The present article discusses when the tax moratorium interest as part of the tax debt is generated, and which judicial way to discuss its payment. For this purpose, the author starts developing the explicit constitutional principles that are limits to the taxing power of the State; and then she makes a compilation of the judgments of the Constitutional Court regarding the application of the tax moratorium interests. / El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar la naturaleza del interés moratorio, haciendo presente que la misma forma parte de la deuda tributaria. Dentro del artículo, también se hace referencia a la vía judicial para discutir el pago del mismo. Para tal propósito, inicia desarrollando los principios constitucionales explícitos que sirven de límites al poder tributario del Estado; y luego se centra en analizar la naturaleza restitutoria del mismo, teniendo como base tanto los dispositivos legales como las sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional respecto a la aplicación del interés moratorio tributario.

Esta dissertação busca conhecer as formas de vivência da juventude na Cidade Tiradentes a partir de olhares que perpassam as variadas dimensões de constituição do sujeito juvenil, sem localizar seu foco central nas instituições, que têm, em um novo cenário da condição juvenil, compartilhado sua exclusividade de esferas socializadoras e de referência identitária com outras formas de socialização e de construção de identidades. A metodologia utilizada valeu-se da aplicação de questionários e da realização de grupos focais com jovens residentes em Cidade Tiradentes, totalizando o levantamento das opiniões de 80 jovens. As falas discorreram sobre juventude, bairro, cotidiano, lazer, cultura, família, escola, amizade, trabalho, tráfico de drogas e projetos de futuro. A partir desses temas, foram identificadas questões que qualificam a construção de moratórias sociais muito específicas e que acompanham a pluralidade do conceito de juventude. A qualificação dessas moratórias mostra-se vinculada em grande medida às formas de percepção e de reação a julgamentos e a estigmas difundidos pela sociedade e freqüentemente absorvidos pelos jovens. Também se revelam como fatores condicionantes o usufruto do tempo livre; a ligação afetiva dos jovens com o distrito, sendo que aqueles que cresceram no local são muitas vezes aqueles que desejam permanecer; a questão do gênero, como propiciador ou limitador de práticas sociais e ocupação do espaço diferenciada; e a dimensão da moderação, caracterizando a possibilidade de liberdade que pode ser vivida e usufruída e que qualifica a condição juvenil na Cidade Tiradentes. / This work aims to understand the living conditions and the experiences of youth in Cidade Tiradentes, a poor district in the periphery of Sao Paulo, Brazil. It will provide a general overview on the theme by analyzing speeches of young people who took part in discussion groups organized especially for this work. This paper\'s approach considered a wide range of aspects that contribute to the constitution of a young person. It thus avoided focusing only on institutions (which used to be the main socializing space and the main provider of identity references for youth, but has recently been sharing this role with other actors). The methodology of this work included questionnaires and discussion groups, gathering the opinion of 80 young Cidade Tiradentes dwellers. The speeches comprised a variety of themes, such as youth, neighborhood, daily activities, leisure, culture, family, school, friendship, work, drugs and projects for the future. Through the analisys of youth speeches, it was possible to identify several aspects that build social moratoriums for these audiences. These moratoriums are strongly related to perceptions and reactions about judgments and stigma disseminated by the media and society. In addition, other components guiding youth development were identified: the use of free time; the affectionate relationship with the district (those who grew up there were also those who did not intend to move out of the district); gender, which plays an important role in defining social practices and the use of space; and the dimension of moderation, which refers to ways of free living in this district that characterize youth condition in Cidade Tiradentes.

No description available.

Text in Afrikaans / Executions were discontinued during November 1989. In February 1990 the State President announced a moratorium on executions. Since 27 July 1990 the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1990 effected important changes to the substantive law and procedure regarding the death sentence. The "new" death sentence dispensation was applied by the courts and the moratorium would be lifted as soon as the new dispensation became effective. That never materialised. The death sentence issue was dealt with in a game of political compromise. Criminal law and the esteem of the Government suffered as a result. Judicial frustration and uncertainty developed regarding application of the death sentence. The opportunity was seized by the abolitionists to attain their ideal. The Constitutional Court declared the death sentence unconstitutional. Presently a final Constitution is being drafted which will probably finally do away with the death sentence. An effective process of denigration of the death sentence thus resulted from the moratorium on executions. / Teregstellings is gedurende November 1989 gestaak. Op 2 Februarie 1990 het die Staatspresident 'n moratorium op teregstellings afgekondig. Vanaf 27 Julie 1990 het die Strafregwysigingswet, 1990, belangrike verstellings aan die materiele en prosessuele reg met betrekking tot die doodvonnis gemaak. Die "nuwe" doodvonnisbedeling is deur die howe toegepas. Die moratorium sou opgehef word sodra die "nuwe bedeling" op dreef was. Dit het nie gebeur nie. 'n Spel van kornprornie-politiek random die doodvonniskwessie het horn afgespeel. Die strafregpleging en die Regering se aansien het daaronder gely. Regterlike frustrasie het posgevat en regsonsekerheid oar die toepassing van die doodvonnis het ontstaan. Die geleentheid is deur die afskaffers aangegryp om hul ideaal te verwesenlik. Die Konstitusionele Hof het die doodvonnis ongrondwetlik verklaar. Tans word 'n finale Grondwet geskryf wat waarskynlik die doodvonnis gaan afskaf. 'n Effektiewe proses van aftakeling van die doodvonnis het dus sedert die moratorium op teregstellings plaasgevind. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL. M.

Die Nachfrage nach Agrarerzeugnissen gilt als zentrale Ursache für den Verlust weltweit wichtiger Ökosysteme. In Brasilien hat speziell die Ausweitung der Sojaproduktion zur Abholzung tropischer Wälder und Savannen geführt. Zumeist werden neu gerodete Flächen als Rinderweiden genutzt und vormalige Weiden für den Sojaanbau umgewandelt. Diese Entwicklung führt zu der Annahme, dass die Ausweitung der Sojaproduktion indirekt für die Rodung verantwortlich ist. Staatliche Umweltpolitiken und die Selbstverpflichtung der Sojaindustrie haben seit 2004 zu einer Verringerung der Abholzung beigetragen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt die vorliegende Dissertation darauf ab, ein vertieftes Verständnis der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Soja- und Rinderwirtschaft zu erlangen. Im Fokus stehen räumliche und zeitliche Dynamiken von Landnutzung und Landnutzungsverdrängung in Mato Grosso und Pará, einer der dynamischsten Regionen Brasiliens. Für diese Bundesstaaten werden Landnutzung und Landnutzungsverdrängung im regionalen Kontext, auf Grundstücksebene und mithilfe von Szenarien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Strategien zur Verringerung der Abholzung Einfluss auf die Dynamiken der Landnutzung und Landnutzungsverdrängung hatten. Die durch die Ausweitung des Sojaanbaus hervorgerufene Verdrängungsprozesse haben sich nach der Implementierung der Umweltschutzstrategien verringert. Auch die Abholzung auf einzelnen Grundstücken in Mato Grosso ging zurück. Zugleich zeigt die Analyse, dass die Selbstverpflichtung der Sojaindustrie durch indirekte Abholzung teilweise untergraben wird. Die Ergebnisse der Szenarien unterstreichen die regionale Dynamik und speziell die Risiken einer weiteren Ausweitung von Rinderweiden. Insgesamt legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass auf Reduktion der Abholzung abzielende Strategien die Wechselwirkungen von Soja- und Rinderwirtschaft beachten müssen. Dies erfordert eine verstärkte Zusammenarbeit von Rinderwirtschaft, Sojaindustrie und staatlichen Organisationen. / Demands for agricultural commodities are a major threat for some of the most valuable ecosystems in the world. The expansion of the agricultural sector in Brazil, fueled by global demands for soybeans, contributed to the loss of tropical and savanna ecosystems. However, most deforestation was caused by pastures, raising concerns about land use displacement processes between soybean expansion and cattle ranching. Promising, reductions of deforestation were observed following the implementation of governmental strategies and zero-deforestation supply chain commitments. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of soybean expansion and cattle ranching, driving deforestation in one of the most dynamic agricultural expansion and deforestation frontier of Brazil, in Mato Grosso and Pará. In this region, land use displacement describes the conversion of pasture to soybean followed by deforestation for cattle ranching at another location. This process was assessed at regional and property-level. Moreover, scenario analysis was applied to identify regional and subregional dynamics of land use changes. The results indicated that environmental governance affected regional and local land use dynamics and displacement processes. Distal displacement processes between soybean expansion and deforestation were significant, contributing to deforestation, but declined subsequently to the implementation of environmental policies. Likewise, deforestation at property-level declined following the policy implementations. However, the effectiveness of the zero-deforestation supply chain commitment was found to be at risk due to property-level displacement deforestation. Additionally, the scenario analysis emphasized the importance of subregional dynamics and identified risks of future deforestation. Integrating efforts between supply chain (soy and cattle) and governmental actors may be crucial to reduce deforestation in the Amazon.

Text in Afrikaans / Executions were discontinued during November 1989. In February 1990 the State President announced a moratorium on executions. Since 27 July 1990 the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1990 effected important changes to the substantive law and procedure regarding the death sentence. The "new" death sentence dispensation was applied by the courts and the moratorium would be lifted as soon as the new dispensation became effective. That never materialised. The death sentence issue was dealt with in a game of political compromise. Criminal law and the esteem of the Government suffered as a result. Judicial frustration and uncertainty developed regarding application of the death sentence. The opportunity was seized by the abolitionists to attain their ideal. The Constitutional Court declared the death sentence unconstitutional. Presently a final Constitution is being drafted which will probably finally do away with the death sentence. An effective process of denigration of the death sentence thus resulted from the moratorium on executions. / Teregstellings is gedurende November 1989 gestaak. Op 2 Februarie 1990 het die Staatspresident 'n moratorium op teregstellings afgekondig. Vanaf 27 Julie 1990 het die Strafregwysigingswet, 1990, belangrike verstellings aan die materiele en prosessuele reg met betrekking tot die doodvonnis gemaak. Die "nuwe" doodvonnisbedeling is deur die howe toegepas. Die moratorium sou opgehef word sodra die "nuwe bedeling" op dreef was. Dit het nie gebeur nie. 'n Spel van kornprornie-politiek random die doodvonniskwessie het horn afgespeel. Die strafregpleging en die Regering se aansien het daaronder gely. Regterlike frustrasie het posgevat en regsonsekerheid oar die toepassing van die doodvonnis het ontstaan. Die geleentheid is deur die afskaffers aangegryp om hul ideaal te verwesenlik. Die Konstitusionele Hof het die doodvonnis ongrondwetlik verklaar. Tans word 'n finale Grondwet geskryf wat waarskynlik die doodvonnis gaan afskaf. 'n Effektiewe proses van aftakeling van die doodvonnis het dus sedert die moratorium op teregstellings plaasgevind. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.

Spiritual leadership for the church in Africa is facing a crisis. While much of traditional African leadership shares the same basic values found in the Scriptures; modern manifestations of African leadership have been corrupted by various influences. This has resulted in traditional African leadership being grossly misunderstood and culturally unappreciated. Through the use of dialogue between cultures and theologies, and utilizing leadership theory as analytical tools and a frame of reference, this study looks at biblical leadership models, and aims toward a rediscovery, an appreciation, and a mature reappropriation of traditional African leadership values and practices for the African Church. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Silva Fonseca.pdf: 488128 bytes, checksum: 2468cc67904ccd246f43543614d5a03d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-20 / The aim of his paper is to analyze Martin Luther s life, from the psychoanalytic view-point, by studying Erik Erikson s book Young Man Luther , A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. It is a very challenging bibliographic research, due to the amount of material produced up to now on Luther s life. A psycho-biography that aspires developing a profound and comprehensive study of a person whose magnitude of references is so vast is not an easy task. The first chapter s goal is to set up historical-scientific approach of the two protagonists. An exposition of Martin Luther s personal life is detailed firstly, beginning with his parents, reaching his individuality and his relationships with his wife and children. After that, a section will also be dedicated to Erik Erikson s life and thoughts, since he is taken as the point of theoretical reference to this piece of work. The second chapter consists in A Critical Dialogue With Erikson s Theory About Luther, elaborating a critical analysis of Erikson s book, Young Man Luther. This appreciation will be made on basis of the author of this paper s own thoughts, of ideas expressed by Luther himself, and of what other biographers have exhaustively spoken and written about his life. Finally, a critical appreciation and particular conclusions about the main characters will be expressed. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a vida de Martinho Lutero do ponto de vista psicanalítico, através do estudo do livro de Erik Erikson, Young Man Luther, A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. É uma pesquisa bibliográfica muito difícil, devido a quantidade de material produzido até aqui sobre a vida de Lutero. Uma psicobiografia que aspire desenvolver um estudo profundo e compreensível de uma pessoa cuja magnitude de referências é tão vasta, não é uma tarefa fácil. O primeiro capítulo tem como meta fazer uma Aproximação Histórico-Científica dos Dois Protagonistas. Primeiramente será apresentada uma exposição detalhada da vida pessoal de Martinho Lutero, começando pelos seus pais, chegando na individualidade dele, e seu relacionamento com sua esposa e filhos. Depois disto, haverá também uma parte dedicada à vida e pensamento de Erik Erikson, que é o referencial teórico deste trabalho. O segundo capítulo consiste em um Diálogo Crítico Com A Teoria De Erikson Sobre Lutero, elaborando uma análise crítica do livro de Erikson Young Man Luther. Esta apreciação será feita com base em pensamentos próprios do autor desta dissertação, no que o próprio Lutero disse, e no que outros biógrafos falaram e escreveram exaustivamente a respeito de sua vida. Finalmente, uma apreciação crítica, e conclusões pessoais a respeito dos protagonistas.

Spiritual leadership for the church in Africa is facing a crisis. While much of traditional African leadership shares the same basic values found in the Scriptures; modern manifestations of African leadership have been corrupted by various influences. This has resulted in traditional African leadership being grossly misunderstood and culturally unappreciated. Through the use of dialogue between cultures and theologies, and utilizing leadership theory as analytical tools and a frame of reference, this study looks at biblical leadership models, and aims toward a rediscovery, an appreciation, and a mature reappropriation of traditional African leadership values and practices for the African Church. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

We often speak of our society as a consumption society, a label that emerged after World War II. But the consumption society dates back longer than that, and can be deduced as far back as the colonialist era and the rise of luxury goods. One could say that the consumption society is the cultural answer to the transfer of the economy into capitalism as well as a consequence of industrial mass production. Swedes’ consumption habits negatively affect the environment, being part of the wealthiest 20% of the world’s population that stands for more than three-quarters of total private consumption. More and more people consciously change their lifestyle into consuming less. This aversion from the capitalistic consumer society has been around for quite some time but continues to grow stronger. But how does these voluntary non-consumers experience the city that they live in? With major cities today being so focused around an ever-increasing consumption, this study aims to find out how Swedish non-consumers experience the city of Stockholm by the use of qualitative interviews. The empirical result shows that the interviewed non-consumers primarily choose their lifestyle due to environmental concerns, and that they feel that Stockholm is too centered on consumption, not having enough mixed areas, and that they are missing greenery and cultural activities in the city. Non-consumers seem to influence friends and family to adopt a more sustainable consumption habit, something that could be useful for the further development of a more environmentally friendly and sustainable consumption behavior in Sweden. / Vi talar ofta om vårt samhälle som ett konsumtionssamhälle, ett uttryck som dök upp efter andra världskrigets slut. Men konsumtionssamhället är äldre än så och kan härledas till kolonialismen och ökningen av lyxvaror. Man kan säga att dagens konsumtionssamhälle är ett kulturellt svar på omställningen av ekonomin till kapitalism, liksom en konsekvens av den industriella massproduktionen. Svenskar är en del av världspopulationens rikaste 20 %, som står för mer än tre fjärdedelar av total privat konsumtion, vilket har en negativ miljöpåverkan. Fler och fler människor förändrar medvetet sin livsstil till att konsumera mindre. Det här avståndstagandet från det kapitalistiska konsumtionssamhället har funnits länge, men fortsätter att växa sig starkare. Men hur upplever dessa frivilliga icke-konsumenter staden de bor i? Med större städers fokus idag kring en evigt växande konsumtion, syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur svenska icke-konsumenter upplever Stockholm, med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Det empiriska resultatet visar att de intervjuade icke-konsumenterna framförallt valt sin livsstil på grund av miljömedvetenhet, och att de upplever att Stockholm är för centrerat kring konsumtion och inte har tillräckligt med blandområden. De saknar även grönska och kulturella aktiviteter i staden. Icke-konsumenter verkar influera vänner och familj till att välja ett mer hållbart konsumtionsmönster, något som kan vara användbart för en fortsatt utveckling av ett mer miljövänlig och hållbart konsumtionsbeteende i Sverige.