This dissertation explores how the concepts of ambivalence, horror, monsters and mise-en-scène can be used to interpret the ambivalent predator-monster/victim relationship of the characters Sonja Daneel, Adele and Maggie Joubert from the film Wolwedans in die Skemer (2012). In doing so, this dissertation investigates how Noël Carroll’s The Philosophy of Horror or Paradoxes of the Heart (1990) and Jeffery Cohen's Monster Theory (1996) can be used as a theoretical foundation to analyse and interpret the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie. This research argues that within the horror genre, viewers are presented with two classic characters, namely that of the monster (often male) and the victim (often female), each with their own set of characteristics and traits that set them apart. However, I postulate that in Wolwedans in die Skemer these characteristics and traits are often blurred into one character, giving rise to a monster-victim ambivalence. This study also investigates the connection that the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie have in relation to werewolves and to the characters of the Little Girl and the Wolf from the Red Riding Hood tales. Jones (2012:140) proposes that the wolf is the projection of her own inner predator - this suggests that the Little Girl and the Wolf can be seen as one character, a combination of victim and predator. Red Riding Hood can possibly be interpreted as recognising her inner self as the Wolf or a werewolf. A werewolf is a person who has been transformed, by force of will and desire, from a human (victim) into a predatory and monstrous wolf-like state. When women are werewolves, the traditional coding of horror - monster as male, victim as female, no longer applies. The "female werewolves" of Wolwedans in die Skemer each become, in some way, Little Red Riding Hood, Wolf, and Woodcutter fused into one. By analysing the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie through the lens of the monster and victim with regards to the concepts of ambivalence, horror, and miseen- scène, it becomes clear that the roles of the monster and the victim in Wolwedans in die Skemer dissolve into one body, creating an ambivalent fluctuation between the two. / MA (History of art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This paper examines the relationship between literature and philosophy, with special regards to how literature can contribute to deepen the understanding in philosophical matters. This is executed by a comparison between how a work of fiction, versus works of philosophy, can tackle the issue of personhood. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is being compared with philosopher Lynne Rudder Baker’s Persons and Bodies and Jacques Maritain’s The Person and the Common Good in order to map out how literature can contribute to the philosophical discourse regarding personhood. The paper finalizes that the main character in Frankenstein, “the monster” displays several issues that may show up when trying to define what it means to be a person, and where the line is to be drawn between a person and a non-person. The paper thus serves a two-folded purpose: to expand and challenge the traditional philosophical methodology, and find new understanding within the subject of personhood.

Depuis la fin de l’Antiquité, les mythes liés aux religions polythéistes ont peu à peu été relégués au domaine du folklore, bien que la mémoire des grands mythes soit restée vivace dans notre culture. Mais pour comprendre les religions et les sociétés anciennes, il est impératif de revenir aux mythes. De nombreux ouvrages, parfois de vulgarisation, sont consacrés à ce sujet. Cependant, les études contemporaines, suivant en cela la voie déjà tracée par les Anciens, ne se concentrent presque exclusivement que sur la vie des héros grecs. Contrairement à cette tendance générale, notre étude, elle, porte sur le destin de ces oubliés que sont les êtres fabuleux qui peuplent les récits mythologiques et sans qui la renommée des héros mythiques serait amoindrie. La plupart de ces redoutables créatures sont issues de la même lignée dont Phorkys et Kétô sont les lointains aïeux. Parmi leur abondante descendance, nous avons choisi d’étudier ceux que l’on qualifie couramment de monstres. Nous avons procédé à une sélection parmi tous ces membres afin de pouvoir dégager un thème qui soit commun à tous. Nous nous intéresserons exclusivement aux créatures uniques, monstrueuses de naissance et à la morphologie fabuleuse telles que l’Hydre ou Cerbère. A travers un travail d’exploration à la fois littéraire et iconographique, nous tentons de retracer l’histoire des traditions concernant les membres de cette lignée. Des comparaisons avec des mythologies étrangères viennent parfois apporter un complément d’information sur la question. Dans cette entreprise nous devrons considérer des bornes chronologiques et géographiques relativement vastes. En effet, la période s’étendra du IXème ou VIIIème siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’au IIIème siècle après J.-C. Quant au champ géographique, il recouvrira toute la Grèce continentale et insulaire, ainsi que l’Asie Mineure et la Grande Grèce. / Since the end of Antiquity the myths which were related to polytheist religions have gradually been pushed aside towards the grounds of lore, although our culture keeps quite vivid the memory of great myths. Nevertheless, in order to be able to understand both ancient religions and societies, turning back to myths is an absolute necessity. Numerous works, some of which vulgarise, are devoted to the subject. However, contemporary studies - thus following the ways of the ancient themselves – mainly dwell on the lives of Greek heroes. As opposed to this general tendency, our study will be dealing with those forgotten creatures, beings of fantasy that are so often encountered in mythological tales and without whom the fame of these mythic heroes would be lessened. Most of these fearful creatures are issued from Phorkys and Keto’s long lineage. Among their numerous offsprings, we have chosen to study those generally known as “monsters”. We have set up a selection among these monsters in order to underline common characteristics. Thus, we intend to consider only creatures that are unique, monstrous by birth, having fabulous morphologies, such as for instance the Hydra and Cerberos. Based on both literary and iconographic sources we will attempt to draw a history of the traditions linked to these lineage members. Some more information on the topic will at times be provided by a few comparisons with foreign mythologies. The geographical and chronological boundaries of our study have to be quite large. The period will span from the 9th or 8th centuries BC up to the 3rd century AD. As for geography, the whole of Greece, both continental and insular, is concerned, as well as Asia Minor and Magna Graecia.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les enjeux et les stratégies à l’œuvre dans l’apparition de la peur dans les œuvres littéraires et vidéoludiques. Il s’agit de théoriser, dans une démarche comparatiste, le rapprochement des deux médiums ainsi que les paradigmes structurant les fictions horrifiques. La capacité du jeu vidéo et de la littérature à produire de l’incertitude et de l’étrangeté à partir d’un code rigoureux (textuel, informatique, ludique) durant son actualisation en œuvre par l’interaction du lecteur/joueur et l’interdépendance conflictuelle entre mimesis (mise en forme du réel) et phantasia (résurgence d’un réel défiant la rationalité) forment les fondations de ce travail.En tant que catalyseur de la peur, le monstre constitue le point central de l’analyse formelle des œuvres étudiées. La synthèse d’un large corpus permet d’identifier quatre archétypes à partir desquels se déploient les multiples actualisations de la monstruosité : le Barbare, la Gorgone, le Revenant et la Chimère. Ces figures incarnent les zones d’ombre de la culture occidentale. Le Barbare exprime la confrontation à une étrangeté envahissant l’environnement familier mais aussi le soubassement violent et chaotique de la civilisation. La Gorgone représente l’Autre radical, fascinant et terrifiant. S’en approcher suppose de s’aventurer hors du monde et de courir le risque d’être contaminé par la monstruosité, incapable de regagner la demeure. Le Revenant figure les enjeux de la hantise, d’un passé qui, constitutif du présent, reste vivant. Fruit d’une rupture de la continuité temporelle, il ne peut qu’y être réintégré par la résolution de l’énigme qu’il pose. La Chimère est, quant à elle, celle qui transgresse les catégories. Monstre aux multiples visages, elle défie l’organisation rationnelle du réel.Enfin, une étude de la figure de l’auteur, des processus d’adaptation et d’extension des univers fictifs permet d’aborder la mobilité des figures monstrueuses et leur capacité à franchir les frontières, qu’il s’agisse des intentions de création, des cadres médiatiques ou des mondes fictionnels. Ces conclusions s’appuient sur une mise en dialogue d’œuvres littéraires et vidéoludiques sélectionnées dans un corpus varié visant à concilier rigueur de l’analyse et vision englobante. / The aim of this thesis is to study the stakes and strategies behind the apparition of fear in novels and video games. Through a comparative approach, I intend to theorize the bridging of these mediums and the paradigms structuring scary fictions. At the core of this work lie the ability of video games and literature to create uncertainty and strangeness from a rigorous code (be it textual, digital or game rules) during the interaction with the reader/gamer and the conflicting interdependence between mimesis (as a shaping of reality) and phantasia (as a resurgence of a reality that defies reason).As fear’s catalyst, the monster is at the heart of my formal analysis. The synthesis of a large corpus allows for an identification of four archetypes from which the various manifestations of monstrosity spread: the barbarian, the gorgon, the phantom and the chimera. These figures personify the dark corners of western culture. The barbarian embodies the confrontation with an alien whom invades a familiar environment as well as the violent and chaotic base upon which rests civilization. The gorgon represents the radical otherness, fascinating and terrifying. To go near it is to venture out of the world and to run the risk of being contaminated by the monster, becoming unable to go back home. The phantom conveys the stakes of the haunting, of an undead past that is still part of the present. As the baring of a tearing in time continuity, it is to be reintegrated through the solving of the enigma it poses. Ultimately, the chimera is the one who transgresses categories. With its numerous faces, it defies the rational organisation of reality. Finally, a study of the author’s figure, of the adaptation process and of the fictional worlds extensions offers an outlook on the mobility of monsters and their capacity to cross borders, whether they are creative intents, mediatic frames of worlds of fiction.These conclusions are based on a dialogue between literary works and video games selected in a diverse corpus that aims to merge analytical thoroughness and an encompassing vision.

Sammanfattning Funktionella drycker är den dryckeskategori som ökat sin försäljning mest de senaste åren. Kategorin energidryck har sett en ökning i försäljningen med hela 44 procent från år 2014 till år 2017. Med den stora ökningen har också antalet varumärken ökat. Det betyder att konkurrensen ökat och företagen måste jobba hårdare för att ta marknadsandelar. Det gäller då att veta hur man ska nå ut till potentiella kunder. Företagen bör därför nå konsumenten tidigt under köpprocessen för att locka till sig potentiella konsumenters uppmärksamhet. Köpprocessen som gjordes av Engel et al. (1968), bestod av fem steg som konsumenten går igenom när ett köp görs. Det börjar med att ett behov eller ett problem som uppstår, efter det görs en informationssökning för att senare jämföra bland de alternativ av varumärken som finns. Konsumenten beslutar därefter om ett köp ska genomföras, och sedan inleds ett efterköpsbeteende. Denna reviderades sedan av Court et al. (2009) som la till steget lojalitets-loop, som sista steg och består därefter av sex steg. Vi har utgått från den utgick sedan från den reviderade köpprocessen för att undersöka om den gick att applicera på energidryckesbranschen. Syftet är att ta reda på hur konsumenter beter sig när de köper energidryck och vilka attribut som är viktiga för dem. Vi ska därför undersöka vad det är som påverkar köpprocessens olika steg vid köp av energidryck, samt vad som gör att en konsument väljer ett varumärke framför ett annat. Studien har en positivistisk kunskapssyn och en deduktiv ansats. Den valda forskningsmetoden är kvantitativ med objektivism som ontologisk inriktning. Vidare för att besvara syftet med studien är den objektivistiska verklighetssynen lämplig att tillämpa. Vårt mål är att vara distanserade från de studerande och ska använda oss av ett objektivt ställningstagande. En webb-enkät med ett bekvämlighetsurval samt snöbollsurval har genomförts på respondenter med ålder 18–35 som motiverades genom att det är åldersspannet som är den mest köpkraftiga åldersgruppen av energidryck. Enkäten genererade 240 svar som analyserats. Analysen och resultatet genomfördes genom att göra regressionsanalyser samt att titta konkret på de svar som getts av respondenterna, samt att vidare koppla de resultat vi fått till relevanta teorier vi valt att ta med i studien. Slutsatsen som framkommer syftar till att ge en bättre bild av vilka faktorer som påverkar den moderna köpprocessen vid köp av energidryck samt att förklara vad det är som gör att konsumenter väljer en energidryck framför en annan. Det framkommer att den moderna köpprocessen till viss del kan appliceras vid köp av energidryck samt att innehållet och smaken är det viktigaste attributen för konsumenten. Vidare köper många konsumenter energidryck på impuls i butiken, samt att konsumenterna som köper energidryck oftast är väldigt lojala och har ett vanebaserat köpbeteende.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Virginia Lais de Souza.pdf: 2456137 bytes, checksum: 1a33dbee451fbd8d8f8598306f37fb37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to analyze how the media reaffirms and strengthens stigmata of the body, that have been perpetuated since the freak shows of the nineteenth century. During this period, exhibits of monstrous bodies began to be used to entertain the audience, becoming particularly popular in Europe and the United States (COURTINE, 2008). The main hypothesis of this research is that the use in mediatic spectacles of the image of a body that is viewed as marginal in society, further reinforces its stigmatization, and this trend becomes stronger when allied to a market logic of profits and to reach masses, as is typical of some media such as television (SODRÉ, 1994). Representations conveyed by different media (especially television, film, photography) are discussed in the present research. Among these representations are: My Shocking Story (Discovery Channel, 2007), Black Venus (2010), The Elephant Man (1980) and photographs of Diane Arbus (period between 1960 and 1971). In terms of methodology, we highlight two ways of constructing the monstrous body: the first and most common understands the body as eccentric product with the ability to increase the popularity ratings of the media where they are presented; the second avoids stigmatizing the body as abnormal by highlighting their singularities and proposing a redefinition of stereotypes. On visual arts it is possible to find several artists interested in subverting the stereotype of a monstrous body, for example: Orlan, Patricia Piccinini, Rodrigo Braga and Cindy Sherman. The theoretical discussion is based on research that has discussed the relations of the body with different environments, understanding the image of the body as a construction and never as a presupposition. (e.g: GREINER and KATZ, 2005, 2010; FOUCAULT, 2002, 2010). The expected result is to collaborate with debates that study the role of the body in the media, without, however, failing to recognize the body as bodymedia / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como a mídia potencializa e reafirma estigmas do corpo que vêm sendo constituídos desde os freak shows do século XIX. Nesse período, exposições de corpos monstruosos começaram a ser usadas para entreter o público, tornando-se particularmente populares na Europa e nos Estados Unidos (COURTINE, 2008). A principal hipótese da pesquisa é que a espetacularização midiática da imagem de um corpo entendido como marginal na sociedade, reforça ainda mais a sua estigmatização, sendo que esta tendência é fortalecida na medida em que se alia a uma lógica mercadológica para lucrar e atingir grandes massas, como é típico de alguns meios de comunicação como a televisão (SODRÉ, 1994). Representações veiculadas por diversas mídias (sobretudo televisão, cinema, fotografia) são discutidas no presente trabalho. Destacam-se: My Shocking Story (Discovery Channel, 2007), Vênus Negra (2010), O Homem Elefante (1980) e fotografias de Diane Arbus (período entre 1960 e 1971). Em termos metodológicos destacam-se dois modos de construção do corpo monstruoso: o primeiro e mais comum entende o corpo como produto excêntrico com aptidão para aumentar os índices de popularidade dos veículos de comunicação onde são apresentados; o segundo evita estigmatizar o corpo como anormal destacando as suas singularidades e propondo a ressignificação de estereótipos. Nas artes visuais é possível encontrar inúmeros artistas interessados em subverter o estereótipo do corpo monstruoso, como por exemplo: Orlan, Patricia Piccinini, Rodrigo Braga e Cindy Sherman. A discussão teórica parte de pesquisas que têm discutido as relações do corpo com os diversos ambientes, compreendendo a imagem do corpo como construção e nunca como pressuposto (e.g: GREINER e KATZ, 2005, 2010; FOUCAULT, 2002, 2010). O resultado esperado é colaborar com debates que estudam as representações do corpo nas mídias e artes, sem no entanto, deixar de reconhecer o próprio corpo como corpomídia

My research is centred around Silent Era films adapted from nineteenth and early twentieth century Gothic literature with a special emphasis on the figure of the monster and its translation from literary to cinematic form. The corpus I have assembled for the purposes of this analysis comprises sixty-six films made in ten different countries between 1897 and 1929. Many of these films are considered lost and I have endeavored to reconstruct them as much as possible using materials located in film archives. The Introduction lays out the ground covered in the thesis and provides a working definition of ‘monstrosity’ in this context. The first chapter deals with the historical, economic, cultural, social and technological contexts of the films under discussion. The second chapter approaches the eight literary monster figures who form the core of this thesis through the lens of Adaptation Theory. The third chapter examines the elements of cinematic language that were particularly relevant to translating monster characters and Gothic literary narratives into silent film, placing this corpus into the context of silent film history and theory. The fourth chapter reviews a cross-section of intermedial systems of classification that have been applied to monster figures, and proposes a new system that would reflect the multifarious nature of the silent film Gothic literary monster. Chapters Five through Nine offer a theoretical framework for classifying the principal characteristics of the silent film Gothic monster by applying various philosophical and aesthetic concepts. The final chapter summarises the material presented in earlier chapters and offers relevant conclusions demonstrating how these films employ the unique characteristics, conventions, and limitations of the silent film medium in their representations of the Gothic literary monster.

Dans les trois ouvrages étudiés Estrella Distante (1996), La pista de hielo (1993) et Amberes (2002) nous révélons la présence, parfois patente, parfois latente, du mythe de la malédiction. Notre étude rend compte d’une lecture à la lumière du mythe littéraire moderne de l’écrivain maudit. L’évolution de l’œuvre de Bolaño, montre que depuis le début le mythe de la malédiction lutte pour prendre une place centrale dans son œuvre.Un seul motif reste constant, inamovible, dans les trois romans en particulier et dans l’œuvre entière en général : l’héroïsme. Nous voyons dans cette valeur inaltérable du mythe de l’écrivain maudit chez Bolaño, le cœur de son éthique littéraire. L’héroïsme du poète maudit n’est pas associé à l’idée romantique d’une mission personnelle fondamentale mais plutôt à la valeur d’incorruptibilité. Les deux mythèmes PURETE-DETRESSE suscitent les deux motifs mythiques INGENUITE-MARGINALITE. Ceux deux motifs, filtrés par le temps et l’écriture conduisent à l’HEROISME et à l’INCORRUPTIBILITE, valeur qui définit le poète maudit dans l’ensemble de l’œuvre.La réécriture de ce mythe n’est pas sans conséquences dans l’univers de la réception. Bolaño se crée dans ses textes une image de lui-même qui prospère ensuite dans l’inconscient collectif ; son image devient l’archétype de l’écrivain latino-américain contemporain. La nouveauté de l’œuvre de Bolaño est d’avoir su placer la figure du poète maudit au cœur de son univers littéraire. Comme il est courant dans la reprise d’un mythe par un écrivain, Bolaño vise par sa réécriture un modèle à vocation universelle, sans que pour autant sa vie soit l’original ou la copie de ce modèle. L’image archétypale de l’homme Roberto Bolaño repose sur un univers symbolique de représentations qui ont un lien intime avec la malédiction.Bolaño insiste sur une autre forme de malheur, la rébellion, la révolte du maudit. Elle a été l’une des premières abordée dans la réception de son œuvre, et traduite comme une tendance antisystème. Bolaño est donc perçu comme un provocateur net, chose qui est absolument vraie. Cependant, c’est à travers la figure du maudit que la révolte littéraire s’effectue vraiment. En s’attaquant aux institutions littéraires, le poète renonce à l’appui institutionnel et déclare conquérir son indépendance à l’égard des pouvoirs littéraires. Pour chercher à être indépendant des pouvoirs littéraires il faut nécessairement en être d’abord dépendant ! Si le poète-type de Bolaño n’écrit presque pas, ou du moins pas comme il devrait le faire en tant qu’écrivain, de quelle sorte d’indépendance littéraire est-il question ? Cela pose un problème de fond celui de la vie comme œuvre (ce fut le cas pour le dandysme), et comme œuvre littéraire. Si la vie peut devenir littérature et si l’existence peut se changer en œuvre d’art, c’est à cette transformation que le poète bolanien se donne corps et âme. Faire de sa vie un objet littéraire est donc la tâche curieuse et très originale que s’impose le poète maudit chez Bolaño.En réécrivant le mythe du poète maudit, Bolaño a ouvert la voix à une nouvelle manière de voir la littérature et d’en faire. Ce mythe, bien connu en Europe depuis Villon jusqu’à Houellebecq, a été ravivé dans l’œuvre de Bolaño, en même temps qu’il a été introduit dans l’imaginaire de la littérature hispano-américaine, pour devenir aujourd’hui un symbole à double effet : consommation de masse d’une icône ou chemin offert au public vers le sens caché de l’expression. / Within the three books studied Estrella Distante (1996), La pista de hielo (1993) et Amberes (2002) we show the underlying- evident presence, of the literary malediction myth. We read Bolaño’s works lightened by the literary modern myth of the damned poet. The evolution of Bolaño’s work reflects, since the beginning the central space this modern myth takes into his imaginary. One of the unchangeable topics in the three novels studied is heroism. This inalterable value of his damned characters represents the central part Bolaño’s literary ethics. The damned poet heroism in this case is not associated to the romantic idea of a personal fundamental mission to be accomplished but rather to the moral value of incorruptibility. We can find two mythic topics PURITY-DISTRESS that produce the mythic patterns INGENUITY-MARGINALITY. The presence of this two patterns lead towards the two moral-ethic values that define Bolaño’s damned poet: HEROISM and INCORRUPTIBILITY.The process of rewriting this myth brings consequences in the reception’s world. Bolaño invents through his literature an image of himself which lives in the collective subconscious. This image is nothing different than archetype of what should be the contemporary Latin-American writer. As it is current in the process or rewriting of a myth, Bolaño aims a figure to universal vocation (archetype), but not with the purpose of making of his personal life the original and of his damned poet the copy. For the community of readers, the archetypal image of the man (Roberto Bolaño) rest upon a symbolic universe of representations directly connected with literary malediction.Bolaño insists on another way of curse; the rebellion of the damned poet. This feature has been translated in the context of the reception as an anti-system tendency. Bolaño is perceived as an agitator. Nevertheless, this feature of the writer comes from the literary rebellion of his characters. The damned poet of his work attacks the literary institutions renounces to the institutional support and declares the conquest of his independence in front of the literary powers.In order to become independent of the literary institutions, the poet must be necessarily dependent of them. As we know the character of the poet in Bolaño’s work do not really write or rather barely writes. So we ask what kind of literary independence is sought by the poet? This question introduce the idea of life a piece of art, (dandyism) and more exactly in this case; life as a literary piece of art. If life can become literature and existence can be transformed in a piece of art, Bolaño’s damned poet does not seek any more than fulfill this possibility of mutation. Make of his life a literary (ethic, moral and esthetic) object is the curious and original task the damned poet force himself on.Throughout the rewriting of the damned poet myth, Bolaño lights the way to an original way of perceiving but above all an original way of making literature. The myth of the damned poet, well know from Villon to Houellebecq, has been brighten up in Bolaño’s work and reintroduce in the Hispano-American literary imaginary. This version of the myth has become today a symbol that can be read in two ways: consummation product of an image or opened possibility of a secret meaning.

Uppsatsen analyserar fyra noveller i John Ajvide Lindqvists novellsamling Pappersväggar som utkom 2006. Novellerna som analyserats är ”Gräns”, ”By på höjden”, ”Equinox” och ”Vikarien”. Syftet med analysen är att undersöka hur Ajvide Lindqvist arbetar för att göra sina noveller skrämmande och vad som är skrämmande. Uppsatsen utgår från en etablerad begreppsapparat som definierats av olika teoretiker och författare, som skriver inom genrerna gotik och skräck. Analysen visar att Ajvide Lindqvist använder sig av karaktärsdrag och grepp som går att finna inom genrerna gotik och skräck. Jag finner även att det som framför allt skapar skräckeffekt i hans noveller är vardagsförankringen. De drag och grepp han använder sig av får en större verkan på grund av att det utspelar sig i välbekanta miljöer som nog de flesta läsare kan relatera till.

Working toward a personal definition of womanhood while progressing with my research in feminist discourse, I frame biographical events alongside the intricate use of language surrounding feminist theory. Experimenting with material specificities that speak to my personal narratives and cultural significance, my work seeks to address the interlacing operations of subjectivity expanding on the intersection of class, gender and race.