Les littératures migrantes féminines canadienne et allemande contemporaine sont ancrées sur des questionnements de l’espace. Les auteures comme Abla Farhoud (Le bonheur a la queue glissante), Marie-Célie Agnant (La dot de Sara) et Renan Demirkan (Schwarzer Tee mit drei Stück Zucker) arrivent à transmettre les problèmes et questionnements liés à la condition migrante féminine de nos jours, à travers leur utilisation particulière de l’espace dans leurs romans. La métaphore de la prison aide à saisir la complexité de la situation de la femme et de son rapport avec l’espace. Il faut prendre en considération des facteurs comme le déracinement de la femme de la terre natale, sa domination par l’homme et son impuissance face aux événements liés à la migration, ainsi que son emprisonnement par autrui quand la femme est marquée par les préjugés et le racisme de la société d’accueil. La prison de la femme se manifeste également à un autre niveau, soit celui des théories spatiales : les théories spatiales masculines courantes (notamment celles de Bachelard, Merleau-Ponty, Lefebvre, De Certeau et Augé) négligent la situation particulière de la femme. Bien qu’elles aident à exposer ce que les espaces dans les romans nous communiquent et comment il faut lire les espaces, elles sont insuffisantes pour révéler le rapport femme migrante – espace dans toute sa complexité. De plus, la réalité spatiale de la femme telle qu’exposée par les théories féministes (notamment celles de Shands, Rose, Chapman et Massey) saisit seulement en partie le rapport spatial complexe de la femme migrante. La faiblesse des théories mentionnées ci-haut vient du fait qu’elles sont parfois trop simples. Elles ne tiennent pas compte de l’histoire de la femme migrante : due à son histoire particulière, sa conception des termes territoire, chez-soi et identité est tout à fait différente de celle des individus qui n’ont pas fait l’expérience d’un déracinement. En exposant les problèmes particuliers de ces femmes, cette thèse aide à sortir les femmes du silence qui les opprime. Par cette thèse, nous répondons donc à un besoin qui existe dans le champ d’étude : nous plaçons la femme migrante au centre de la réflexion théorique en insistant sur la complémentarité des théories masculines et féminines/féministes et sur la nécessité de combiner plusieurs points de vues théoriques. Par cette thèse, à l’aide de notre analyse des espaces dans les romans, nous précisons la situation nuancée de la femme migrante et apportons des perspectives éclairantes au sujet de son rapport complexe à l’espace. / Contemporary Canadian and German female migration literature is closely linked to questions of space. Authors such as Abla Farhoud (Le bonheur a la queue glissante), Marie-Célie Agnant (La dot de Sara) and Renan Demirkan (Schwarzer Tee mit drei Stück Zucker) communicate problems and questions linked to today’s female migrant condition through their particular use of space in their novels. The prison metaphor helps to reveal the complex situation of the female migrant and her relationship with space: we have to take into consideration elements such as the uprooting from her birth country, her domination by men and her powerlessness regarding the events linked to migration, as well as her confinement by others. For example, these women are often subject to prejudices and racism on the part of the new country’s society. The woman’s prison becomes also obvious when it comes to theories of space: the current male theories of space (especially those by Bachelard, Merleau-Ponty, Lefebvre, De Certeau and Augé) are ignoring the woman’s particular situation. Even though they help to expose what the spaces in the novels are telling us and how we must interpret the spaces, they are unable to reveal the migrant woman’s relationship to space in all its complexity. Also, the spatial reality of women exposed by feminist theories (especially those by Shand, Rose, Chapman and Massay) can only partially understand the complex spatial relationship of migrant women. The weak points of the theories we mentioned here come mostly from the fact that they are too simple: they don’t include the history of the female migrant in their reflections. Due to the female migrant’s particular history, her conception of terms such as territory, home and identity are very different than those of individuals who have not been exposed to the experience of being uprooted. By exposing the particular problems faced by female migrants, this thesis helps break the silence that oppresses them. Therefore, through this thesis, we are filling a gap that exists in the field of research: we are placing the migrant woman in the center of the theoretical reflections, by exposing the complementarity of male and female/feminist theories and the necessity of combining different theoretical points of view. Through this thesis and our analysis of the spaces in the novels, we are giving a precise idea of the woman’s nuanced situation and are offering a clarifying perspective on her complex relationship to space.

Ce mémoire explore l’exil au cinéma et en littérature, en particulier à travers l’œuvre de Marilú Mallet, cinéaste et écrivaine québécoise d’origine chilienne. L’approche choisie emprunte à la fois au champ littéraire et au champ cinématographique, et fait intervenir à la fois théoriciens, écrivains et cinéastes. À travers plusieurs regards croisés entre cinéastes et écrivains, ce mémoire décrit comment les thèmes du dépaysement, de la mémoire, de l’identité, du territoire et de la langue reviennent sans cesse dans les œuvres des auteurs migrants. Il interroge également la place des auteurs migrants au sein de la littérature et du cinéma nationaux, leur apport à l’imaginaire collectif, et plus largement leur place dans le discours social ambiant. À travers son œuvre, Mallet raconte sa propre expérience d’exilée en même temps qu’elle témoigne de ce qui s’est passé après le coup d’État au Chili en 1973, laissant des traces pour contrer l’histoire officielle. / This master thesis explores exile in cinema and literature, especially through the work of Marilú Mallet, a Quebec filmmaker and writter exiled from Chile. The approach chosen borrows both to the literary and cinematographic fields, and lets intervene writters and filmmakers as much as theoreticians. Through crossed views between writters and filmmakers, this master thesis describes how the issues of displacement, memory, identity, territory and language are recurrent in the works of authors in exile. It also questions the place of migrant authors within national literature and cinema, their contribution to the collective imaginative world and social debates and reflections. Through her work, Mallet tells her own experience of exile, as well as she testifies of what went on after the coup of 1973, leaving evidences to counter the official version of history.

Présenté à l'origine par l'auteur comme thèse (de doctorat--Université de Montréal, 2001). / Comprend des réf. bibliogr. p. [295]-302.

Submitted by Jesiel Ferreira Gomes (jesielgomes@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-27T18:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL DA SILVA ABREU – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2015.pdf: 2809927 bytes, checksum: 5b23787584d7c3dd316dc3f740e66a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T18:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL DA SILVA ABREU – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2015.pdf: 2809927 bytes, checksum: 5b23787584d7c3dd316dc3f740e66a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / Estudar os migrantes nordestinos na região Sudeste do Brasil, a migração interna teve o Século XX como período áureo, é se deparar com uma relação de conflitos de poder. Quando os forasteiros e nativos se encontraram produziram representações para ambos, tais discursos permearam a sociedade de diversas formas, desde discursos governamentais até expressões artísticas como, por exemplo, na pintura, literatura, músicas e cinema. A proposta deste estudo é analisar as representações dos migrantes nordestinos no cinema brasileiro da década de 1980, compreende-se a fonte fílmica como um recurso histórico importante para se perceber como as representações dos migrantes nordestinos entremeavam as formas de entretenimento público e, dessa forma, foram difundidas no Brasil e no exterior, é um esforço para compreender as relações de alteridade que vieram a culminar na formação de preconceitos de lugar e origem geográfica, percebeu-se na temporalidade selecionada a maior concentração de produções audiovisuais que se dedicaram a temática dos migrantes do cinema brasileiro e, por isso, o interesse em seu estudo. Dentre esta especificidade da produção cinematográfica do período, três filmes se destacaram por trazerem a discussão dos migrantes como tema central e, portanto, foram selecionados como objeto de estudo, sendo eles O Homem que Virou Suco (1980), As Aventuras de um Paraíba (1982) e O Baiano Fantasma (1984). Teve-se como referência teórica, no estudo das representações, o historiador francês Roger Chartier (2002; 2009) e para a discursão da relação cinema e história recorreu-se a Lagny (2009), Santiago Júnior (2008; 2009; e 2012) e Barros (2012). A pesquisa foi norteada metodologicamente pela análise das imagens, porém as fontes extrafílmicas não foram descartadas, pelo contrário, caracterizaram o estudo por uma abordagem diversificadas de fontes, dentre elas os cartazes, sinopses, críticas de cinema e reportagens em periódicos da época, buscando balizar as leituras das imagens por vestígios da década de 1980, além disso, as demais produções cinematográficas sobre migrantes nordestinos não foram desconsideradas, já que os filmes fazem parte de um circuito cultural e industrial e, assim, eles possuem ligações, fazem citações e referências uns aos outros. Os migrantes nas películas são, comumente, representados como arcaicos, atrasados, selvagens e analfabetos, sempre em oposição aos nativos do Sudeste, ou seja, são edificados campos representacionais, de um lado o desenvolvimento e a civilidade com o Sudeste e o Nordeste como seu antagonismo. As representações negativas rejeitadas pelos nativos são impingidas nos migrantes, afinal, eles são os deslocados vulneráveis e responsabilizados pelos problemas urbanos das metrópoles do Sudeste. Diante disso, os nativos do Sudeste buscaram, conscientemente ou não, se proteger perante o constante movimento migratório dos nordestinos criando e propagando representações negativas sobre os mesmos. Para defender seus lugares sociais foi necessário desqualificar os migrantes para tirá-los de uma possível disputa, assim, pensar a relação entre nordestinos e sudestinos é pensar forças representacionais que os opõem. / Study the northeastern migrants in Southeastern Brazil is a way to face with a relationship of power struggles. The internal migration had the twentieth century as the golden period. When the visitors and natives have met themselves, they produced representations to both. Such speeches permeated society in many ways, from government speeches to artistic expressions such as, painting, literature, music and cinema. The purpose of this study is to analyze the representations of Northeastern migrants in Brazilian cinema of the 1980s. The film source is understood as an important historical resource to understand how representations of Northeastern migrants intermingled forms of public entertainment and, therefore, were known in Brazil and abroad. It is an effort to understand the relationships of otherness that came to culminate in the formation of place of prejudice and geographical origin. It was noted in the selected temporality the highest concentration of audiovisual works dedicated to the theme of migrants in Brazilian cinema and therefore the interest in their study. Among this specificity of this film production period, three films stood out for bringing the discussion of migrants as a central theme and, therefore, were selected as study object: O Homem que Virou Suco (The man who turned juice) (1980), As aventuras de um paraiba (The Adventures of a paraíba) (1982) and O Baiano Fantasma (The phantom Bahia) (1984). This study had as theoretical reference, in the study of representations, the French historian Roger Chartier (2002; 2009) and for discussion of the relationship cinema and history appealed to Lagny (2009), Santiago Junior (2008; 2009; and 2012) and Barros (2012). The research was guided by the methodological analysis of the images, but the extra-filmic sources were not discarded, however, characterized the study by a diversified approach of sources, among them the posters, synopsis, movie reviews and articles in periodicals of the time, searching delimit the readings of the images remains in the 1980s. Moreover, the other movie productions on northeastern migrants were not disregarded, since the films are part of a cultural and industrial circuit and thus they have links and citations are references to each other. Migrants in films are commonly represented as archaic, backward, illiterate and wild, always in opposition to the natives of the Southeast. In the other words, there are built representational fields, where on the one hand there is the development and civility to the Southeast and on the other one the Northeast as its antagonism. Negative representations rejected by the natives are enforced on migrants, after all, they are vulnerable displaced and accountable for urban problems of Southeastern cities. Therefore, the natives of Southeast sought, consciously or not, to protect themselves against the constant migratory movement of the northeastern creating and propagating negative representations about them. To defend their social places was necessary to disqualify migrants to get them out of a possible dispute, so, think about the relation between northeastern and southeastern is thinking representational forces that oppose each other.

Objetivo: i) Estudar os casos de tuberculose (TB) por transmissão recente em brasileiros e migrantes sul-americanos, quantificar a transmissão cruzada recente entre ambas as populações e estudar seus fatores associados; ii) Avaliar, isoladamente, os fatores associados à transmissão recente da TB e o impacto da migração e de outras vulnerabilidades nos casos da doença no município. Métodos: Estudo transversal em indivíduos brasileiros e migrantes de origem sul-americana, residentes de distritos centrais do município de São Paulo (MSP) com grande proporção de populações vulneráveis e elevada presença recente de migrantes. Estudaram-se os casos de TB pulmonar por M. tuberculosis (Mtb) notificados entre 2013 e 2014, confirmados por meio de cultura de escarro. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema Estadual de Notificação (SINAN-TB), de unidades de saúde e do laboratório central do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Analizaram-se as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e a presença de clusters simples e mistos, obtidos pelo agrupamento dos isolados de Mtb por RFLP-IS6110. i) Descreveu-se a distribuição dos clusters mistos e outras variáveis em brasileiros e migrantes sul-americanos e, investigou-se os fatores independentemente associados à presença de clusters mistos na amostra por meio de regressão logística simples e múltipla; ii) Investigaram-se os fatores independentemente associados à ocorrência de clusters mediante regressão logística simples e múltipla e estimou-se o impacto da transmissão recente da TB por meio da Fração Atribuível Populacional (PAF). Resultados: Foram amostrados 347 indivíduos, 19 por cento dos casos na área estudada. Desses, 76 por cento eram brasileiros e 24 por cento migrantes sul-americanos. O primeiro estudo mostrou que a proporção de clusters foi de 40,5 por cento , sendo 28 por cento desses compartilhados por brasileiros e migrantes sul-americanos (clusters mistos). Clusters mistos foram mais frequentemente encontrados em migrantes sul-americanos do que em brasileiros (OR=6,05), porém sugeriu-se transmissão cruzada em ambas as direções. A análise de sensibilidade, removendo usuários de drogas, HIV positivos e alcóolicos, teve pouco efeito no número de clusters mistos porém reduziu o de clusters simples em vi brasileiros, sugerindo maior transmissão recente do Mtb entre indivíduos brasileiros e migrantes não pertencentes a esses grupos de risco. O segundo estudo sugeriu que o uso de drogas está independentemente e diretamente associados a clusters sugestivos de transmissão recente (ORaj=3,18) e o alcoolismo (ORaj=0,30) está inversamente associado à transmissão recente. Foi encontrada baixa prevalência de comorbidades e outros fatores de risco entre migrantes sul-americanos, tanto em clusters quanto em perfis únicos. A transmissão recente entre usuários de drogas foi atribuída a cerca de 15 por cento dos casos de TB em brasileiros. Conclusões: Verificou-se que a transmissão recente, tanto entre brasileiros quanto entre migrantes sul-americanos, desempenha um papel importante nas regiões centrais do MSP. No entanto, sugere-se que a migração possa desempenhar um papel menos importante na transmissão/reativação da TB do que o uso de drogas e outras condições de vulnerabilidade. Dessa forma, no contexto dos crescentes movimentos migratórios para grandes cidades de países de média e baixa renda, a migração se soma à vulnerabilidade social, reforçando a necessidade de políticas intersetoriais para controle da TB. / Objective: i) to study recent tuberculosis (TB) transmission in Brazilians and South-American migrants, to estimate the proportion of recent cross-transmission occurring between both populations and to study potential associated factors to cross-transmission; ii) to study associated factors to cross-transmission and to estimate the impact of South-American migration and other vulnerabilities on TB cases. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study with TB patients in a central area of São Paulo (MSP) with a strong presence of South-American migrants and vulnerable populations. We selected notified pulmonary TB (PTB) cases confirmed by sputum culture between 2013 and 2014 among Brazilians and South-American migrants. We used the Tuberculosis State Notification System (SINAN-TBWEB), health facilities and the State Reference Laboratory (Instituto Adolfo Lutz) as data sources. We typed M. tuberculosis isolates by IS6110-RFLP, which were clustered by similarity. Clusters were considered mixed when isolates from at least one Brazilian and one South-American migrant were similar; and were considered simple when the cluster contained isolates from patients of only one nationality. We study demographic and clinical variables from TB patients and the presence of clusters within the sample. i) We described the distribution of simple and mixed clusters and other variables amongst Brazilians and South-American migrants and study associated factors to cross-transmission using logistic regression; ii) we estimated the proportion of recent transmission in the sample and investigated the factors associated with the presence of clusters by multiple logistic regression. Results: We sampled 347 individuals, 19 per cent of cases that occurred in the study area. Nearly 76 per cent were Brazilians and 24 per cent South-Americans. The first study demonstrated that 40.5 per cent of cases were clustered, of which approximately 30 per cent were mixed. South-American migrants were more likely to have mixed clusters than Brazilians (OR=6.05) and the results suggest that TB transmission occurred in both directions. We conducted a sensitivity analysis removing drug users, HIV positive and alcoholics, which suggested higher transmission amongst Brazilian and migrants outside these groups. In the second study we demonstrated that drug users were more likely to viii belong to clusters (ORadj=3.18) while individuals who abuse alcohol were more likely to belong to unique profiles (ORadj=0.30). South American migrants had lower prevalence of comorbidities and other risk factors. Nearly 15 per cent of PTB cases among Brazilians were attributed to recent transmission among drug users. Conclusions: We conclude that general recent transmission of TB and cross-transmission between Brazilian and South American migrants play an important role in the central regions of MSP. Nevertheless, we suggest that social vulnerability and drug use in TB transmission may be more important than migration status itself. In the context of increasing migration to large cities of low- and middle-income countries, our findings add migration to other social vulnerabilities, reaffirming the need for inter-sectoral policies on TB control.

The aim of this thesis is to show how the contemporary critical debate on migrant literature in Italy has proved to be inadequate to grasp the complexity of novels such Onela Vorpsi’s The Land where No One Ever Dies and Anilda Ibrahimi’s Rosso come una sposa (“Red as a Bride”). The main critical trends are presented, the two novels are analysed in their themes and new methods of analysis are suggested. In particular, I open for the possibility of framing these two novels within the multidisciplinary debate on the imaginative colonisation of Eastern Europe.

[pt] A figura da migrante trabalhadora do sexo pode ser interpretada de múltiplas formas de acordo com interesses, visões morais e objetivos políticos dos atores em jogo. Este trabalho analisa as perspectivas de segurança, gênero e resistência promovidas, respectivamente, por atores governamentais, associações e pelas próprias migrantes brasileiras na França. Investiga como as interações sociopolíticas das brasileiras trabalhadoras do sexo cisgêneros e transgêneros configuram, em conjunto, uma economia moral da mobilidade de trabalhadores sexuais. Mais especificamente, esta tese tem como intuito elucidar de que forma o rótulo de vítima vulnerável, por um lado, e os de criminosa, cafetina, clandestina e transgressora, por outro, são produzidos e mobilizados pelos diferentes atores envolvidos na regulação da migração laboral sexual. A análise realizada neste trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa de inspiração etnográfica, descrevendo o campo da prostituição brasileira nas cidades francesas de Paris, Lyon e Toulouse. A partir dessa imersão, a tese demonstra como as articulações existentes entre a categoria de vitima - de tráfico, de exploração laboral sexual, do patriarcado, do capitalismo desigual - e a categoria de criminosa - por cafetinar as amigas, por ser clandestina, por alimentar o mercado negro, por exercer uma atividade imoral - são mobilizadas nesse contexto. Revela uma realidade altamente nuançada e ambivalente, uma vez que as brasileiras prostitutas são muitas vezes, ao mesmo tempo vítimas e autônomas, manipuladas e oportunistas, cafetinas e exploradas. / [en] The migrant sex worker character can be interpreted in multiple ways according to the interests, moral views and political goals of relevant stakeholders within this context. This work analyzes how the perspectives of security, gender and resistance, respectively promoted by government actors, associative agents and the subjects themselves reverberate in the empirical practice, that is, through the interactions of Brazilian cisgender and transgender sex workers with the other actors surrounding them and with whom they together configure the moral economy of the mobility of sex workers. More specifically, this thesis aims to investigate how the label of vulnerable and naive victim on the one hand, and the labels of criminal, pimp, illegal and transgressive on the other are produced and mobilized by the different actors involved in the regulation of sexual labor migration. The analysis carried out in this work is based on ethnographic-inspired research, describing the field of Brazilian prostitution in the French cities of Paris, Lyon and Toulouse. From this immersion, the thesis demonstrates how the articulations between the category of victim - of trafficking, of sexual labor exploitation, of patriarchy, of unequal capitalism - and the category of criminal - for pimping friends, for being clandestine, for feeding the black market, for exercising an immoral activity - are mobilized in this context. It reveals a highly nuanced and ambivalent reality, since Brazilian prostitutes are often simultaneously victims and autonomous, manipulated and opportunists, pimps and exploited.

Le roman de la route est un genre narratif propre à l’Amérique du Nord. Prenant la forme d’un récit de voyage, il met en scène les pérégrinations d’un narrateur sur les autoroutes des États Unis. Au Canada francophone, plus précisément, ce voyage transcontinental prend un nouveau sens. Parfois, il est motivé par la poursuite d’un frère perdu et se transforme avec le temps en quête identitaire : le narrateur, confronté à une culture inconnue, est obligé de faire face à des enjeux d’identité culturelle qui hantent le Canada francophone depuis l’époque coloniale. Au Québec, par exemple, on cite autant le voyage de Jack Waterman dans Volkswagen Blues (1984) de Jacques Poulin que celui de Sal Paradise dans On the Road de Jack Kerouac (1957) en ce qui concerne leur influence sur le genre. Certains auteurs moins connus du genre, cependant, sont des femmes. Leurs récits s’articulent autour d’un voyage identitaire particulier qui prend en compte des facteurs extérieurs à leur situation géoculturelle, tels que leur âge et leur sexe. Ce mémoire analysera les romans « de la route » de trois autrices canadiennes, à savoir De quoi t’ennuies-tu, Éveline ? (1982) de Gabrielle Roy, Soifs (1995) de Marie-Claire Blais et Distantly Related to Freud (2008) d’Ann Charney. Nous examinerons les raisons motivant le voyage aux États-Unis, pourquoi ceux-ci sont choisis comme lieu de destination et ce que les protagonistes des récits espèrent y retrouver. Curieusement, ce qu’ils trouvent tous à leur arrivée au pays est une société envahie par des formes de ce que le théoricien français Jean Baudrillard appelle l’hyperréalité ; c’est-à-dire une société submergée par des « modèles » du réel, ou des simulacres. Ces simulacres réussissent à brouiller la frontière entre le réel et le faux, désorientant complètement le voyageur. Notre mémoire examinera ces formes hyperréelles, leur représentation dans les trois récits comme inhérente à la société étatsunienne et, finalement, leur impact sur la quête identitaire des protagonistes. / The road novel is a narrative genre particular to North America. Taking the form of a travelogue, it depicts the narrator’s wanderings over the highways and byways of the United States. In French-speaking Canada, specifically, the transcontinental voyage of the road novel takes on a special meaning. Sometimes, it is motivated by the pursuit of a lost brother and transforms over time into a pursuit of the self: the narrator, faced with an unknown culture, is obliged to confront issues of cultural identity that have haunted francophone Canada since the colonial era. In Quebec, for instance, Jack Waterman’s journey in Jacques Poulin’s Volkswagen Blues (1984) is cited as frequently as Sal Paradise’s in Jack Kerouac’s On the Road (1957) with regards to their role in influencing the genre. Some lesser known authors of the genre, however, are women. Their stories are centered around a specific identity voyage that considers factors outside of their geocultural situation, such as their age and gender. This thesis analyzes the “road” novels of three Canadian authors, including Gabrielle Roy’s De quoi t’ennuies-tu, Éveline ? (1982), Marie-Claire Blais’ Soifs (1995), and Ann Charney’s Distantly Related to Freud (2008). We examine the reasons for making the journey to the United States, why this country has been chosen as a place of destination, and what the protagonists of these stories hope to find there. Curiously, what they all find upon arrival is a society dominated by forms of what French theorist Jean Baudrillard calls “hyperreality”; that is, a society overwhelmed by “models” of the real, or simulacra. These simulacra blur the lines between the real and the artificial, completely disorientating the traveler. Our thesis explores these hyperreal forms, their representation in the three narratives as being inherent to U.S. society, and, finally, their impact on the protagonists’ quest for identity.