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Student Number : 0215507F - PhD thesis - School of Mining Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / The minerals sector in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is considered to be the basis of economic reconstruction and development. After several decades of mineral extraction, SADC member States are still grappling with how the sector can contribute to the broader economy and achieve sustainable development. The sector has the potential to fulfill these national aspirations if appropriate policies are developed. In the context of the SADC, the thesis argues that since most of the population is rural-based, strategies for meaningful mineral development must take into account the concerns of these people. Policy defines a vision and aspiration, and articulates what a nation wishes to do with its mineral resources. The process of policy development is therefore crucial to ensure that the concerns of several stakeholders are considered and consensus is reached on actions to be taken for beneficial mineral extraction. The thesis shows a process of mineral policy development that result in the identification of key areas of emphasis to address concerns of the majority of the population in a country. The process has been applied in the development of mineral policies in Namibia and Malawi during this study. The outcomes address broad and specific social, economic and environmental issues that are consistent with sustainable development. Since the SADC countries have similar problems and opportunities, once all States have articulated minerals policies using this process, a regional approach or policy can be derived. This study illustrates such a policy framework.

Orientador: Sandra Elisa Cotrin Pitton / Banca: Iara Regina Nocentini André Carriel / Banca: Roseana Corrêa Grilo / Resumo: A atividade mineradora é de grande relevância para a economia brasileira, visto que fornece insumos básicos para o processo de expansão industrial e urbana. Entretanto, a mineração é responsável por uma série de alterações no ambiente natural, principalmente nas proximidades do local onde a atividade é instalada. Levando em consideração que a área de estudo, localizada no Bairro Santo Antônio (Zona Sul de Teresina-PI), foi alvo de uma intensa mineração de materiais utilizados na construção civil, o que resultou na degradação ambiental da área, o presente trabalho visou diagnosticar os conflitos socioeconômicos e ambientais associados ao uso e ocupação da área de degradação urbana decorrente da atividade extrativista mineral. Este estudo partiu da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, seguida da aplicação de questionários, do registro fotográfico da área, além do mapeamento com a utilização da tecnologia de GPS, mapas e imagens de satélite. Dentre os resultados obtidos, foram observadas grandes alterações físicas ocorridas no ambiente, ao se comparar a época relativa ao início da exploração mineral e os dias de hoje. Observou-se ainda um processo desordenado e acelerado de ocupação da área de estudo, com um acréscimo de 94,84% na população local com relação aos anos de 2000 a 2007. A partir desta pesquisa, concluiu-se que a população residente nessa área vive à margem das ações do poder público, pois não possui acesso à infraestrutura básica adequada, o que pode ser reflexo da condição degradada do local onde reside / Abstract: Mining is of great importance for the Brazilian economy, since it provides basic inputs to the process of industrial expansion and urban, but mining is responsible for a series of changes in the natural environment, especially in the area where the activity is installed. Considering that the study area, located in the Barrio Santo Antonio (South Zone Teresina-PI) was the target of intense mining of materials used in construction, which resulted in environmental degradation of the area, this study aimed to diagnose socioeconomic and environmental conflicts associated with use and occupancy of the area of urban decay caused by mineral extraction activities. In this sense, the study came from research literature and documents, the use of questionnaires, the photographic record of the area, in addition to mapping with the use of GPS technology, maps and satellite images. Among the results, we observed significant changes occurred in the physical environment, when comparing the start of the season on mineral exploration to the present day. We also observed a rapid and disorderly process of occupation of the study area, with an increase of 94.84% compared to the years 2000 to 2007. From this research, we concluded that the resident population in this area live on the margins of the actions of government, it does not have adequate access to basic infrastructure which may reflect the degraded condition of the place where he lives / Mestre

The discussions about the issue of correct waste management have been growing in the recent years. In this sense, this study aimed to propose profitable and environmentally effective alternatives, through the analysis of the production costs from extracting precious stones as having basement discussions pertaining to solid waste management in the mineral extraction. The question search inserts a quantitative but also qualitative approach both, characterized as a case study, exploratory and descriptive type. The work detailed the process of opening-up of mining, the extraction of geodos until the discharge of waste to warehouses, where they will be transported to the crushing, being possible by mapping two main locations and distance of crushing. The influences of great representativeness were researched in the city of Ametista do Sul, where the mineral extraction is propelling, however it was found that there are already works to improve the quality of work, data collection and cost accounting that has shown the costs and revenue of the parties involved. The search provided alternatives to the impacts minimization of through by-products, and processing of waste that will bring employment generation and income the city in question and at the same time maintaining the environment, that is, point out that the proposal has the aim of decreasing the degradation generated by activities in the industry. In addition to assessing the situation of solid waste disposal from mineral extraction in Ametista do Sul, presenting alternatives of economic and environmental, it was sought to demonstrate alternatives that aims to raise awareness of generators and involved, as to the risk they pose and the importance of correct destination without being detrimental to the environment, besides aggregating the revenue to the goldfields. / As discussões sobre a questão do correto gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo propor alternativas rentáveis e ambientalmente eficazes, através da análise do processo de produção da extração de pedras preciosas tendo como embasamento discussões pertinentes ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos na extração mineral. A pesquisa em questão insere-se numa abordagem tanto quantitativa como também qualitativa, caracterizando-se ainda como um estudo de caso, do tipo exploratório e descritivo. O trabalho detalhou o processo de extração dos geodos desde a abertura do garimpo até a descarga dos resíduos sólidos nos locais de depósitos, onde podem ser transportados até a britagem, sendo possível através do mapeamento dois principais locais e distância da britagem. Foi avaliada a representatividade da extração de pedras na cidade de Ametista do Sul, fonte propulsora da economia local, e trabalho de levantamento de dados para demonstração dos custos e da receita das partes envolvidas. A pesquisa proporcionou alternativas para a minimização dos impactos através da transformação dos resíduos em subprodutos, e beneficiamento proporcionando aumento da receita na atividade extrativista e ao mesmo tempo a manutenção do meio ambiente, visando diminuir a degradação gerada pelas atividades do setor. Além de avaliar a situação da destinação dos resíduos sólidos da extração mineral de Ametista do Sul, apresentou-se alternativas de âmbito econômico e ambiental, procurando demonstrar alternativas que visam sensibilizar os geradores e envolvidos, quanto aos riscos que estes representam e à importância da destinação correta sem ser prejudicial ao meio ambiente, além de agregar renda.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:57:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sales_mfg_me_rcla.pdf: 1966151 bytes, checksum: 5e10751ba25c6ea670c81c5f519f0ad7 (MD5) / A atividade mineradora é de grande relevância para a economia brasileira, visto que fornece insumos básicos para o processo de expansão industrial e urbana. Entretanto, a mineração é responsável por uma série de alterações no ambiente natural, principalmente nas proximidades do local onde a atividade é instalada. Levando em consideração que a área de estudo, localizada no Bairro Santo Antônio (Zona Sul de Teresina-PI), foi alvo de uma intensa mineração de materiais utilizados na construção civil, o que resultou na degradação ambiental da área, o presente trabalho visou diagnosticar os conflitos socioeconômicos e ambientais associados ao uso e ocupação da área de degradação urbana decorrente da atividade extrativista mineral. Este estudo partiu da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, seguida da aplicação de questionários, do registro fotográfico da área, além do mapeamento com a utilização da tecnologia de GPS, mapas e imagens de satélite. Dentre os resultados obtidos, foram observadas grandes alterações físicas ocorridas no ambiente, ao se comparar a época relativa ao início da exploração mineral e os dias de hoje. Observou-se ainda um processo desordenado e acelerado de ocupação da área de estudo, com um acréscimo de 94,84% na população local com relação aos anos de 2000 a 2007. A partir desta pesquisa, concluiu-se que a população residente nessa área vive à margem das ações do poder público, pois não possui acesso à infraestrutura básica adequada, o que pode ser reflexo da condição degradada do local onde reside / Mining is of great importance for the Brazilian economy, since it provides basic inputs to the process of industrial expansion and urban, but mining is responsible for a series of changes in the natural environment, especially in the area where the activity is installed. Considering that the study area, located in the Barrio Santo Antonio (South Zone Teresina-PI) was the target of intense mining of materials used in construction, which resulted in environmental degradation of the area, this study aimed to diagnose socioeconomic and environmental conflicts associated with use and occupancy of the area of urban decay caused by mineral extraction activities. In this sense, the study came from research literature and documents, the use of questionnaires, the photographic record of the area, in addition to mapping with the use of GPS technology, maps and satellite images. Among the results, we observed significant changes occurred in the physical environment, when comparing the start of the season on mineral exploration to the present day. We also observed a rapid and disorderly process of occupation of the study area, with an increase of 94.84% compared to the years 2000 to 2007. From this research, we concluded that the resident population in this area live on the margins of the actions of government, it does not have adequate access to basic infrastructure which may reflect the degraded condition of the place where he lives

Mineral projects in the global South have been subjected to increasing opposition, especially from adjacent communities, ultimately forcing some firms to abandon government-permitted and financially viable projects. Consequently, the mining literature has become saturated with prescriptions for firms seeking to engage with impacted communities. This literature is limited in that: it has primarily focused on conflict-ridden situations; the role of context has been largely ignored; and there has been little validation of what works and why. This thesis responds to these limitations through an assessment of the Canadian firm Kinross Gold at Paracatu, Brazil, where company-community relations have seemingly been healthy for years. Kinross has exerted considerable effort to engage with the community through several initiatives. While not all initiatives have been effective, community relations are strong, especially when compared to other foreign-owned mines in Latin America. However, Paracatu also boasts a diversified economy, and positive population and governance characteristics. This research shows that both context and company practice are important in determining company-community relations.

Ce travail a pour but d'enquêter sur les modalités d'exploitation des ressources minérales pendant la Préhistoire récente, dans le bassin de la Méditerranée occidentale. L'étude débute par l'observation des instruments lithiques - outils macrolithiques - produits par les groupes humains préhistoriques, qui les ont utilisés dans les phases d'extraction. Ces outils sont analysés par la méthode morphologique et techno-fonctionnelle, par observation microscopiques, à grossissement faible et élevé. Toutes les étapes de cette activité sont abordées, permettant de traiter de la complexité qui tourne autour de l'extraction des minéraux. Les étapes de la chaîne opératoire sont analysées, depuis l'identification des sources d'approvisionnement - des hydroxydes de fer et de cuivre - à la production d'outils ; la recherche de matières premières lithiques, les techniques d'extraction, jusqu'aux premiers stades de transformation des minéraux. Le problème de l'exploitation du cuivre et des oxydes et hydroxydes de fer durant la Préhistoire, est un problème actuellement très discuté parce que cette activité a eu un effet important sur l'organisation des groupes préhistoriques. Une question posée est importante : comment les collectivités ont répondu à la question croissante de matières premières minérales ? Pouvaient-elles être utilisées par un seul groupe ? Obligeaient-elles à une série d'échanges et de relations sociales complexes ? Étaient-elles exploitées à des fins économiques ou liées au prestige social ? Nous ne négligeons pas pour autant certaines hypothèses en ce qui concerne les mines de cuivre et la première métallurgie qui se développe à la fin du Néolithique. / The purpose of this project is to investigate the modalities of exploitation of mineral resources during the recent Prehistory in the Western Mediterranean area. The study starts to the observation of lithic instruments - macrolithic tools - produced by prehistoric human groups, and used in the extraction and processing phases. Studied through the morphological and techno-functional method, with low and high power microscope approach. I investigated all the stages of this activity and the complexity around mineral extraction. The steps of the "chaîne opératoire", from the identification of the sources of supply - of iron ore and copper - to the production of tools ; the search for lithic raw materials, extraction techniques, up to the early stages of mineral processing. The problem of the exploitation of copper and iron ore in prehistory is a theme currently discussed, because this activity has had a major effect on the organization of the production of prehistoric groups. I ask how communities have responded to the growing request of mineral raw materials, which could be used by a single group, or produce a series of complex social relationships for economic or social prestige purposes. I don’t neglect certain hypotheses regard to the copper mines and the first metallurgy that develops into the late Neolithic.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T18:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T13:08:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T13:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The inclusion of the Cerrado of Goiás in the national and international production of goods is directly connected to geopolitics and strategies aimed at seizing territories disputed by the hydro-agribusiness, the pharmaceutical-chemical industry, tourism, and mining. Territorial resources such as land, water and ores become vital for the capital to keep its expansionary pace and income generation, focused on disputes over territories and class struggle in the face of a worldwide demand for agricultural-mineral commodities. The social-spatial effects caused by large extraction enterprises bring about social-environmental conflicts and impact the organization of spaces of collective existence of Peasant Communities, land workers, quilombolas and indigenous peoples in Goiás – the Cerradeiros Peoples. Thus, the purpose of the research was to understand the social-spatial effects of the large mineral extraction projects in Goiás, mainly the Mining-Chemical Complex in the cities of Catalão and Ouvidor, in southeastern Goiás. The methodology employed used techniques involving qualitative research and quantitative data collection. The comprehension of the reality and the subjects investigated was made possible by methodological procedures such as field research, interviews, participative research, a field journal, audiovisual records, data tabulation and informative tables, charts and diagrams. It was argued that mining is inseparable from the economic and social formation of Goiás at different production stages of its territory. It was found that the mining companies have their own geopolitics concerning occupying the Goiás’ Cerrado with an unequal, contradictory appropriation of the subsoil by strategies for control and expansion of large mining enterprises. Hence, besides land and water, the subsoil is considered to be a disputed territory. Such process is attached to the globalization of capital and the reprimarization of the Brazilian exporting agenda, with the participation of Goiás in the context of the megacycle of commodities in the 21st century’s first decade. This (re)positioned the Cerrado within the production of goods, as of the modernization of territory and commoditization of nature. Consequently, struggles for land, water and the subsoil are inseparable from the contemporary agrarian issue, and constitute what has been called the agricultural-hydro-mining business. This process also binds together resistances/existences and the working class collective organization, without overlooking the meanings and cultural practices of the subjects who resist/exist. However, the thematic approach focusing on the large mineral extraction projects in Catalão/Ouvidor has shown that conflicts with Peasant Communities, overexploitation of labor, exhaustion of landscapes, and expropriation of peasant families are concrete examples of a primitive capital accumulation and its continuous role in the dynamics of capitalism. It has also revealed the unreformability, uncontrollability, and destructiveness of capital. On the horizon, exhaustion. / A inserção do Cerrado goiano na produção capitalista nacional e internacional de mercadorias relaciona-se diretamente com a geopolítica e as estratégias de apropriação dos seus territórios, disputados pelo agrohidronegócio, indústria farmacoquímica, turismo e mineração. Recursos territoriais como terra, água e minérios tornam-se imprescindíveis para que o capital mantenha sua marcha expansionista e geração de renda, apresentando a centralidade das disputas por território e de classe diante da demanda mundial por commodities agrominerais. Os efeitos socioespaciais de grandes empreendimentos extrativistas geram conflitos socioambientais e impactam a organização dos espaços da existência coletiva de Comunidades Camponesas, trabalhadores da terra, quilombolas e povos indígenas em Goiás – os Povos Cerradeiros. Desse modo, o objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender os efeitos socioespaciais dos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral em Goiás, com foco no Complexo Mínero-Químico nos municípios de Catalão e Ouvidor, localizados no Sudeste Goiano. A metodologia utilizada contou com técnicas no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa e levantamento de dados quantitativos. Procedimentos metodológicos como pesquisa de campo, entrevistas, pesquisa participante, diário de campo, registros audiovisuais, tabulação de dados e informações em tabelas, mapas e quadros possibilitaram a apreensão da realidade e dos sujeitos pesquisados. Defendeu-se que a mineração é indissociável da formação econômica e social de Goiás em diferentes fases da produção do seu território. Constatou-se que há uma geopolítica das empresas mineradoras na ocupação do Cerrado goiano com a apropriação desigual e contraditória do subsolo pelas estratégias de controle e expansão dos grandes empreendimentos de mineração. Por isso, além de terra e água, entende-se o subsolo como território em disputa. Esse processo está associado à mundialização do capital e à reprimarização da pauta exportadora brasileira, com a participação de Goiás no contexto do mega ciclo das commodities na primeira década do século XXI. Isso (re)colocou a posição do Cerrado na produção de mercadorias a partir da modernização do território e da commoditização da natureza. Em razão disso, os conflitos por terra, água e subsolo são indissociáveis da questão agrária contemporânea e constituem o que se denominou de negócio da agro-hidro-mineração. Esse processo também aglutina (Re)Existências e organização coletiva da classe trabalhadora, sem perder de vista os significados e as práticas culturais e políticas dos sujeitos que (Re)Existem. No entanto, o recorte temático com ênfase nos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral de Catalão/Ouvidor demonstrou que os conflitos com as Comunidades Camponesas, superexploração do trabalho, exaustão das paisagens e expropriação das famílias camponesas são exemplos concretos da acumulação primitiva do capital e sua presença permanente no movimento processual do capitalismo. Ainda revelaram a irreformabilidade, incontrolabilidade e destrutividade do capital. No horizonte, a exaustão.

A dynamic shift in the ownership, management and development of the country’s mineral heritage took place after the inauguration of the new political dispensation in South Africa in 1994. This resulted in the enactment of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (28/2002) (MPRDA) in 2002. In accordance with the MPRDA the country’s mineral and petroleum resources are the common heritage of the people of South Africa and the State acts as the custodian of these resources for the benefit of all people. In this capacity, the State may determine and levy a fee or consideration payable in respect of these resources. The Minerals and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act (28/2008) (MPRRA) was enacted on 24 November 2008 to impose a mineral royalty on the extraction of South Africa’s mineral resources to compensate the nation for the depletion of its mineral wealth. This legislation is likely to have a significant impact on the South African mining industry. The aim of this study was to review the development of this legislation to gain an understanding of the issues considered when it was developed and to identify certain aspects of the MPRRA that may require further research in order to be improved in future. The analysis consists of a qualitative comparison of the draft versions of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Bill (MPRRB) and related commentary. The study recommends that legislators reconsider the level of royalties to be levied as well as the mechanism contained in the MPRRA to promote downstream beneficiation to ensure optimal benefits from extracting the nation’s mineral resources. Further research of these aspects could improve the South African mineral royalty regime in future. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Taxation / unrestricted

For a long time, the indigenous Sami of northern Sweden have had little influence within planning processes. This problem have in recent years been highlighted both in legal terms and through practices for developing Impact Assessments (IA), and has led to increasing conflict between reindeer herders and mining corporations. This thesis uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the IA documents for three mining concessions within Sami Reindeer Herding Communities (samebyar). The discourse analysis found that there were some differences in methodology and language between the documents, especially relating to if the assessments evaluated impacts to reindeer husbandry using a quantitative or a qualitative approach. The documents would also tend to downplay the impacts of the mines on reindeer husbandry, while highlighting the benefits of the mines for the local economy, and dispute the concerns of the affected reindeer herders. The thesis concludes by stating that an increased awareness of positionality among IA authors would be beneficial to promote transparency when indigenous or other vulnerable stakeholders are likely to be negatively affected. / Den samiska ursprungsbefolkningen i norra Sverige har under lång tid haft enbart lite inflytande inom planprocessen. Detta problem har under senare år belysts både i lagliga kretsar och genom metoder för att framställa miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB), och har lett till en ökad mängd konflikter mellan renskötare och gruvbolag. Denna uppsats använder kritisk diskursanalys för att undersöka MKB:na för tre gruvkoncessioner i samebyars renskötselområden. Resultaten pekade på att det fanns vissa skillnader i metodik och språk mellan dokumenten, särskilt när det gällde om bedömningarna utvärderade konsekvenserna på rennäringen genom en kvantitativ eller ett kvalitativ vetenskaplig metod. MKB:na tenderade även att tona ned gruvornas inverkan på renskötseln, samtidigt som de lyfte fram gruvornas fördelar för den lokala ekonomin, och ifrågasatte de berörda renskötarnas bekymran. Avslutningsvis konstateras att en ökad medvetenhet bland MKB-författare om hur deras subjektiva tillhörighet kan påverka deras bedömningar skulle vara fördelaktigt för att öka transparensen när ursprungsinvånare eller andra berörda sannolikt kommer att påverkas negativt.