[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o Programa de Regionalização da Merenda Escolar – Preme – instituído em 2009 no Estado do Amazonas, com o objetivo de implementar um dos aspectos centrais preconizados pela Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional – Losan, de 2003: a regionalização da alimentação como mecanismo para garantir uma alimentação adequada. O que se busca é conhecer em que medida este Programa, enquanto uma política pública, se alinha aos fundamentos do conceito direito humano à alimentação adequada (DHAA). A pesquisa de campo se concentra no município de Presidente Figueiredo, AM no qual já há um histórico construído de implementação do Preme. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o trabalho de pesquisa de campo se construiu a partir de uma ferramenta de análise desenvolvida pelo Consea em 2009. Este documento, ainda de circulação restrita, se intitula Guia para Análise de Políticas e Programas Públicos de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional sob a Perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos e sua utilização foi autorizada de maneira a que se realizasse um piloto de avaliação do Preme/AM e do próprio Guia. Os achados da pesquisa apontam para o fato de que permanece a necessidade de fortalecimento da Comissão de Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada para que esta possa dar subsídios ao Preme na perspectiva da incorporação do DHAA. Pela mesma razão, há que se criar os conselhos de segurança alimentar e nutricional nos municípios que ainda não o tem, e fortalecer nos municípios que já os tenham criado. / [en] The present work deals with the PREME, a governmental program for school meals at regional level, with focus on the Amazon state, since 2009. The goal of this program is to increment the use of regional staples in the preparation of the school lunch in order to guarantee the so called human right to an adequate nourishment and nutrition (DHAA). This concept is put forward by the LOSAN (Organic Law for Nourishment and Nutrition Security) since 2003. The purpose of this study is to know how far the concept DHAA is understood by, and implemented through, this program. The research is concentrated at the Presidente Figueiredo, AM county, which already implemented actions of the PREME. In terms of methodology, the fieldwork used as an instrument a guide produced in 2009 by the CONSEA (National Council for Nourishment and Nutrition Security). The document, entitled A Guide for the Analyses of Policies and Programs Related to Nourishment and Nutritional Security in the Perspective of the Human Rights is still classified and its utilization on this research was authorized as a pilot for evaluating the PREME/AM and the guide itself. The final considerations point out the necessity of permanent empowerment of the Commission for the Human Right to an Adequate Nourishment as a mean to provide support to the PREME in the perspective of acquiring DHAA. Furthermore, it is indicated the necessity of the creation of the equivalent councils at county level.

Magister Legum - LLM / The prominent role of cities in contemporary developing countries, especially in South Africa, purposively cannot be overstated. Home to 40 per cent of South Africa’s population and accounting for 63 per cent of the national gross domestic product (GDP), cities, in the words of the former Minister of Finance Malusi Gigaba, ‘are at heart of the national economy.’ Yet, despite being at the epicentre of the national economy, cities in the form of metropolitan municipalities (Category A), also known as ‘self-standing municipalities', face a significant mismatch between their expenditure responsibilities and revenue sources.5 Not unique to South African cities, this mismatch, notoriously known as the ‘fiscal gap’ or ‘fiscal imbalance’, arises when own revenue sources such as, property rates, user charges, levies and other taxes available to cities, are inadequate to meet their expenditures.

A critical evaluation of developmental local government in the City of Johannesburg, 2001-2005 is a qualitative analysis drawn from participation in setting, interviews and primary and secondary sources. It notes that the notion of developmental local government is drawn from a wide range of discourses such as developmentalism, decentralised local government, public management, governance, urban fragmentation and integration and sustainable development. The study takes the view that the notion of developmental local government would be more concisely conceptualised in terms of and as a confluence of the concepts of good governance, urban integration and sustainable development. These concepts are used to frame and critically analyse the practise of developmental local government in the City of Johannesburg between 2001-2005. The overall conclusion of the study is that the City of Johannesburg has embraced developmental local government between 2001-2005, albeit with some deficiencies, mainly relating to the gap between policy and implementation.

Under en senare tid har det uppkommit en ökad press på politiskt styrda organisationer däribland kommuner att bli mer flexibla och hitta nya arbetssätt. Med en förhöjd projektifiering och ökad effektivitet som en strävan av detta, har det skapat organisatoriska spänningar i kommunala projekt. Här har det agila arbetssättet i projekt växt fram och ses som en potentiell lösning och ett nytt arbetssätt i projekt för en kommunal verksamhet. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur projekt bedrivs i en kommunal verksamhet och med frågeställningarna hur förhåller sig det agila arbetssättet i projekt på en kommunalnivå och hur förhåller sig projekt till den politiska styrningen. För att kunna besvara dessa har det utförts semistrukturerade intervjuer med projektledare från olika kommuner, med totalt sex respondenter. Det insamlade materialet har sedan kodats genom en tematisk analys. Det konstateras att projekt som bedrivs i kommunal regi behöver förhålla sig till bland annat politisk styrning, lagar och ramverk. Resultat belyser även att det sker förändringar under projektens gång i kommunala projekt, vilket är en belastning. Resultatet indikerar också på att ett agilt arbetssätt skulle kunna förbättra med snabbare hantering av förändringar i projekt. Det agila arbetssättet skulle dessutom fungera i mindre kommuner eftersom resultatet indikerar på att projekten som bedrivs i mindre kommuner inte är av samma omfattning, budget och tidsram vilket passar det agila arbetssättet. / More recently, there has been increased pressure on politically controlled organizations, including municipalities, to become more flexible and find new ways of working. With increased projectification and an increased efficiency as an endeavour for this, it has created organizational tensions in municipal projects. Here, the agile working method in projects has emerged and is seen as a potential solution and a new way of working in projects for a municipal activity. The purpose of this study has been to investigate how projects are conducted in a municipal activity and with the issues, how does the agile working method relate to projects at a municipal level and how does the project relate to political governance. In order to be able to answer these, semi-structured interviews were conducted with project managers from different municipalities, with a total of six respondents. The collected material has then been coded through a thematic analysis. It is stated that projects carried out in the municipal area need to relate to, among other things, political governance, laws and frameworks. Results also illustrate that there are changes during the course of the projects in municipal projects, which is a burden. The result also indicates that an agile way of working could improve with faster handling of changes in projects. The agile way of working would also work in smaller municipalities because the result indicates that the projects conducted in smaller municipalities are not of the same scope, budget and timeframe, which suits the agile working method.

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine segregation in the three Swedish municipalities of Uppsala, Gävle and Värmdö. The study attempts to describe the current situation in regards to segregation in the chosen municipalities, the reasons for this and what the municipalities can do to prevent further segregation. In an attempt to find answer to these questions, a literature study has been done and three semi structured interviews with planners working for the municipalities in question. The study shows that different socio economic groups are indeed spatially clustered and a big reason for this is historic decisions in regard to large scale planning and Sweden’s historic housing policies. The interviews show that there are many possible tools for a planner to use when trying to decrease segregation. A large focus is put on creating mixed types of housing in each part of the city and municipality. Creating places for social interaction and good communications are also an important part according to all interviewees. The challenges faced by the planners are lack of economic incentive, the limitations of the planning system and preferences of the population.

This thesis is examining the barriers that exists in the implementation of the Swedish governments broadband policy. It examines eleven municipalities in the Swedish county Östergötland and how they handle the implementation of the broadband policy. It answers three questions, what barriers exist, how do they handle them, and why do different municipalities handle barriers differently. To answer the questions, interviews with people who are in charge or knows the most about the implementation process in each municipality were conducted. There answers were analyst with an implementation analysis with focus on internal and external factors that can impact the implementation process. The answer to the thesis first question was that two types of barriers were most prominent in the implementation process, economical and collaborative barriers. In the two barriers the internal and external factors were analysed with an analysis model that provided the tools to answer the thesis second and third questions.The conclusions of the thesis are that the two most prominent barriers in the implementation process of the Swedish broadband policy are economical and collaborative barriers. The municipalities handle these barriers differently and that mainly depends on the municipalities different approach to how they can or if they want to handle the barriers.

The aim of this essay is to study population change in tourism intensive mountain municipalities. Then to investigate whether center displacement takes place from the municipality center to the area with growing tourism. Areas of growing tourism have in this study been delimited to ski resorts. To answer the study’s purpose and questions, both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used. Population statistics have been used to explain population change in Swedish mountain municipalities. Population statistics showed that there are four mountain municipalities that have a shrinking population in the municipality and in the municipality center, while there is a ski resort with population growth in the municipality. These mountain municipalities are Dorotea, Malung-Sälen, Storuman and Härjedalen. Interviews with officials from these municipalities have been used as a complement to analyze the findings from the population statistics. The result of the interviews shows that the ski resorts have characteristics of being so-called ‘center’ with reference to the center-periphery model. At the same time, it also appears that the informants do not think that it is possible to talk about any tourism-driven center displacement. At least not with regard to public service. The municipality house will be remain located where it is today. Based on the given results, this essay conclude that ski resorts should be regarded as commercial centers and that the municipality center is the public center. From this aspect this study also conclude that there is possible to talk about a patriell center displacement from the municipality center to the ski resorts. Which, based on this study, is explained as commercial. The study also conclude that the commercial supply is dependent on the tourist visitors and those who work on the ski resorts, where the result shows that much of those who live in the ski resorts work in the touristindustry. In this way, the commercial center displacement also becomes tourism-driven.

O presente estudo tem o propósito de estudar a incidência da sífilis em um município de pequeno porte, localizado no interior do Estado de São Paulo, como cenário de pesquisa para uma realidade que acomete todo o país. Sua análise metodológica foi baseada em entrevistas realizadas com os profissionais de saúde responsáveis pelo cuidado a pacientes com sífilis adquirida, sífilis em gestante (SG) e sífilis congênita (SC) sobre suas percepções profissionais desta Infecção Sexualmente Transmissível (IST). Realizou-se também uma análise aos bancos de dados do governo os quais dispõe de indicadores sobre a incidência da SG e SC no município de estudo e municípios próximos que pertencem a sua regional de saúde. Os resultados sugeriram que o município de Cajobi-SP (local de estudo) e municípios circunvizinhos apresentam subnotificação dos casos potenciais, se comparados as taxas apresentadas por municípios como São Paulo, Campinas e Barretos. Observou-se que a prescrição do tratamento a pacientes com sífilis estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS) não atingem mesmo os casos notificados. Acredita-se que há falhas no controle fidedigno de notificações, o que configura subnotificação, bem como na assistência pré-natal. Os dados coletados no banco de dados de indicadores demonstrou que os munícipios da região, em sua grande prevalência não possuem o número de notificações correspondentes ao seu número populacional, o que também aponta para a subnotificação. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que investimentos direcionados a essa situação pelo MS são inadequados e insuficientes. Uma avaliação urgente da situação deve ser realizada para acionar planos que busquem resolver este problema, incluindo uma qualificação técnica de qualidade para equipes técnicas de referência e da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). / This Research has aims to study the incidence of syphilis in a small county located in the interior of the State of São Paulo, as a research setting for a reality that affects the whole country. Methodological analysis was based on interviews with health professionals responsible for the care of patients with syphilis, syphilis in pregnant women (SG) and congenital syphilis (SC) on their professional perceptions of this Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). An analysis was made of government databases which provides indicators on the incidence of SG and SC in the studied city and in nearby municipalities what belongs to the same regional health. The results imply that the city of Cajobi-SP (study site) and the surrounding municipalities have potential underreporting of cases when compared to the rates presented by municipalities such as São Paulo, Campinas and Barretos. It was observed that the treatment prescription to patients with syphilis determined by the Ministry of Health (MS) really do not reach the reported cases. It is believed that there are faults in the Control Trusted Notifications what constitutes underreporting as well as prenatal care. The data collected in the database of indicators showed that the municipalities of the region in their high prevalence do not have the number of notifications corresponding to their population numbers, which also points to underreporting. Therefore, we conclude that investments directed to this situation by the Ministry of Health are inadequate and insufficient. An urgent assessment of the situation must be carried out to trigger plans that seek to solve this problem, including a quality technical qualification for technical reference teams and the Family Health Strategy (ESF).

Esta dissertação trata do estudo da volatilidade eleitoral nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras no período de 1989 a 2006 na escala dos municípios brasileiros. Foi calculada a volatilidade eleitoral em quatro períodos: 1989/1994, 1994/1998, 1998/2002 e 2002/2006. Os cálculos foram feitos por meio do índice de volatilidade entre blocos de partidos (Bartolini e Mair 1990). A geografia eleitoral da volatilidade eleitoral municipal desses períodos é apresentada através de tabelas e mapas. Os municípios brasileiros são Identificados e classificados em cinco grupos pelo número de vezes em que eles apresentaram taxas altas de volatilidade no período de 1989 a 2006. Por fim é analisada a possível correlação entre essa classificação e algumas variáveis socioeconômicas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que altas taxas de volatilidade eleitoral durante as eleições presidenciais nos municípios brasileiros estiveram correlacionadas a índices baixos de condição de vida e educacionais. / This dissertation is on the electoral volatility in Brazilian presidential elections between 1989 and 2006 on Brazilian municipalities scale. The electoral volatility of four periods was calculated: 1989/1994, 1994/1998, 1998/2002, and 2002/2006. The calculations were made using the inter-bloc volatility index (Bartolini and Mair, 1990). The electoral geography of municipal electoral volatility is presented through maps and tables. The Brazilian municipalities were identified and classified into five groups according to the incidence of high volatility in the period 1989 to 2006. Finally, there is an analysis of the possible correlation between this classification and some socioeconomic variables. The results indicate that high rates of electoral volatility during presidential elections in Brazilian municipalities were correlated with low rates of education and life condition.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como o processo de planejamento estratégico ocorre nos municípios brasileiros? Seus objetivos específicos incluem conhecer a evolução dos conceitos gerais do estudo a partir da realização de um estudo bibliométrico, analisar como o processo de planejamento estratégico proposto por Poister e Streib dialoga com a realidade brasileira, identificar as particularidades das práticas de planejamento estratégico adotadas nos municípios estudados e compreender como elas afetam o seu planejamento. Dessa forma, o estudo incluiu uma investigação bibliométrica com o intuito de identificar como o planejamento estratégico no setor público tem sido abordado no âmbito acadêmico e um estudo de caso de dois municípios brasileiros: Porto Alegre, capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e Sorocaba, cidade de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo. Apresentados os dados coletados a partir de entrevistas, visitas a sites, leitura de documentos e interpretação de legislações diversas, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa buscando responder aos objetivos da pesquisa. Tal análise foi feita de forma comparativa entre os dois municípios e também à luz do referencial teórico apresentado ao longo da pesquisa. Após a apresentação e a análise dos casos, verificou-se que a pesquisa conseguiu responder ao problema proposto de entender como o processo de planejamento estratégico ocorre nos municípios brasileiros. Ao analisar as práticas de planejamento estratégico adotadas nos municípios estudados, pudemos compreender como certas particularidades afetam o planejamento estratégico e determinam seu foco. Com a análise feita, a percepção, por parte da autora da pesquisa, é que o papel das lideranças (prefeitos, vice-prefeitos e secretários) é um dos principais fatores para o sucesso de um planejamento estratégico, bem como dos funcionários de níveis hierárquicos inferiores. Ao comparar o referencial teórico com os casos analisados, foi possível afirmar que os processos de planejamento estratégico dos municípios analisados, mesmo quando não atendem a todos os requisitos, se preocupam ou se preocuparam com todos os itens das variáveis propostas pelos autores supracitados. / The present work had as its main goal responding to the following research problem: How does the process of strategic planning happen in Brazilian municipalities? Its specific goals include knowing the evolution of the study\'s general concepts by carrying out a bibliometric study, analyzing how the process of strategic planning proposed by Poister and Streib converses with the Brazilian reality, identifying the particular features of the strategic planning practices adopted in the municipalities studied and understanding how they affect their planning. The study hence includes a bibliometric investigation with a view to identifying how strategic planning in the public segment has been approached in the academic environment and a case study concerning two Brazilian municipalities: Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Sorocaba, a large city in the state of São Paulo. After presenting the data collected from interviews, visits to websites, reading of documents and interpretation of various laws, a qualitative analysis was performed, in order to answer this research\'s goals. This analysis was carried out comparing the two municipalities, in the light of the theoretical background presented throughout. After the presentation and analysis of the cases, it was verified that this research managed to respond to the problem proposed, i.e. understanding how the process of strategic planning takes place in Brazilian municipalities. When analyzing strategic planning practices adopted in the municipalities studied, it was possible to understand how certain particularities affect strategic planning and determine its focus. When the analysis was concluded, the perception of the author is that the role of leaderships (mayors, vice-mayors and secretaries) is one of the main factors for the success of strategic planning, as well as that of employees in lower hierarchical levels. Comparing the theoretical background with the cases analyzed made it possible to affirm that the processes of strategic planning in the municipalities studied, even when they did not meet all criteria, are (or were) concerned with all the items of the variables proposed by the aforementioned authors.