Thesis to Changes in attitudes in education and care in early child development is the analysis of current attitudes and opinions in the concept of motherhood in the generation of mothers and daughters. The theoretical part deals with the educational and developmental aspects of early stages of child development, reflects a shift from authoritarian educational orientation to the humanist conception of education. The empirical part presents results of research probes obtained by questionnaire survey, which was attended by 40 pairs of mothers and their daughters.

Dans cette thèse, la notion d’"interpersonnage" – qui conçoit le personnage dramatique comme un être d’interactions multiples –, permet d’aborder l’étude pluridisciplinaire d’une vaste population de mères dramatiques contemporaines.Les analyses montrent d’abord qu’un certain nombre de mères s’éloignent des stéréotypes existants, et renvoient à des caractères plus complexes, à la charnière entre deux grands types dramatiques : la Mère et la Femme. L’analyse des échanges entre les "interpersonnages" maternels et leurs "constellations" familiales amène à constater la déliquescence de la figure paternelle, le rejet des grands-parents et la fragilisation des relations de voisinage. En revanche, même s’il est fréquemment le lieu de violences et de névroses, le duo mère/enfant demeure indestructible. L’étude des personnages les plus atypiques – mères adoptives, mères porteuses, "pmères" et mères fantomatiques – permet de vérifier la dimension symbolique des mères alternatives, toujours mues par le désir de se relier à un(e) Autre, et souvent étroitement reliées à des traditions mystiques ou profanes.Finalement, la thèse montre qu’au théâtre, l’image de la mère traditionnelle, domestique et dévouée, longtemps perçue comme un être "ahistorique", se trouve concurrencée par d’autres figures maternelles et par d’autres types de liens. Dans une Espagne contemporaine où de rapides évolutions politiques, sociales et scientifiques ébranlent la sacro-sainte "institution maternelle", les mères rejoignent le flot impétueux de la grande Histoire. Le théâtre est témoin de cette "historicisation" de la maternité. / The drama character of the mother is on one hand connected to its surrounding characters in the dramas, – mostly family members –; and is on the other hand linked to many archaic traditions and motherhood stereotypes. Therefore, the concept of “inter-character” (“interpersonnage”) might be a powerful tool for the multidisciplinary study of our selected sample of forty-five mothers in contemporary drama.Some of the mothers we studied do not fit in the Mother stereotypes and rather appear as more complex characters, sitting at the threshold between two classical drama figures: the Mother and the Woman.Studying the interactions between the mother “inter-characters” and their family “web” will shed some light on several phenomena: the decay of the father figure, the rejection of grandparents; and the thinning of the links with neighbors. However, the “mother-child” duo seems to remain unaltered; although often loaded with violence and neurosis.Eventually, the study of the most atypical mothers – adoptive, surrogate, father-like and ghostly –, leads us to take into account their symbolic dimensions. They belong to an ancestral tradition – profane or mystical –, and seem to remain haunted by the urge to connect to mankind.The dramatic representation of the traditional Mother as a dedicated housewife, seemingly a timeless feature, is now losing ground to other representations of mothers and relations. In contemporary Spain, shattered by the rapid political, social and scientific changes of the previously unchallenged “Mother institution”, the mothers are now making History; this evolution is witnessed in Drama.

This study was conducted to investigate norms for motherhood and gender equality among Swedish mothers. The aim was to find if there are differences in how women relate to the norms, how they control impressions they send out, and if there is any conflict regarding these norms. Used theoretical framework was norms in general and impression management. We used a qualitative approach, and conducted interviews with mothers of young children.   The results show that women relate to the norms about the good mother as a norm, feeling guilt and shame, not being able to reach up to all expectations, but also facing sanctions when being too good. On the other hand we find that the Swedish gender equality ideal, aren’t a norm but an ideal and that some women refer to equality in the household as a question of that both should be satisfied. We believe this is a proof of that the Swedish equality has not yet been integrated in the society norms, for our informants. We also find that norms and ideal affect the impression management. Various number of expectations therefore results into a norm conflict for the mother. All together these expectations are unreachable, and results in sanctions of for example guilt and shame. We introduce a new concept to describe all these norms and the norm conflict within the mother; norm conglomeration. Our conclusion are that to be a good mother you must be moderate both related to motherhood norms and ideals of gender equality.

Many of the Harlem Renaissance anthologies and histories of the movement marginalize and omit women writers who played a significant role in it. They neglect to include them because these women worked outside of socially determined domestic roles and wrote texts that portrayed women as main characters rather than as muses for men or supporting characters. The distorted representation of women of the Renaissance will become clearer through the exploration of the following texts: Jessie Fauset’s Plum Bun, Caroline Bond Day’s “Pink Hat,” Dorothy West’s “Mammy,” Angelina Grimke’s Rachel and “Goldie,” and Georgia Douglas Johnson’s A Sunday Morning in the South. In these texts, the themes of passing, motherhood, and lynching are narrated from the consciousness of women, a consciousness that was largely neglected by male writers.

Esta pesquisa investiga as experiências e trajetórias de vida de mulheres africanas e crioulas escravizadas que viveram a gravidez, o parto e a amamentação das crianças senhoriais e de seus próprios filhos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, durante o século XIX. O período situado entre 1830 e 1888 encerrou um amplo processo de transformações das relações escravistas, abrangendo a disseminação da posse de escravizados na cidade até 1850, quando cessou definitivamente o tráfico com a África. A continuidade do regime passou a depender da escravização das filhas e filhos crioulos das mulheres cativas até a promulgação da Lei do Ventre Livre em 1871, que conservou os interesses senhoriais sobre as escravizadas e sobre a força de trabalho de seus filhos, chamados de ingênuos. Integrando-as ao complexo quadro da escravidão urbana e ao processo de mudanças das relações escravistas e de sua superação, esta tese se debruça sobre as vivências das africanas e crioulas com relação à autonomia sexual, à gravidez e aos partos, bem como sobre as práticas de amamentação e cuidado de seus bebês e crianças pequenas escravas, libertas e ingênuas. Procuramos compreender as visões de mundo, as sociabilidades e as estratégias mobilizadas por estas mulheres diante das dificuldades e restrições que o convívio próximo com seus senhores, seus projetos e suas demandas de trabalho destacadamente a ocupação de ama de leite impuseram ao cotidiano da gestação e do parto, e ao cuidado e sobrevivência de seus bebês. Recuperamos suas vivências integrando-as ao mundo social dos livres, cativos e libertos, africanos e descendentes, em laços de parentesco e amizade que constituíram redes de amparo fundamentais para mulheres que viveram a maternidade em embates permanentes com seus senhores e seus interesses. / This dissertation investigates African and creole women\'s life experiences and trajectories regarding pregnancy, labour and breastfeeding of their own children, as well as of those of their masters in the city of Rio de Janeiro between years 1830 and 1888. Over these decades, Brazilian slavery society went through major changes in close connection with the apex of the arrival of African enslaved people and the dissemination of slave-ownership in the city until 1850, when Atlantic trade was effectively terminated. As of then and until the publication of the Free Womb Law, in 1871, the reproduction of slavery depended on the existence of creole sons and daughters of enslaved women. Preserving the rule of masters over these women, as well as over their offspring\'s workforce, the law, however, eliminated the partus sequitur ventrem principle, which guaranteed the continuity of slave-ownership within the Empire. By integrating enslaved women into the complex scenario of urban slavery and the overarching context of transformations in slavery as a whole, this dissertation investigates experiences of sexual autonomy, pregnancy, labour, breastfeeding, and care of slave and freed babies and children born of free wombs. Such dimensions of enslaved women\'s lives are intertwined with their engagement in urban services especially wet nursing as well as with masters\' limited, yet persistent interest in their children. This dissertation aims to grasp enslaved women\'s worldviews and sociability, as well as their daily life strategies to cope with obstacles to pregnancy, labour and childcare created by intensive work routines and close coexistence with their masters. It unravels the importance of kinship and friendship bonds with African or African descent enslaved, freed and free people, with whom enslaved women shared mothering and childcare responsibilities. These social and emotional support networks were vital in their daily struggles with slave-owners and their conflicting interests regarding their bodies and their children.

Cette thèse propose d’éclairer les parcours de femmes, mères et célibataires, qui n’existent pas au regard des statistiques officielles ou plutôt ne devraient pas exister selon les injonctions familiales normatives en Tunisie. Il s’agit d’identifier les différentes conduites individuelles et les stratégies mises en place par ces femmes face à une grossesse prénuptiale. Au-delà des apports de connaissances en socio-démographie sur une population souvent passée sous silence, cette thèse basée sur une analyse quantitative et qualitative se situe à la jonction des dimensions collectives, structurelles et individuelles. L’interprétation des matériaux récoltés portent à la fois sur les différents déterminants sociaux qui mènent ces femmes à la grossesse mais aussi analyse leurs conduites à partir de ces contraintes sans pour autant s’en contenter. Elle ouvre sur une réflexion plus large quant aux formes possibles de recompositions familiales, conjugales et sexuelles en Tunisie. / This Ph.D. research focuses on women who are both mothers and single in Tunisia. Not only is it interesting but also is it challenging to work with them for women bearing the double status of single motherhood are excluded from society. Indeed, whether in Official statistics or mainstream family models, these women are literally "inexistant". The aim here is to identify their individual behaviors and strategies facing premarital pregnancy. Beyond the socio-demographic inputs on a rejected population, this thesis involves questioning their subjective dimensions (feelings, thoughts). This work is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis and is therefore situated at the junction of both structural and individual perspectives. Which social determinants led these women to pregnancy? How did they cope with the related social constraints? These questions open to a broader reflection on models in terms of family, marriage and sexual behavior in Tunisia.

African perspectives of mothering and attachment have only started being explored recently. Conversely there has been extensive research on Western understandings of attachment and mothering from a psychoanalytic perspective. Due to the limited literature, little is known whether psychoanalytic theories can be related to African cultural perspectives of mothering and attachment. This study aimed to understand African grandmothers’ cultural knowledge of mothering and attachment through a psychoanalytic attachment theory perspective. Secondly the study intended to describe the points of convergence and divergence between psychoanalytic concepts of attachment and African grandmothers’ cultural knowledge on mothering. Using a qualitative research design, nine African grandmothers, from different locations in Johannesburg, were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview. The data gathered from the interviews was analysed using aspects of narrative analysis. The findings regarding African grandmother’s cultural descriptions of mothering were on the most part consistent with the literature reviewed. The discrepancies between the participants’ understandings and the psychoanalytic attachment literature arose as a result of the major influence of socio-economic circumstances on their lives as caregivers. Psychoanalytic attachment constructs were present in the participant’s narratives and even though they were not specifically named by the participants, the results suggested they are entrenched in African cultural practices. Thus, from a psychoanalytic attachment theory perspective the research was able to demonstrate the convergences and divergences between psychoanalytic concepts of mothering and African cultural understandings of mothering, thereby illustrating how there is room for dialogue between the two.

Social security of women during pregnancy and maternity and protection of their work Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the security of women during pregnancy and motherhood and the safety of their work. The whole work illustrates the development of social security in the Czech Republic, in particular the current situation of social security with the main focus on pregnant women and parents taking care of their children. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the historical development of social security in the territory of the Czech Republic, in particular the development in the 20 century which is decisive for the current state of social security in the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on the international context of social security. The Czech Republic is a member state of several international organisations whose legislation has a significant impact on our social area. Therefore, this chapter is also devoted to international organisations and international law regulations focused on the social area, in particular on the rights of social security. The third chapter, which is the most extensive, is dedicated to the social security of women during pregnancy and motherhood. It deals with the security arising from both the sickness insurance system and the...

Diversos estudos têm descrito o caráter impactante da doença crônica de uma criança na dinâmica familiar, sobretudo com relação à figura materna. O sofrimento da mãe cuidadora toma proporções vultosas, já que nesta situação estão envolvidas, não apenas a rotina estressante de cuidados, mas, sobretudo, a relação, que instintiva ou socialmente construída, liga uma mãe a seu filho. Fundamentado no campo de conhecimento psicanalítico sobre a teoria da vinculação e apego, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral descrever e analisar a experiência de maternidade das mães na situação de adoecimento crônico do filho, enfatizando sua percepção sobre a sobrecarga emocional vivenciada e a própria qualidade de vida. Para tanto este estudo contou com 21 mães de crianças portadoras de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo (EIM), com envolvimento neurológico grave; acompanhados no Ambulatório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP); de ambos os sexos; com idade até 10 anos; cuja manifestação da doença se deu até os 3 anos de idade da criança e, há, pelo menos, 2 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada em um encontro com cada participante, na seguinte seqüência: entrevista semi-estruturada; aplicação do WHOQOL-Bref e Burden Interview. A análise dos dados combinou métodos quantitativos para os instrumentos psicométricos e o sistema quantitativo-interpretativo para a entrevista. Os dados da entrevista foram relacionados àqueles obtidos pelos instrumentos, no sentido de verificar possíveis relações entre a percepção do vínculo por parte da mãe e as variáveis sobrecarga e qualidade de vida. Constatou-se: intenso sofrimento, vivenciado pelas mães, em decorrência do adoecimento da criança e de sua dependência, do aumento da possibilidade de morte, incerteza quanto ao desenvolvimento do filho e preconceito das outras pessoas; modificação na relação com o filho, na rotina diária, lazer, vida ocupacional, conjugal e social. Há interferência na qualidade de vida das mães, sobretudo no âmbito dos relacionamentos sociais, bem como vivência de sobrecarga emocional, expressa de maneira contraditória. Pode-se concluir quão dinâmica e conflitiva se faz a vivência de maternidade no contexto de adoecimento da criança por EIM, remetendo a importância do desenvolvimento de intervenções terapêuticas sensíveis às características e necessidades específicas desta população, bem como a colaboração para o desenvolvimento de serviços de saúde mais preparados para lidar com as famílias destas crianças e, mais especificamente, com suas mães. / The impactive character of chronic diseases in children on family dynamics, particularly with respect to the maternal figure has been described in several studies. The suffering of the care giving mother assumes unusual proportions since it involves not just the stressful care routine but, especially the relationship, instinctive or socially constructed bonding a mother to her child. Based on psychoanalytic knowledge about the bonding and attachment theory, this study aims to describe and analyze the motherhood experience in women with children ill with chronic disease, emphasizing their perception about the experienced emotional burden and the very quality of life. This study included 21 mothers of children showing Inborn Errors of Metabolism (EIM), with serious neurological involvement, seen at the Outpatient Clinic of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP). The children were of both sexes, up to 10 years old, the onset of illness occurred before they were 3 years old and at least of 2 years duration. The data collection was performed in one meeting with each participant, following the sequence: semi-structured interview; application of the WHOQOL-Bref and Burden Interview. Data analyses combined quantitative methods for the psychometric instruments and the quantitative-interpretative system for the interview. Interview data were related to that obtained by the instruments, to check possible relations between the perception of bonds by the mother and the variables burden and quality of life. The results indicated intense mother suffering due to disease and dependence of the child, the increased possibility of death, the uncertainty about the future and prejudice of people. Changes in the relationship with the child, in the daily routine, leisure, occupational, conjugal and social life were also distressing situations. Interference in the quality of life of the mother is evident especially in the context of social relations and in the contradictory way of expressing emotional burdens. The conclusion of how dynamic and conflicting is the experience of motherhood of IEM children remits to the importance of developing therapeutic interventions sensitive to the specific characteristics and needs of this population. Particularly, the development of health services more prepared to deal with the families of these children and, more specifically, with their mothers.

Atualmente nos deparamos com um grande número de mulheres que apresentaram transtornos mentais após o nascimento de seu bebê, durante o período do puerpério. Trata-se de uma situação que pode trazer importantes consequências, como o prejuízo do desenvolvimento do bebê ocasionado a partir de uma relação mãe-bebê prejudicada, uma vez que a constituição do sujeito passa pelas primeiras experiências que ele tem com seu primeiro objeto, a figura materna. O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender o processo de constituição da maternidade dentro de sua articulação com a constituição de sujeito e da feminilidade em mulheres que apresentaram transtornos mentais no puerpério, assim como as questões que possam ter contribuído para o desencadeamento desses transtornos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa clínica, na qual se utilizou o método psicanalítico para a análise do material, que foi obtido por meio de sessões de psicoterapia com duas mulheres atendidas com essa questão pelo período de quase dois anos em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. A análise do material clínico mostrou que há uma intensa ambivalência na relação dessas pacientes com suas mães, marcada pelos sentimentos de amor e ódio, sendo que, na realidade psíquica das pacientes, há uma grande hostilidade por parte da mãe. Há uma intrusão materna que se configura como excesso, sendo o excesso entendido aqui como uma violência operada pelo discurso materno, que compreendemos a partir das concepções de Piera Aulagnier. Dentro dessa relação marcada pela ambivalência e principalmente pela violência, que deixaram profundas marcas no psiquismo das pacientes, houve uma frágil constituição de sujeito e de feminilidade, o que acabou provocando o desencadeamento dos transtornos mentais a propósito do nascimento de seus filhos, da constituição de suas maternidades, momento em que há uma identificação maior com a figura materna. Trabalhamos a questão do matricídio enquanto uma separação da mãe na vida psíquica, concepção trazida por Danièle Brun, que, também podemos entender como um desfusionamento do corpo materno, um processo necessário para que a filha possa adquirir autonomia em relação à mãe e caminhar rumo a sua feminilidade, poder ser mulher, adulta, mãe. O masoquismo também foi encontrado nas pacientes e compreendemos esse masoquismo como o elaborado por Claude Le Guen, como uma defesa da menina contra essa ambivalência que ela encontra nas suas relações com o objeto materno, uma forma de ela preservar o objeto, voltando a agressividade para si, ao mesmo tempo em que recebe um maior investimento objetal, ao mostrar-se mais dócil. Consideramos que para as mulheres deste estudo o processo psicoterápico pôde proporcionar a oportunidade de que questões que não podiam ser sequer pensadas, como a violência e intrusão materna, o desejo de matricídio, infanticídio, pudessem ser elaboradas e inseridas em uma rede de representações psíquicas, dando significados e ajudando as pacientes a entenderem o processo que estavam vivenciando, podendo trabalhar essas questões, elaborar a experiência da maternidade e tudo o que ela abarcava / Nowadays we come across a large number of women that presented mental disorders after the birth of their babies, during the puerperium period. This is a situation that can produce important consequences, such as impairment of the babys development originating from an impaired mother-baby relationship, as the constitution of the subject has its first experiences with its first object, the maternal figure. This study aims to comprehend the motherhood formation process within its collaboration with the constitution of subject and of femininity in women that presented mental disorders in puerperium, besides the issues that might have contributed toward the triggering of these disorders. It consists of a clinical survey, in which the psychoanalytical method was used for analysis of the material, obtained by means of psychotherapy sessions with two women attended with this condition for almost two years in a Basic Healthcare Unit. The clinical material analysis showed intense ambivalence in these patients relationship with their mothers, marked by feelings of love and hate, whereas in the psychic reality of the patients, there is great hostility felt by the mother. There is maternal intrusion in the form of excess, understood as a form of violence produced by maternal discourse, which we comprehend based on the conceptions of Piera Aulagnier. Within this relationship characterized by ambivalence and particularly by violence, which have left profound marks on the patients psyche, there was weak constitution of subject and of femininity, which ended up provoking the triggering of the mental disorders concerning the birth of their children, the formation of their motherhoods, a time when there is greater identification with the maternal figure. We worked on the issue of matricide as a separation from the mother in psychic life, a conception brought by Danièle Brun, which we can also understand as a splitting of the maternal body, a necessary process for the daughter to be able to acquire autonomy in relation to the mother and to move toward her femininity, toward being a woman, an adult, a mother. Masochism was also found in the patients and we comprehend this masochism as that elaborated by Claude Le Guen, as a defense of the girl against this ambivalence that she encounters in her relationships with the maternal object, a means of preserving the object, focusing the aggressiveness on herself, at the same time as she receives a greater objectal investment, by appearing more docile. We consider that for the women from this study the psychotherapeutic process was able to provide the opportunity for issues that could not even be thought about, such as violence and maternal intrusion, the will to commit matricide or infanticide, to be elaborated and included in a network of psychic representations, providing meanings and helping the patients understand the process that they were experiencing, with the ability to work on these issues, prepare the experience of motherhood and everything that it involved