de um polímero pré-formado. As nanocápsulas apresentaram diâmetro médio nanométrico (160-200 nm), índice de polidispersão inferior a 0,25 e potencial zeta negativo para as nanocápsulas de poli(-caprolactona) (PCL) (-39,8 mV) e positivo para as nanocápsulas de PLL (+17,75 mV), demonstrando que houve o processo de adsorção por interação eletrostática entre a PCL e a PLL. Foi desenvolvido e validado um método analítico por espectrofotometria de UV-Vis com a finalidade de permitir uma determinação confiável da eficiência de encapsulação (EE). Este método apresentou especificidade, linearidade, precisão, limites de detecção e quantificação satisfatórios de acordo com as recomendações vigentes. A EE foi de 99,86%. Foi avaliada a atividade antimicrobiana dos sistemas micro e nanoencapsulados contendo PLL contra os micro-organismos E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa e C.albicans. Os resultados demonstram que a incorporação do óleo essencial de M. alternifolia no sistema nanoestruturado desenvolvido foi capaz de aumentar a sua atividade antibacteriana. As micropartículas e as nanocápsulas, podem futuramente ser agentes antimicrobianos promissores, promovendo o desenvolvimento de uma alternativa terapêutica eficaz com doses menores e mais efetivas.

Cette thèse porte sur l’éco-extraction et l’encapsulation de pigments naturels pour une exploitation et application dans les industries alimentaire, cosmétique et pharmaceutique. Dans ce but, l'extraction assistée par micro-ondes (MAE) ou par ultrasons (UAE) et celle par liquides ioniques (LI) ont été évaluées pour l'extraction de caroténoïdes et d'anthocyanes de plantes vietnamiennes. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le MAE a été un système permettant d'accélérer et d'améliorer tous les types d'extraction testés alors que les ultrasons se sont montrés particulièrement efficaces lorsque les pigments étaient présents à la surface des tissus végétaux. Cependant, l’UAE améliore également les résultats par rapport à des extractions sans assistance. Les LI classiques ne sont pas adaptés pour l’extraction des pigments caroténoïdes et anthocyaniques qui sont généralement non volatils et thermosensibles car il n'a pas été possible de séparer les pigments extraits des LI dans des conditions douces. Pour remédier à ce problème, des LI réversibles ont été évalués. Le DBU/ 1-hexanol était efficace pour extraire les caroténoïdes relativement accessibles, mais, en raison d'une viscosité élevée, il perdait son efficacité pour d'autres tissus. La deuxième partie de cette thèse concerne l’encapsulation d’anthocyanes d’hibiscus dans des levures. Nous avons d’abord travaillé avec des levures entières. Les résultats ont montré que les cellules de levure étaient un bon matériau pour l'encapsulation des anthocyanes. Cependant, pour les levures non désactivées, les enzymes ont provoqué une perte indésirable de couleur des anthocyanines pendant le stockage. Les microparticules de levures traitées thermiquement ont montré un effet protecteur élevé pendant le stockage. Puis, comme les anthocyanes étaient majoritairement encapsulées dans le réseau pariétal des levures, nous avons utilisé les écorces de levures séparées du reste des cellules. Les microparticules des écorces de levure ont apporté une bonne protection pour les anthocyanes contre l'humidité, la chaleur et la lumière. En comparant avec les microparticules de maltodextrine, celles des écorces de levure étaient plus stables dans des conditions d'humidité élevée. En général, les microparticules de levure ont montré une capacité à protéger les anthocyanes et à garder la couleur rouge de la poudre d’anthocyanes encapsulées. Ces résultats montrent que la poudre d’anthocyanes encapsulées dans des levures ou écorces de levure a un avenir prometteur pour être appliquée dans les industries alimentaire, cosmétique et pharmaceutique. / This thesis deals with extraction processes using assistance technologies or green solvents and encapsulation systems of natural pigments in order to exploit and apply them in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this goal, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and Ionic liquids (IL) were evaluated for the extraction of carotenoids and anthocyanins from Vietnamese plants. The results obtained show that the MAE was always a rapid and helpful system for all types of extraction tested whereas ultrasounds were particularly efficient when pigments are present on the surface of plant tissues. However, UAE was also improving results compared to conditions without assistance. Traditional IL are not suitable for the extraction of carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments that are generally non-volatile and heat-sensitive because it has not been possible to separate pigments extracted from IL under mild conditions. Therefore switchable IL were evaluated. DBU/ 1-hexanol was efficient to extract carotenoids that were relatively accessible, but, due to its high viscosity, it lost efficacy for other tissues. The second part of this thesis concerns the encapsulation of Hibiscus anthocyanins in yeasts. We have first worked with whole yeast cells. The results showed that yeast cells were a good material for the encapsulation of anthocyanins. However, yeast enzymes caused undesirable colour loss of anthocyanin during storage. Microparticles of heat-treated yeasts showed a high protective effect during storage. Then, as it was interesting to keep the pigments in the cell wall and deactivate the yeast enzymes, we used yeast hulls. Yeast hull particles brought a good protection to anthocyanins against moisture, heat and light. In comparison with maltodextrin microparticles, yeast hull ones were more stable in high humidity. In general, yeast microparticles have shown an ability to protect anthocyanins and to keep the red color of encapsulated anthocyanin powder. These results show that yeast encapsulated anthocyanins powder has a promising future to be applied in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Chaque cadre doit contenir un résumé de 1700 caractères maximum, espaces compris. En cas de dépassement, la coupure sera automatique. Le doctorant adresse son texte sous forme électronique selon les recommandations de la bibliothèqueLes "Liver X receptors " (LXR) sont des récepteurs nucléaires impliqués dans Phoméostasie du cholestérol. Dans les macrophages, la stimulation de la voie LXR accroît la clairance des corps apoptotiques et réprime la réponse inflammatoire. Les LXR inhibent également la prolifération et la survie de cellules malignes.L'activation des LXR dans les cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes (PDG) augmentent la clairance des microparticules (MP), via l'induction du récepteur au phosphatidylsérines BAIL L'internalisation des MP active la voie NF-KB ou la voie LXR pour des MP dérivées respectivement, de cellules endothéliales (EMP) ou plaquettaires (PMP). Ces deux voies de signalisation se réprimaient mutuellement, déterminant la réponse inflammatoire des PDG.La contrepartie leucémique des PDC (LPDC) est à l'origine d'une leucémie aiguë agressive, la BPDCN. Nous avons observé une dérégulation de Phoméostasie du cholestérol dans ces cellules. L'activation de la voie LXR entraine un efflux du cholestérol associé à un effet cytotoxique et antiprolifératif. Ils peuvent impliquer : la répression de NF-KB ; ainsi que l'inhibition de la signalisation induite par le facteur de survie IL-3 (incluant STAT5 et Akt). L'utilisation d'un modèle xénogénique murin de BPDCN traitée par agoniste LXR montre une diminution de la cytopénie induite par les LPDC et des infiltrats spléniques et médullaires.Ces travaux démontrent la fonctionnalité de la voie LXR dans les PDC et LPDC, ainsi qu'une régulation croisée avec NF-KB. L'activation de cette voie a démontré son implication dans la clairance des MP et la régulation de la réponse inflammatoire des PDC, ainsi qu'un effet anti-leucémique sur les LPDC. / Nuclear Liver X Receptors (LXR) are involved in cholesterol homeostasis. In macrophages, LXR promote apoptotic body/cell clearance and repress inflammatory responses. LXR are also shown to inhibit proliferation and survival of malignant cells.In plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), LXR stimulation increases microparticle (MP) engulfment via the increased expression of the PS receptor, BAIL MP engulfment induced NF-icB or LXR activation, depending on the endothelial (EMP) or platelet (PMP) origin of MP, respectively. Overall, we show a crosstalk involving LXR and NF-KB, which dictates the inflammatory fate of PDC engulfing MP.The leukemic PDC counterpart (LPDC) is responsible of an aggressive hematologic malignancy, called blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). In contrast to healthy PDC and other acute leukemias (including lymphoid and myeloid acute leukemias), we report here a specific downregulation of cholesterol homeostasis-related genes in LPDC. LXR pathway activation increases cholesterol efflux and inhibits cell proliferation and survival. This may involve: inhibition of NF-KB signaling pathway and of signaling pathways induced by the survival factor IL-3 (involving Akt and STAT5). Using a xenogeneic mouse model of BPDCN, LXR agonist treatment reduces BPDCN-induced cytopenia as well as bone marrow and spleen LPDC infiltration.Overall, we demonstrate that LXR receptors are functional in PDC and LPDC and are involved in a cross-regulation mechanism with NF-KB. LXR receptors promote MP clearance and control inflammatory responses in PDC, as well as exert an anti-leukemic therapeutic effect in BPDCN via several mechanisms, including cholesterol efflux.