This study presents the moratorium debate as a phenomenon of its own time. The challenges the moratorium debate poses to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Southern African/Central Diocese come under the spotlight. The AICs have taken the lead in attempting to live up to the “four selves” principle, that is, self-governing, self-supporting, self-propagating and self-theologizing, and areas which ELCSA/CD can learn from the AICs are highlighted. Finally the study explores issues of mutuality and interdependence, and few guidelines are proposed for ELCSA/CD. / Christian Spirituality / M. Th. (Missiology)

On January 1, 2008, the new insolvency act came into force in the Czech Republic bringing in some significant changes in insolvency law. One of those changes was moratorium which was meant to provide legal framework for company's sanation process, not only postpone its bankruptcy for a few months. After 5 years, a question concerning its significance may come out. The Master's Thesis is focused on this matter and its aim is to evaluate the moratorium from the point of view its use and purpose which it is supposed to serve. In other words, whether companies manage to overcome crises, or whether they go bankrupt anyway, despite the moratorium.

The aim of the thesis has been to analyse the book ‘The Whole Story of Half a Girl’ from the perspective of James Marcia’s identity theory and Peter Berger’s modernisation theory. The analysis focuses on 11-year-old Sonia's description of her upbringing with parents of two different religious faiths as a depiction of identity development. The research questions were as follows:   -       How can the portrayal of Sonia’s reflections about her identity in the book ‘The Whole Story of Half a Girl’ be understood based on James Marcia’s theory of identity status, particularly in relation to Marcia’s description of the developmental positions of moratorium and identity achievement?   -       How can the portrayal of Sonia’s reflections about her identity in the book ‘The Whole Story of Half a Girl’ be understood based on Peter Berger’s description of modern identity, particularly in relation to Berger’s description of relative openness and differentiation?   The study was conducted using qualitative thematic analysis with an deductive approach. The conclusions show that the portrayal of Sonia in the book ‘The Whole Story of Half a Girl’ corresponds to the identity position of moratorium in James Marcia's theory of identity status. Peter Berger's theory of modern identity, on a more general level can create an understanding of the difficulty, but also risk, it can mean for Sonia's identity development in relation to her parents’ different religious faiths and backgrounds.     Keywords: identity, development of identity, moratorium, identity achievement, relative openness, differentiation / Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att utifrån James Marcias teori om identitetsstatus och Peter Bergers beskrivning av modern identitet analysera boken The whole story of half a girl (Hiranandani 2012). Analysen har fokuserat på 11-åriga Sonias beskrivning av sin uppväxt med föräldrar från två olika religiösa traditioner som en skildring av identitetsutveckling. Frågeställningarna var följande;   -          Hur kan porträtteringen av Sonias reflektioner kring sin identitet i boken The whole story of half a girl förstås utifrån James Marcias teori om identitetsstatus, och i synnerhet i relation till Marcias beskrivning av utvecklingspositionerna moratorium och uppnådd identitet?   -          Hur kan porträtteringen av Sonias reflektioner kring sin identitet i boken The whole story of half a girl förstås utifrån Peter Bergers beskrivning av modern identitet, och i synnerhet i relation till Bergers beskrivning av relativ öppenhet och differentiering?   Studien genomfördes i form av en kvalitativ tematisk analys med en deduktiv ansats. Jag har kodat och kategoriserat teman utifrån utvalda begrepp ur mina val av teorier. Teorierna har utgjort ett ramverk i bearbetningen av materialet. I resultat- och analysavsnittet har jag besvarat mina frågeställningar och med citat och beskrivningar belyst olika delar av relevans. Slutsatserna visade att porträtteringen av Sonia i boken The whole story of half a girl utifrån James Marcias teori om identitetsstatus kunde förstås som att Sonia befinner sig i den position som Marcia kallar för moratorium. I ett sammanhang i boken kunde porträtteringen av Sonia tyda på att Sonia befinner sig i den position som Marcia beskriver som uppnådd identitet eller i en skarv mellan moratorium och uppnådd identitet. I relation till Peter Bergers teori om modern identitet visade resultatet att porträtteringen av Sonias identitetsutveckling kunde förstås som att det finns en viss del av relativ öppenhet och differentiering i relation till Sonias reflektioner kring sin identitet, men inte i den omfattning att Peter Bergers teori skapar en fulltäckande förståelse för Sonias identitetsutveckling. Dock kan Peter Bergers teori om modern identitet på en mer övergripande nivå skapa förståelse för den svårighet, men också risk, det kan innebära för Sonias identitetsutveckling utifrån att hon växer upp med föräldrar med olika religiösa traditioner och bakgrunder.

Ego-identity development has long been regarded as an important developmental process for late adolescents. According to existing literature, ego-identity achievement or committing oneself to a set of identity components after having explored viable identity alternatives (e.g., in matters of relationships, political philosophy, etc.), is conducive to a wide array of positive outcomes for individuals, families, and entire communities. The objective of this study was to examine the extent that college experiences and participation in LDS missionary service (i.e., moratorium experiences) were associated with ego-identity development, specifically in terms of identity exploration and commitment. A sample of late adolescents (N=425), all of whom had participated in at least some college and of whom 122 had volunteered as LDS missionaries, provided information about their moratorium experiences that could be related to identity development and reported their levels of identity exploration and commitment according to the Extended Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status (EOMEIS-2). Independent-samples t tests and chi-square tests were used to examine demographic and identity differences between LDS postmissionaries and LDS non-postmissionaries. LDS postmissionaries and LDS non-postmissionaries differed significantly only in the variables of sex and age. Univariate ANOVA and regression were used to examine the extent to which college and missionary service were associated with overall identity scores. Bothe college studies and LDS missionary service were significantly associated with the four EOMEIS-2 subscale scores of diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium experiences differed significantly in the magnitude and/or direction of their prediction of identity outcomes only in moratorium and foreclosure scores. Both experiences were similarly positively associated with achievement scores and negatively associated with diffusion scores. Stepwise linear regression was used to examine the extent to which certain features of college studies and missionary service were associated with identity scores. After controlling for age, sex, income, and years of education, numerous features of the two experiences, such as motives for participation, funding, frequency of weekly experiences, and learning a foreign language were significantly associated with identity scores. College features shared the greatest amount of variability with diffusion scores, and mission features shared the greatest amount of variability with foreclosure scores.

The complexity of interactions that inform policy-making poses several challenges to evaluating the impact of policy research. Two key obstacles to policy-oriented research impact assessment (PORIA) are determining the degree of influence that can be claimed by a knowledge-generating entity and quantifying the impact of a policy-oriented research program. This thesis builds upon prior PORIA efforts to develop a framework for the evaluation of the impact of the Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP), an environmentally-focused, policy-oriented research project led by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). We examine a case study of the Indonesian Forest Moratorium policy to determine the policy's impact on emissions from peat deforestation. Results indicate that the policy has been largely ineffective in decreasing deforestation to date and has in fact been associated with increased deforestation above business-as-usual trends. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that if the moratorium were to achieve full protection, Indonesia could avoid the release of 10 - 20 million tons of carbon dioxide over the next 15 years, which corresponds to a mean social value of $402 - 805 million using a $40/ton social cost of carbon. With SWAMP's timely knowledge generation on tropical wetland carbon dynamics we estimate that $4.03 - 40.26 million of these social benefits can be attributed to CIFOR. Furthermore, through its involvement in the IPCC Wetlands Supplement and the Blue Carbon Initiative, SWAMP stands to positively influence outcomes of the 45 billion tons of carbon stored in non-Indonesian tropical peatlands and the global extent of mangroves, further increasing the impact of CIFOR. / Master of Science

Perioder av aktivt identitetsutforskande är särskilt aktuellt för den unga vuxna individen. Flera delar av identiteten konsolideras under denna livsfas, där bl.a. frågan om att hitta en yrkesidentitet är central. För unga vuxna studerande, som avslutar en längre högskoleutbildning och står inför att gå ut i yrkeslivet, blir ett utforskande och prövande kring vem man varit som student samt kring framtida potentiella yrkesroller ofta aktuellt. Övergången i yrkeslivet kan också upplevas som ett ökat vuxenblivande. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ett urval sistaårsstuderande på högskolan upplever denna livsfas och sig själva utifrån fenomen som transition, identitetsprövande och vuxenblivande. Forskningsmetoden är kvalitativ och datainsamling gjordes genom semistrukturerade individuella intervjuer med sex studenter på olika ingenjörsprogram vid Kungliga tekniska högskolan. Insamlat datamaterial analyserades med Tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att studenterna upplever en påtaglig förändring i denna livsfas vilket för in dem i en period av såväl förhoppningar och tvivel kring framtiden. Livsfasen innebär också ett aktivt identitetsprövande kring potentiella framtida yrkesroller och rollen som vuxen. Dessa upplevelser presenteras i en deskriptiv del. Vid en djupare analys av upplevelserna framkommer att studenternas upplevelser är ambivalenta där sökandet kan beskrivas som dialektiska rörelser mellan motstridiga tankar och känslor. Detta beskrivs som tre ambivalenta teman; 1. Vilsenhet visavi tydlighet. 2.  Begränsad visavi fullkomnad yrkesidentitet samt 3. Ansvarsfullhet visavi kravlöshet. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån teorier om transition och vuxenblivande men tar främst fasta på såväl inre och yttre faktorer som är centrala i perioder av identitetsutforskande. Bland annat används Maricas identitetsstatusmodell som utgångspunkt där det konfliktfyllda i identitetsutveckling också lyfts fram. Studenternas ambivalens föreslås bland annat förstås utifrån fenomenet individuation med prövande mellan autonomi och närhet. Ett tema som ofta är centralt i identitetsutveckling, i synnerhet för unga vuxna. / Periods of more active identity exploration is assumed to be particularly in focus for the young adult individual. Several components of identity is consolidated during this phase of life, where finding a professional identity is central. For Young adult students completing a long higher education and facing the professional life, a process of exploration about potential future professional roles is likely to occur. The step into professional life can also be experienced as a further step into adulthood. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a selection of last year university students experiences this transition on the basis of phenomena like transition, identity exploration and adulthood. The research method is qualitative and data was collected through semi-structured individual interviews with six students in various engineering programs at The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The results show that students experience a significant change in this phase of life which makes them enter into a period of both hopes and doubts about the future. The life-phase also initiates a period of active identity exploration about potential future professional roles and the role as an adult. These experiences are presented in a descriptive part. A deeper analysis shows that students' experiences are ambivalent where their identity exploration can be described as dialectical movement between conflicting thoughts and emotions. These are referred to as three ambivalent themes: 1. Disorientation versus clarity. 2. Limited versus complete professional identity and 3. Responsibility versus permissiveness. The results are discussed based on theories of transition and emerging adulthood, but primarily cover both internal and external factors that are crucial in periods of identity exploration. The result is related to Marcia’s identity status model and also highlights the conflictual dynamics in identity development. Students' ambivalence is suggested to be understood as a phenomenon of individuation with a testing between autonomy and intimacy. A theme that is often central to identity development, especially for young adults.

A crise de legitimidade que permeou o mandato do presidente José Sarney deveu-se a fatores fundamentalmente políticos, em especial, à associação direta de seu nome com o desprestigiado regime militar. Abandonado pelas lideranças políticas e rechaçado pela sociedade civil, o governo da Nova República encontrou na adoção de medidas econômicas de ampla repercussão popular o meio de se legitimar. A inflação e o estrangulamento externo compunham os dois principais entraves ao desenvolvimento da economia brasileira na década de 1980. Na tentativa de conter a crescente elevação dos preços, lançou-se, em 1986, o Plano Cruzado, cujos resultados imediatos conferiram a mais alta popularidade já ostentada por um chefe do Executivo brasileiro. À medida que o plano sucumbia, o governo passou, então, a utilizar-se do tom nacionalista conferido à questão da dívida externa para granjear o apoio político que sempre lhe faltou. Este trabalho visa a contribuir para o entendimento dos motivos que levaram o governo Sarney, em fevereiro de 1987, a decretar a moratória da dívida brasileira. A argumentação desenvolvida sustenta a hipótese de que esta decisão, a despeito da base técnica em que se calcou, respondeu primordialmente a imperiosidades políticas, em especial, à necessidade de o presidente Sarney legitimar-se perante a sociedade brasileira. / The legitimacy crisis that affected President Sarney’s mandate was due to political reasons, principally to the direct association of his name to the illegitimate military regime. Abandoned by political leaders and repelled by civil society, New Republic’s government found in economic measures with expected popular repercussion the way to obtain political support. Inflation and the external restrictions were the two main problems that Brazilian economic development had to face during the 1980´s. In order to contain the former, the Cruzado Plan was launched in 1986. Its immediate results gave the highest popularity ever achieved by an Executive chief leader. However, as the success of the plan succumbed, the government turned then to the use of the same nationalist tone given to the issue of the external debt, desperately seeking the political support it had never had. This essay aims at contributing to the understanding of the reasons that led Sarney’s government, in February of 1987, to order the default on the Brazilian external debt. The argumentation developed to justify this decision sustains the hypothesis that, in spite of the technical basis upon which it seems to rest, it is mainly the response to political imperiousness, especially to the President’s need to legitimate himself in front of Brazilian society.

A crise de legitimidade que permeou o mandato do presidente José Sarney deveu-se a fatores fundamentalmente políticos, em especial, à associação direta de seu nome com o desprestigiado regime militar. Abandonado pelas lideranças políticas e rechaçado pela sociedade civil, o governo da Nova República encontrou na adoção de medidas econômicas de ampla repercussão popular o meio de se legitimar. A inflação e o estrangulamento externo compunham os dois principais entraves ao desenvolvimento da economia brasileira na década de 1980. Na tentativa de conter a crescente elevação dos preços, lançou-se, em 1986, o Plano Cruzado, cujos resultados imediatos conferiram a mais alta popularidade já ostentada por um chefe do Executivo brasileiro. À medida que o plano sucumbia, o governo passou, então, a utilizar-se do tom nacionalista conferido à questão da dívida externa para granjear o apoio político que sempre lhe faltou. Este trabalho visa a contribuir para o entendimento dos motivos que levaram o governo Sarney, em fevereiro de 1987, a decretar a moratória da dívida brasileira. A argumentação desenvolvida sustenta a hipótese de que esta decisão, a despeito da base técnica em que se calcou, respondeu primordialmente a imperiosidades políticas, em especial, à necessidade de o presidente Sarney legitimar-se perante a sociedade brasileira. / The legitimacy crisis that affected President Sarney’s mandate was due to political reasons, principally to the direct association of his name to the illegitimate military regime. Abandoned by political leaders and repelled by civil society, New Republic’s government found in economic measures with expected popular repercussion the way to obtain political support. Inflation and the external restrictions were the two main problems that Brazilian economic development had to face during the 1980´s. In order to contain the former, the Cruzado Plan was launched in 1986. Its immediate results gave the highest popularity ever achieved by an Executive chief leader. However, as the success of the plan succumbed, the government turned then to the use of the same nationalist tone given to the issue of the external debt, desperately seeking the political support it had never had. This essay aims at contributing to the understanding of the reasons that led Sarney’s government, in February of 1987, to order the default on the Brazilian external debt. The argumentation developed to justify this decision sustains the hypothesis that, in spite of the technical basis upon which it seems to rest, it is mainly the response to political imperiousness, especially to the President’s need to legitimate himself in front of Brazilian society.

A crise de legitimidade que permeou o mandato do presidente José Sarney deveu-se a fatores fundamentalmente políticos, em especial, à associação direta de seu nome com o desprestigiado regime militar. Abandonado pelas lideranças políticas e rechaçado pela sociedade civil, o governo da Nova República encontrou na adoção de medidas econômicas de ampla repercussão popular o meio de se legitimar. A inflação e o estrangulamento externo compunham os dois principais entraves ao desenvolvimento da economia brasileira na década de 1980. Na tentativa de conter a crescente elevação dos preços, lançou-se, em 1986, o Plano Cruzado, cujos resultados imediatos conferiram a mais alta popularidade já ostentada por um chefe do Executivo brasileiro. À medida que o plano sucumbia, o governo passou, então, a utilizar-se do tom nacionalista conferido à questão da dívida externa para granjear o apoio político que sempre lhe faltou. Este trabalho visa a contribuir para o entendimento dos motivos que levaram o governo Sarney, em fevereiro de 1987, a decretar a moratória da dívida brasileira. A argumentação desenvolvida sustenta a hipótese de que esta decisão, a despeito da base técnica em que se calcou, respondeu primordialmente a imperiosidades políticas, em especial, à necessidade de o presidente Sarney legitimar-se perante a sociedade brasileira. / The legitimacy crisis that affected President Sarney’s mandate was due to political reasons, principally to the direct association of his name to the illegitimate military regime. Abandoned by political leaders and repelled by civil society, New Republic’s government found in economic measures with expected popular repercussion the way to obtain political support. Inflation and the external restrictions were the two main problems that Brazilian economic development had to face during the 1980´s. In order to contain the former, the Cruzado Plan was launched in 1986. Its immediate results gave the highest popularity ever achieved by an Executive chief leader. However, as the success of the plan succumbed, the government turned then to the use of the same nationalist tone given to the issue of the external debt, desperately seeking the political support it had never had. This essay aims at contributing to the understanding of the reasons that led Sarney’s government, in February of 1987, to order the default on the Brazilian external debt. The argumentation developed to justify this decision sustains the hypothesis that, in spite of the technical basis upon which it seems to rest, it is mainly the response to political imperiousness, especially to the President’s need to legitimate himself in front of Brazilian society.

Esta dissertação busca conhecer as formas de vivência da juventude na Cidade Tiradentes a partir de olhares que perpassam as variadas dimensões de constituição do sujeito juvenil, sem localizar seu foco central nas instituições, que têm, em um novo cenário da condição juvenil, compartilhado sua exclusividade de esferas socializadoras e de referência identitária com outras formas de socialização e de construção de identidades. A metodologia utilizada valeu-se da aplicação de questionários e da realização de grupos focais com jovens residentes em Cidade Tiradentes, totalizando o levantamento das opiniões de 80 jovens. As falas discorreram sobre juventude, bairro, cotidiano, lazer, cultura, família, escola, amizade, trabalho, tráfico de drogas e projetos de futuro. A partir desses temas, foram identificadas questões que qualificam a construção de moratórias sociais muito específicas e que acompanham a pluralidade do conceito de juventude. A qualificação dessas moratórias mostra-se vinculada em grande medida às formas de percepção e de reação a julgamentos e a estigmas difundidos pela sociedade e freqüentemente absorvidos pelos jovens. Também se revelam como fatores condicionantes o usufruto do tempo livre; a ligação afetiva dos jovens com o distrito, sendo que aqueles que cresceram no local são muitas vezes aqueles que desejam permanecer; a questão do gênero, como propiciador ou limitador de práticas sociais e ocupação do espaço diferenciada; e a dimensão da moderação, caracterizando a possibilidade de liberdade que pode ser vivida e usufruída e que qualifica a condição juvenil na Cidade Tiradentes. / This work aims to understand the living conditions and the experiences of youth in Cidade Tiradentes, a poor district in the periphery of Sao Paulo, Brazil. It will provide a general overview on the theme by analyzing speeches of young people who took part in discussion groups organized especially for this work. This paper\'s approach considered a wide range of aspects that contribute to the constitution of a young person. It thus avoided focusing only on institutions (which used to be the main socializing space and the main provider of identity references for youth, but has recently been sharing this role with other actors). The methodology of this work included questionnaires and discussion groups, gathering the opinion of 80 young Cidade Tiradentes dwellers. The speeches comprised a variety of themes, such as youth, neighborhood, daily activities, leisure, culture, family, school, friendship, work, drugs and projects for the future. Through the analisys of youth speeches, it was possible to identify several aspects that build social moratoriums for these audiences. These moratoriums are strongly related to perceptions and reactions about judgments and stigma disseminated by the media and society. In addition, other components guiding youth development were identified: the use of free time; the affectionate relationship with the district (those who grew up there were also those who did not intend to move out of the district); gender, which plays an important role in defining social practices and the use of space; and the dimension of moderation, which refers to ways of free living in this district that characterize youth condition in Cidade Tiradentes.