The aim of this Master’s thesis is to achieve philosophical clarity on an interpretative problem I have been struggle with in Euripides’ Medea: That Medea murders her own children, while claimingto love them. Situated within the philosophical and literary tradition of ordinary language philosophy and ordinary language criticism, the thesis draws on ideas, theoretical discussions, and concepts from Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toril Moi, Stanley Cavell, Cora Diamond, and Niklas Forsberg – but also Søren Kierkegaard. The analysis is divided in two parts. The first is anarticulation of the grammar of my problem through Cora Diamond’s conception of the phenomenon “a difficulty of reality”, and an emulation of a hermeneutical strategy to deal with such problems, which I identify in Søren Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling. I reach the conclusion that the co-existence of Medea’s murder och love is a paradox, which cannot be thought. The second part of the analysis is an attempt to step out of this paradox. Here, I compare Medea to Stanley Cavell’s readings on the Shakespearean tragedies Othello and King Lear, and Cavell’s ideas on “lived scepticism”, “avoidance of love” and “best case of acknowledgment”. By doing this, I am able to form the hypothesis that Medea’s understanding of “love” has been severely damagedafter Jason’s betrayal, and that she actually fails to sensically mean that she loves her children. In its use of my own confusion as a starting point and in employing Toril Moi’s views on reading, this thesis continuously stresses the individual reader’s responsibility in literary interpretation, as well as the importance of daring to voice or personal struggles, questions, and interests – even (or especially) when reading great classics.

Text in English / The main aim of the study was to investigate the state of customer care in Public University libraries in Kenya: case study of Moi University Library. Specifically the study was set to determine the composition of customers served and extent to which their information needs were being met. It was also set out to Identify and evaluate the quality and relevance of information services/products provided. Consequently, the study was undertaken to establish if there is a customer care structure and policy in place and also to explore the customer care practices. Lastly, to determine the challenges that were encountered in the process of offering customer care program. The mixed method research was used. Data was collected in two phases, questionnaires and interview survey methods were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The study established that students and academic staff were the primary customers but their needs were not sufficiently being met. Library staff were friendly and helpful but overall rating of their attitude was below expectations. The study established that the library has variety of products/services and users’ were aware them. They were also aware of the existence of customer care unit, which allowed users to make suggestions for improvement of library products/services. The study recommends that the library should be provided with resources to run the program and also it is important that the Moi University Library adopts the use of a social media (Web: 2.0/lib 2.0) for communicating and updating users on new services and products. / Information Science / M. Inf.

My thesis is an introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis--and assumes all of the connotations of the word "introduction". I have tried to make it as clear and simple as possible, constantly reiterating each point in hopes that the reader will find some sort of conceptual handle in which to gain access to Lacan's world. This thesis begins with an attempt to situate the Lacanian project in its historical and theoretical context. I proffer the contributing factors that led Lacan to initiate his Seminar followed by the theoretical tasks he wished to accomplish therein. I then transition into a discussion dealing with the underlying mechanisms of language that form Jacques Lacan's specific strand of psychoanalysis.With Lacan's understanding of the functioning of the signifier in place I shift into a topological discussion of the individual symbolic concepts crucial to an understanding of the nature of Lacanian psychoanalysis. Throughout this discussion I endeavor to show how the concepts interrelate and influence the formation of all the parts of the nascent amorphous theoretical whole; all the while drawing on examples from popular culture in order to illustrate these concepts to the non-specialized reader.In the third and final section of the thesis I discuss how these concepts are manifest in the psychoanalytic practice--the actually existing analytic session. I venture a guess at how these concepts effect the work of the analyst and the analysand in order to suggest an explanation of what the terminus of analysis looks like.

Les états mentaux réfèrent à la qualité de la capacité d’un individu à élaborer mentalement et à s’ouvrir à son expérience subjective dans l’ici et maintenant. Les divers états mentaux varient quant à la disponibilité des ressources représenta-tionnelles et affectives pouvant être activées afin d’organiser l’expérience vécue, ainsi que dans leur utilisation de stratégies défensives et d’autorégulation. La présente thèse avait pour objectifs 1) d’approfondir l’évaluation des états mentaux par le développement et la validation d’un instrument pratique, le Mental States Task (MST), développé afin d’évaluer différentes qualités d’états mentaux et 2) d’investiguer les propriétés psychiques et les répercussions des différents états mentaux. Le premier article avait pour but de valider le MST. La première partie de l’article est consacrée à la validation du MST dans sa version francophone, et la deuxième partie porte sur la traduction et la validation du MST dans sa version anglophone. Les résultats fournissent des indices convaincants de validité et de fidélité, ainsi qu’une valeur prédictive adéquate. Le MST semble représenter de façon conforme autant les états mentaux de bas niveau que de haut niveau selon le continuum de réflexivité. De fait, les états mentaux de bas niveau et de haut niveau ont été respectivement associés à un large spectre de construits négatifs/immatures et positifs/matures. De plus, chaque état mental évalué par le MST semble posséder des propriétés particulières relativement aux processus mentaux et émotionnels utilisés pour traiter l’expérience. Le second article avait pour objectif d’approfondir l’étude de la valeur prédictive du MST par le biais de l’évaluation des coûts psychiques engendrés par les différentes qualités d’états mentaux—coûts présumés dépendant des ressources représentationnelles disponibles et du type de stratégies de régulation utilisées. Les résultats suggèrent que les états mentaux de bas niveau génèrent des coûts énergétiques plus élevés, ayant pour répercussion d’entraîner subséquemment un effet de déplétion du moi. Inversement, les états mentaux de haut niveau engendrent de moindres coûts, protégeant contre un état subséquent de déplétion du moi. Le MST s’est avéré être un outil efficace d’évaluation des répercussions énergétiques occasionnées par les divers états mentaux. / Mental states refer to the quality of one’s capacity to mentally elaborate and open up to his/her subjective experience in the here-and-now moment. Mental states differ relatively to the availability of the representational and affective resources triggered in order to organize the experience, and in the type of defensive and self-regulatory strategies used. The aims of this thesis were 1) to deepen the evaluation of mental states through the creation and validation of a practical measure, the Mental States Task (MST), in order to evaluate differences in quality of mental states, and 2) to investigate the psychic properties and repercussions of the different mental states. The goal of the first article was to validate the MST. The first part of this article was dedicated to the validation of the French version of the MST, and the second part to the translation and validation of its English version. Results provide convincing evidence of validity and reliability, as well as an adequate predictive value with respect to a large range of related concepts, in both its French and English versions. The MST appears to well represent both low- and high-level mental states according to the reflective continuum, which were found to be linked to a large range of negative/immature and positive/mature constructs, respectively. In addition, each mental state measured by the MST appears to have particular characteristics relative to the mental and emotional processes used to deal with the experience. The purpose of the second article was to deepen the investigation of the predictive value of the MST, through the evaluation of the psychic costs generated by the different qualities of mental states—the costs presumably depending on the representational resources available and the regulatory strategies used. Results suggest that using low-level mental states generates higher energetic costs, resulting in a subsequent ego-depletion effect. Conversely, high-level mental states generate fewer costs, protecting from a subsequent ego-depletion effect. The MST appeared to be an efficient tool in the assessment of the energetic repercussions produced by the different mental sates.

Théoricien, « stratège » – ainsi qu’il s’est défini – cinéaste, acteur de ses seuls films, mémorialiste, révolutionnaire, membre du lettrisme (initié par Isidore Isou) et membre de l’organisation politique Socialisme ou Barbarie ; cofondateur de l’Internationale lettriste (1952-1957) et de l’Internationale situationniste (1957-1972), Guy Debord n’a visé à rien comme à projeter sur ses productions les traits de l’exceptionnel. Pour ce faire, il s’est entouré de quelques dizaines de compagnons. Ce qui constitue la base extrinsèque du mythe de Guy Debord. Par la trame anecdotique, la première partie de cette recherche évoque les personnalités qu’il a fréquentées, les mouvements d’avant-garde politiques et artistiques qu’il a momentanément soutenus et plus souvent affrontés, mais qui, en partie, ont déterminé les orientations de sa vie et de sa pensée. Il s’est d’abord agi pour Guy Debord de projeter les promesses émancipatrices de l’art et de la poésie moderne dans l’espace urbain et les relations sociales. Dans un deuxième temps, la réalisation de ce projet est subordonnée à celui de la révolution. Cependant, ce dessein est inséparable d’une esthétique, autrement dit d’une base intrinsèque, « le style de la négation », écrit Guy Debord. C’est le sujet de la seconde partie de ce travail. La « dérive », la « métagraphie influentielle », la « psychogéographie », la « situation » et le « détournement » sont quelques-uns des concepts qui dessinent une esthétique de l’action artistique et politique. Par ailleurs, d’abord intuitivement, puis avec une conscience maîtrisée, Guy Debord convoque une grande variété de figures et de récits exemplaires dont, analogiquement, il vise à diriger vers soi une partie de la puissance et du prestige. Par la constitution d’un cadre imaginatif mythique et mythographique, Guy Debord s’affronte à un nécessaire dépassement de l’intériorité imaginante vers la réalisation du récit dans la matérialité historique. / Theoretician, “Strategist” – as he defined himself –, film director, actor in his own films exclusively, memorialist, revolutionary, member of the Lettrist movement (initiated by Isidore Isou) and member of Socialism or Barbarism, a political organisation ; co-founder of the Lettrist International (1952-1957) and of the Situationist International (1957-1972), Guy Debord aimed for nothing but project features of the exceptional on his works. To do so, he surrounded himself with a few dozens companions, which constitutes the extrinsic basis of the Guy Debord myth. Through the fabric of anecdotes, the first part of this research brings up the key figures he socialised with and the political or artistic avant-garde movements he momentarily supported, and more often confronted, but which determined in part the courses taken by his life and thought. At first, for Guy Debord, it was a case of projecting the emancipatory promises of art and modern poetry onto the urban space and social relations. Then, the realisation of this project becomes subordinated to the project of revolution. However, this goal can not be separated from an aesthetic form, that is to say from an intrinsic basis, “the style of negation”, according to Guy Debord. The second part of this work will focus on this subject. “Drift”, “Influential metagraphy”, “psychogeography”, “situation” and “diversion” are but a few concepts outlining an aesthetic of political and artistic action. Besides, Guy Debord summons a large variety of characters and exemplary narratives – first intuitively, then with a fully controlled conscience –, the power and prestige of which he analogically aims to direct partly at himself. By elaborating an imaginative, mythical and mythographical framework, Guy Debord faces the necessity to overtake the mind-wandering inwardness, towards the accomplishment of the narrative within the historical materiality.

Au regard des débats actuels polarisés autour du concept de « personne », cette recherche se donne comme but d’explorer l’approche du théologien orthodoxe Dumitru Stăniloae relative à la personne dans son versant anthropologique. À cet effet, le présent travail tâche d’une part de repérer et de révéler les éléments qui édifient sa réflexion de la personne, à savoir les composantes de la personnéité humaine, et d’autre part, les sources à la fois théologiques et philosophiques ayant inspiré et influencé de manière déterminante notre auteur. Expression d’une jonction de la théologie patristique orientale (byzantine) et de la pensée moderne, la personne comporte ainsi, chez Staniloae, une structure ontologique-communautaire, dont le pôle ontologique plonge ses racines dans l’héritage des Pères et le pôle relationnel ou communautaire, dans les avancées de la réflexion moderne : associée à l’hypostase des anciens, la personne se définit comme mode de subsistance ou d’existence réelle de l’être, tandis qu’assimilée au sujet et au moi modernes, elle se présente comme facteur conscient et libre en relation d’amour avec autrui. Représentée donc comme subsistance en soi et existence en communion, la personne manifeste, chez notre auteur, l’aboutissement de toute une série de confluences : du passé et du présent, de l’Orient et de l’Occident, de la théologie et de la philosophie, de l’orthodoxie et des deux autres confessions chrétiennes. / Considering the current debates polarized around the concept of "person", this research aims to explore the approach of the orthodox theologian Dumitru Staniloae relative to the person in its anthropological side. In this purpose, the present work tries on one hand to identify and to reveal the elements which compose his reflection of the person, namely the components of the human personhood, and on the other hand, the theological and philosophical sources having inspired and influenced our author. As a junction of the oriental patristic theology and the modern thought, the person contains, at Staniloae, an ontological-communitarian structure. The ontological pole plunges its roots into the inheritance of the Fathers and the relational or communitarian pole, in the progress of the modern reflection: associated with the hypostasis, the person is defined as mode of subsistence or real existence of the being, whereas likened to the subject and to the modern I, it appears as conscious and free factor in relation of love with others. Thus represented as subsistence in itself and existence in communion, the concept of person is the outcome of a whole series of confluences: of the past and of the present, of the East and of the West, of the theology and of the philosophy, of the orthodoxy and of two other Christian confessions.

Les états mentaux réfèrent à la qualité de la capacité d’un individu à élaborer mentalement et à s’ouvrir à son expérience subjective dans l’ici et maintenant. Les divers états mentaux varient quant à la disponibilité des ressources représenta-tionnelles et affectives pouvant être activées afin d’organiser l’expérience vécue, ainsi que dans leur utilisation de stratégies défensives et d’autorégulation. La présente thèse avait pour objectifs 1) d’approfondir l’évaluation des états mentaux par le développement et la validation d’un instrument pratique, le Mental States Task (MST), développé afin d’évaluer différentes qualités d’états mentaux et 2) d’investiguer les propriétés psychiques et les répercussions des différents états mentaux. Le premier article avait pour but de valider le MST. La première partie de l’article est consacrée à la validation du MST dans sa version francophone, et la deuxième partie porte sur la traduction et la validation du MST dans sa version anglophone. Les résultats fournissent des indices convaincants de validité et de fidélité, ainsi qu’une valeur prédictive adéquate. Le MST semble représenter de façon conforme autant les états mentaux de bas niveau que de haut niveau selon le continuum de réflexivité. De fait, les états mentaux de bas niveau et de haut niveau ont été respectivement associés à un large spectre de construits négatifs/immatures et positifs/matures. De plus, chaque état mental évalué par le MST semble posséder des propriétés particulières relativement aux processus mentaux et émotionnels utilisés pour traiter l’expérience. Le second article avait pour objectif d’approfondir l’étude de la valeur prédictive du MST par le biais de l’évaluation des coûts psychiques engendrés par les différentes qualités d’états mentaux—coûts présumés dépendant des ressources représentationnelles disponibles et du type de stratégies de régulation utilisées. Les résultats suggèrent que les états mentaux de bas niveau génèrent des coûts énergétiques plus élevés, ayant pour répercussion d’entraîner subséquemment un effet de déplétion du moi. Inversement, les états mentaux de haut niveau engendrent de moindres coûts, protégeant contre un état subséquent de déplétion du moi. Le MST s’est avéré être un outil efficace d’évaluation des répercussions énergétiques occasionnées par les divers états mentaux. / Mental states refer to the quality of one’s capacity to mentally elaborate and open up to his/her subjective experience in the here-and-now moment. Mental states differ relatively to the availability of the representational and affective resources triggered in order to organize the experience, and in the type of defensive and self-regulatory strategies used. The aims of this thesis were 1) to deepen the evaluation of mental states through the creation and validation of a practical measure, the Mental States Task (MST), in order to evaluate differences in quality of mental states, and 2) to investigate the psychic properties and repercussions of the different mental states. The goal of the first article was to validate the MST. The first part of this article was dedicated to the validation of the French version of the MST, and the second part to the translation and validation of its English version. Results provide convincing evidence of validity and reliability, as well as an adequate predictive value with respect to a large range of related concepts, in both its French and English versions. The MST appears to well represent both low- and high-level mental states according to the reflective continuum, which were found to be linked to a large range of negative/immature and positive/mature constructs, respectively. In addition, each mental state measured by the MST appears to have particular characteristics relative to the mental and emotional processes used to deal with the experience. The purpose of the second article was to deepen the investigation of the predictive value of the MST, through the evaluation of the psychic costs generated by the different qualities of mental states—the costs presumably depending on the representational resources available and the regulatory strategies used. Results suggest that using low-level mental states generates higher energetic costs, resulting in a subsequent ego-depletion effect. Conversely, high-level mental states generate fewer costs, protecting from a subsequent ego-depletion effect. The MST appeared to be an efficient tool in the assessment of the energetic repercussions produced by the different mental sates.

Text in English / The main aim of the study was to investigate the state of customer care in Public University libraries in Kenya: case study of Moi University Library. Specifically the study was set to determine the composition of customers served and extent to which their information needs were being met. It was also set out to Identify and evaluate the quality and relevance of information services/products provided. Consequently, the study was undertaken to establish if there is a customer care structure and policy in place and also to explore the customer care practices. Lastly, to determine the challenges that were encountered in the process of offering customer care program. The mixed method research was used. Data was collected in two phases, questionnaires and interview survey methods were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The study established that students and academic staff were the primary customers but their needs were not sufficiently being met. Library staff were friendly and helpful but overall rating of their attitude was below expectations. The study established that the library has variety of products/services and users’ were aware them. They were also aware of the existence of customer care unit, which allowed users to make suggestions for improvement of library products/services. The study recommends that the library should be provided with resources to run the program and also it is important that the Moi University Library adopts the use of a social media (Web: 2.0/lib 2.0) for communicating and updating users on new services and products. / Information Science / M. Inf.

[pt] Esta pesquisa constitui uma análise do ideal de amor romântico como um dos possíveis determinantes à denominada feminização do vírus do hiv-aids, tomando como ponto de partida a experiência em pesquisa com mulheres atendidas no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto. De acordo com dados do Ministério da Saúde (Boletim UNAIDS 2013) a mortalidade entre mulheres infectadas já supera a de homens no Brasil, e em especial no campo da presente pesquisa – Estado do Pará. Nesta realidade, por meio da prática em pesquisa como psicólogo, inúmeros questionamentos foram delineados: O que essas mulheres escutadas nas enfermarias do hospital nos dizem acerca de sua exposição a essa enfermidade? Suas demandas poderiam nos dar indícios acerca da feminização da síndrome? Diante destas questões, tem-se como problema de pesquisa a possível relação entre o ideal de amor romântico imaginariamente tomado como completude e proteção e o fenômeno da crescente exposição de mulheres ao vírus do hiv-aids em Belém-PA. Para tanto, utilizou-se como método a pesquisa documental em relatos de caso estudados no Laboratório de Psicanálise e Psicopatologia Fundamental (LPPF/UFPA) entre os anos de 2009 a 2013, que resultaram em ampla produção científica. Com esta abordagem, possibilita-se uma análise tanto cultural quanto individual acerca das construções referidas ao amor romântico como ideal. Da revisão crítica das construções culturais acerca do amor, com enfoque no romance/mito de Tristão e Isolda, na metafísica amorosa d O Banquete de Platão e na pedagogia de Rousseau em Emílio, notou-se a existência de diversos elementos culturais que funcionam como aporte necessário à construção de uma mitológica individual presente no discurso das mulheres escutadas no referido espaço de pesquisa. Além disso, uma revisão crítica do amor romântico como ideal em psicanálise se mostrou necessária, pois nele se desenha a ilusão de uma satisfação narcísica pela via da completude, na qual o sujeito pode se colocar em uma postura vulnerável justamente por sentir que o amor o salvaguardaria de todos os males da existência. Por fim, verificamos, na releitura dos casos estudados, que este discurso se faz presente, pois em inúmeros casos, elas se acreditavam protegidas pelo amor, tanto no caso de um súbito apaixonamento, quanto em relações estáveis com seus parceiros sexuais. Como resultado desta pesquisa, e a partir do que consta nos relatos de caso clínico dessas mulheres, pode-se considerar que o ideal de amor romântico constitui um fator decisivo, que pode influenciar no crescente número de mulheres vivendo com aids. / [en] This research analyzes the ideal of romantic love as one of the possible determinants of the so-called feminization of the HIV-AIDS virus, taking as a starting point a research experience involving female patients of the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto. According to data by the Ministry of Health (UNAIDS Bulletin 2013), mortality among infected women already exceeds that of men in Brazil, especially in the area covered by the present research, the state of Pará. Given that situation, a wide range of questions were outlined based on our research practice as a psychologist, such as What do these women, who were interviewed at the hospital wards, tell us about their exposure to that disease? and Can their needs provide us with clues about the feminization of the syndrome? Given these questions, the research subject is about the possible relationship between the ideal of romantic love imagined as completeness and protection and the phenomenon of increased exposure of women to the HIV-AIDS virus in Belém-PA. Regarding the method, a documental research involving case reports was carried out at the Laboratory of Psychoanalysis and Fundamental Psychopathology (LPPF/UFPA) from 2009 to 2013, which resulted in a large scientific production. This approach allowed us to perform both a cultural and an individual analysis of the constructions that refer to romantic love as an ideal. The critical review of cultural constructions about love, taking into account especially the novel/myth of Tristan and Iseult, the metaphysics of love in Plato s Symposium, and Rousseau s pedagogy in his Émile, allowed us to survey various cultural elements that operate as required contributions to the construction of an individual mythology present in the discourse of the interviewed women. In addition, a critical revision of romantic love as an ideal in psychoanalysis turned out to be necessary as well, since it encourages the illusion of narcissistic satisfaction by means of completeness, allowing the subject to put himself in a vulnerable position precisely because he feels that love would protect him from all the evils of existence. Eventually, as we reread the cases studied, we concluded that this discourse is actually present, since in many cases, those women actually believe they are protected by love, both in the event of a sudden passion and of stable relationships with their sexual partners. As a result of this research, and based on what the clinical case reports of these women contain, the ideal of romantic love may be considered a decisive factor that could influence the growing number of women living with AIDS. / [fr] Cette recherche analyse l idéal de l amour romantique comme l un des déterminants de la soi-disant féminisation du virus VIH-SIDA, ayant comme point de départ une recherche auprès de femmes traitées à l hôpital universitaire João de Barros Barreto. Selon le Ministère de la Santé (Bulletin UNAIDS 2013), la mortalité des femmes infectées dépasse déjà celui des hommes au Brésil, en particulier dans la région de cette recherche, l état du Pará. Cette situation, ainsi que notre pratique en tant que psychologue, suscite de nombreuses questions: Qu est-ce que les femmes interviewées dans les différentes cliniques de l hôpital nous disent au sujet de leur exposition à cette maladie? et Leurs besoins peuvent-ils nous fournir des indices au sujet de la féminisation du syndrome? Face à ces questions, le problème de recherche porte donc sur le rapport possible entre l idéal de l amour romantique imaginairement pris pour la complétude et la protection et le phénomène l exposition croissante des femmes au virus du VIH-SIDA à Belém-PA. En tant que méthode, une recherche documentaire de rapports de cas a été menée au Laboratoire de Psychanalyse et de Psychopathologie Fondamentale (LPPF/UFPA) entre 2009 et 2013, dont le résultat a été une vaste production scientifique. Cette approche nous a permis de réaliser une analyse à la fois culturelle et individuelle des constructions qui se référent à l amour romantique comme idéal. L examen critique des constructions culturelles de l amour, prenant en compte particulièrement le roman/mythe de Tristan et Iseult, la métaphysique de l amour du Banquet de Platon et la pédagogie de Rousseau dans Émile, nous a permis de noter l existence de divers éléments culturels qui agissent comme contribution nécessaire pour construire une mythologie individuelle que l on retrouve dans le discours des femmes interviewées. En outre, un examen critique de l amour romantique comme idéal dans la psychanalyse s est avéré nécessaire, car il contient l illusion d une satisfaction narcissique par la voie de la complétude, dans laquelle le sujet peut se placer dans une position vulnérable justement parce qu il sent que l amour le protégerait de tous les maux de l existence. En somme, la relecture des cas étudiés montre que ce discours est effectivement présent, car dans de nombreux cas, ces femmes se croyaient protégées par l amour, non seulement dans le cas d un coup de foudre, mais aussi des relations stables qu elles entretiennent avec leurs partenaires sexuels. Les résultats de cette recherche, ainsi que le contenu des rapports de cas cliniques de ces femmes nous mènent à conclure que l amour romantique idéal est un facteur décisif qui pourrait effectivement influencer le nombre croissant de femmes qui vivent avec le SIDA.

Notre étude démontre que les sujets dépressifs unipolaires et bipolaires, présentent une difficulté de régulation des flux excitatifs découlant de la défaillance de la fonction pare-excitative, nommée dans notre travail, « défaillance du contenant psychique ». Nous la mettons en relief à partir de la cotation de trente protocoles de Rorschach à l’aide d’un indice de régression, élaboré pour notre recherche. Nous réalisons, en complément, une étude prospective des notes T à trente échelles et sous-échelles du MMPI-2 de ces mêmes sujets. Nous y relevons certaines constantes en note T, caractérisant en fréquence cette population dépressive, dont une constante en note basse à l’échelle Force du Moi. Nous utilisons ces résultats cliniques pour argumenter l’intérêt d’une prise en charge thérapeutique à partir d’un dispositif basé sur un tissage de médiations groupales, comme voie de restauration du contenant psychique internalisé et de sa fonction pare-excitative. / Our study demonstrates that unipolar and bipolar depressed subjects present a difficulty of excitement flows regulation, arising from the failure of the pare-excitations function, named in our research: "psychic container failure". We highlight this malfunction by the cotation of thirty Rorschach protocols, using a regression index, developed for our research. We carry out a prospective study in complementary from the notes of the scales and subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 of these subjects. We identify the constants, low notes, and elevations, appearing frequently and significantly in this population, which is a constant low note to Ego Strength Scale. We use these results to point out the value of therapeutic support based on groupal mediations as way to restore the internalized psychic protective shield.