Archived data was utilized for the present study which examined self-injurious behaviors in a college population. College students, who engage in non-suicidal self-injury, or NSSI, were expected to evidence a higher knowledge base for the behavior than those who do not. The demographic variables of gender and sexual orientation were predicted to be over represented in the NSSI group. Further, this study examines the perceived riskiness of the behavior in individuals who self-injure, as well as their perceptions of others who engage in NSSI. The survey consisted of four sections: demographics, knowledge ofNSSI, experience with NSSI, and perceptions ofNSSI. Individuals who engage in or have a history of NSSI evidence a higher mean score or better knowledge of the behavior than those who do not. The NSSI population evidences disproportionate numbers of females and individuals with gay, lesbian, and questioning sexual orientations. Further, when examining the perceived riskiness of self-injury, the NSSI group views the behavior as less risky than the non self-injury group. Results are discussed in relation to the need for accurate knowledge about NSSI and additional research directions.

Author: Madeleine Ahlström and Hanna Puonti Title: To meet the invisible population - A qualitative study of men with deliberate self-injury [Att möta de osynliga - En kvalitativ studie om killar med självskadebeteende] Supervisor: Anders Östnäs Assessor: Jan Petersson   This study aims to provide a picture of the underlying causes why men deliberately hurt themselves. It also aims to provide a picture revolving how men self-harm and what the direct effects are from their self-harm. The study describes their behaviour and how the behaviour has evolved over time. There is also a focus in the study to illustrate how society´s operative approach towards men makes their self-harm invisible, and make them an invisible population that neither the scientists nor the general population chooses to see. Self-injury is strongly associated with girls and their way of harming themselves. Men have been excluded from studies of self-injury, also have there been very few scientists that found them of interest to study.   This is a study with a qualitative approach wich executed eight semi-structured interviews with men who have had a behavior of self-injury. The study takes on a hermeneutic approach to knowledge, to have the possibility to interpret in the analysis of the empirics. To analyse the data we have used a qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004). The results has been analysed by Antonovsky´s (2005) KASAM theory. The study has found that men have a self-injury that is multifaceted. The men in the study use different behaviours to manage various emotional factors that affect them. Deliberate self-injurious behaviours become a coping strategy for the men when they didn’t have other strategies to cope with when their faced difficulties.

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<p>RÉSUMÉ</p><p>Au Sénégal, on estime que 28% des femmes sont victimes de MSF et les Diolas sont une des ethnies au Sénégal qui pratique cette tradition. Dans ce mémoire, j’ai l’intention en premier de comprendre et d’interpréter les raisons qui justifient, selon les Diolas, cette pratique par la méthode d’abduction et selon la théorie du néo-institutionnalisme. Mon intention en second lieu est de comprendre les éléments de la prétendue diminution de cette pratique dans certaines zones chez les Diolas. Je veux aussi comprendre le rôle de l’ONG Tostan dans la réduction de ce phénomène. Pour réaliser mon projet d’étude, j’ai fait mon étude de terrain dans deux villages au sud du Sénégal.</p><p>Le résultat que j’ai obtenu est que les Diolas prennent les MSF comme étant la première phase, c'est-à-dire la première partie du cycle d’initiation d’une femme. Une fille ne peut pas entrer dans la deuxième partie de son cycle d’initiation qui est une partie essentielle pour réussir dans la société Diolas si elle ne passe pas la première partie grâce aux MSF. En plus, j’ai compris que les raisons principales pour justifier cette pratique sont que les Diolas pensent que c’est une recommandation islamique. Donc, la pratique des MSF est venue avec l’islamisation.</p><p>Après les programmes habituels de Tostan dans les villages, les deux villages de mon étude de cas ont fait leur déclaration publique contre les MSF. Selon les villageoises, dans le premier village, le rôle de Tostan est qu’elle les avait aidées à sensibiliser et à stabiliser le village dans l’abandon de la pratique. Mais il faut souligner que le procès d’abandon avait déjà commencé avant l’arrivée de Tostan. Je trouve qu’il y avait des éléments nécessaires pour cesser la pratique qui a existé dans le village avant l’arrivée de Tostan qui a facilité le choix de vraiment laisser la pratique.</p><p>Le deuxième village témoigne de l’importance de Tostan et affirme que sans Tostan, le village n’aurait pas abandonné la pratique des MSF. En même temps, il y a des indicateurs qui montrent que tous les habitants du village n’ont pas cessé la pratique.</p><p>Une remarque inattendue est que la norme féminine est sous transformation. Aujourd’hui, les femmes non excisées sont mieux considérées que les femmes excisées par toute la société dans les villages de cas de cette étude. Une autre observation intéressante est que les villageoises témoignent que les jeunes femmes étaient les plus difficiles à convaincre d’abandonner la MSF contrairement aux femmes plus âgées alors que se sont elles, qui peuvent fondamentalement réclamer d’avoir été préjudiciées a cause de nous au Nord, il est normalement difficile de moduler les différentes traditions à cause des anciennes générations au sein de la société.</p> / <p>An estimated 28% of Senegalese women are victims to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The Jola tribe in Senegal is one of the ethnics that practice this tradition. In this thesis, I have the intention to interpret and try to understand the reasons the Jolas have to justify this practice. This will be made by an abdication method with the help of the New Institutional Theory. My purpose is furthermore to understand why the practice of FGM has reduced in some Jola-zones. Furthermore, I would like to comprehend the role of the NGO Tostan in the reduction process. To fulfil my intentions, I have made a Minor Field Study of two case studies conducted in two villages in the south of Senegal.</p><p>The result of this thesis is that the Jolas use FGM as the first phase of the women’s initiation cycle. A girl is not allowed to enter the second phase of her initiation cycle, which is an essential step in order to succeed in the Jolas society, if she has not already passed the first phase. I have understood that the main reason to justify the practice is that the Jolas think that FGM is an Islamic decree. This signifies that the practice of FGM has come to the Jolas with the Islamization.</p><p>After conducting ordinary programs of Tostan in the villages, both case villages have made an official declaration against FGM. According to the villagers in the first village, the role of Tostan was to help them be aware and stabilise so that they could implement the declaration. It is important to stress that the process of abandoning the practice had already started before the intervention of Tostan in this village. This study shows that there already existed certain important elements in the village that had facilitated the work of Tostan.</p><p>The second village confirmed the importance of Tostan and affirmed that they would not have abandoned the practice without the intervention of Tostan. On the other hand, I found indications which show that all the habitants of the village have not yet abandoned the practice.</p><p>One unexpected observation that I achieved to track during my fieldwork is that the female norm is under transformation. Today, the non-circumcised women are considered more attractive than circumcised women. Another interesting observation is that the villagers claimed that it is actually more complicated to convince the younger female generations to abandon the practice of FGM, and not the elder females, which basically can be claimed to be the prejudice we carry with us from the North, when talking about different traditions which are difficult to change because of the old generations in a society.</p>

This thesis explores new ideas for the foundations for state violence in Iraq by looking specifically at the outbreaks of spectacular violence during the Qasim Era (1958-1963). In order to frame the discussion, this study looks first at how the British established a model for state violence during the Monarchy period (1921-1958), which eventually both validated and radicalized the opposition parties. The second chapter examines the violence of the everyday in Iraq, and how the spectacular violence of the Qasim Era finds historical context within everyday violence and ritual. In the final chapter, this thesis discusses how the radicalized violence of the opposition parties melded with the violence of the everyday to create spectacular acts of ritualized violence. After the coup d’état of 8 February 1963, the Ba’ath Party institutionalized this radical new brand of violence, creating a foundation for the state violence to come under Saddam Hussein. This violence was experienced only by the Iraqi Communists at first, but was later experienced by the whole nation. / text

It is not an everyday event for an artwork in a museum or gallery to be harmed deliberately by a member of the public. Such acts of iconoclasm do occur more regularly than many people might assume though, and when attacks take place the repercussions can be serious. This thesis examines the ways in which cultural institutions react to this phenomenon, investigating how responses could be improved to tackle it more effectively. The first chapter establishes the context to the discussion by categorising and rationalising the various motives behind iconoclastic crimes. The next chapter concentrates on historical trends of response, using the case of the suffragette iconoclasts to illuminate reactions from across society, before assessing the effects of their endurance. The third chapter broaches new ground in the field of prevention by exploring the access and education approach: a means of forestalling destructive compulsions among the public by promoting engagement with cultural institutions and works of art. The fourth chapter looks at security enhancement: the more traditional answer to iconoclastic offences. It evaluates the options open to museums from a defensive standpoint, but it also discusses the wider impact of implementation on accessibility. The final chapter presents the findings of a postal survey of 250 British museums and galleries undertaken in 2006. The purpose of the survey was to gauge the current nature and extent of the problem, and to determine how contemporary museum professionals deal with it. Although some cultural institutions respond to iconoclasm with considered, sustainable and effective tactics, others would be wise to revise their conduct. This thesis concludes that while instances of iconoclasm will never be eradicated from galleries completely, the threat could be curbed significantly if the museum sector was to make a concerted effort to study its own responses and introduce necessary changes.

The study, “Between honor and shame: Martyrdom in 2 Maccabees 6-7 within the socio-cultural arena”, presents a look at how the community viewed martyrdom in 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42 from the perspective of honor and shame. The chief objective is to determine whether or not the community supported or challenged the notion of the martyrs’ death being either honorable or shameful. In order to reach a satisfactory conclusion to this objective, this study set as goals the identification of key themes which shed light upon the views of the community in regard to the martyrs, as well as the investigation of the community’s understanding of honor and shame found in 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42. This study incorporates a contextual analytical method comprising of an analysis of sociocultural vocabulary, an analysis of the socio-cultural vocabulary within the Greek text of 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42 and a synthesis of the analysis of both the socio-cultural and the Greek context. As criteria for the study of the socio-cultural context the aspects of sacred-profane, pure-impure, the patron-client relationship and the relationship between individual and group(s) are implemented. Core-findings of this study may be divided into two main categories: evidence in defence of an honorable conduct during death, and evidence in defence of the dishonorable manner of death. Evidence in defence of honorable conduct during death, are: • The martyrs remain completely loyal and devoted to God (their Chief-Patron), His laws and • the customs of the forefathers. • They are portrayed as being bodily whole. • They safeguard their set-apartness. • They remain pure – especially in the ritualistic sense. • As individuals belonging to the collected identity of various groups, the martyrs prove themselves loyal and honorable. Evidence in defence for the dishonorable manner in which the martyrs die, are: • Torture was deemed disgraceful by the community and would therefore degrade honor. • Mutilation went into the very fabric of the wholeness of the body by destroying the bodily unity, thereby disqualifying a person to come into the realm of the sacred. • Certain members of the community would regard the martyrs’ rejection of the lesser patrons’ favor as disrespectful and therefore as dishonorable conduct. Despite this evidence, it is still found that the community could remain undecided on how to judge the martyrs and martyrdom. Therefore, it is proposed, and successfully implemented, that an emotional argument might be the key to tipping the scale toward viewing the martyrs and martyrdom as honorable. It must therefore be concluded that the community would have indeed challenged the notion of martyrdom being honorable, for torture and mutilations in themselves, were regarded as being disgraceful. Yet the community would have been persuaded to accept the honor of the martyrs because of their honorable conduct and the emotional appeal made by the author of Maccabees. / Thesis (MA (Greek))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Family Studies and Social Work, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-27).

Contexto: Pouco se sabe a respeito da prevalência e correlatos de autolesão deliberada em jovens de países em desenvolvimento. Além disso, existe uma escassez de estudos avaliando associações clínicas e com psicopatologia familiar ajustando-se para outras comorbidades, especialmente numa faixa etária mais jovem da população (dos 6 aos 14 anos). Objetivos: Nós investigamos a prevalência e as associações de autolesão deliberada em jo- vens desta faixa etária com fatores de risco demográficos (idade, gênero, status socioeconô- mico e etnicidade), clínico (diagnóstico psiquiátrico das crianças) e familiar (diagnóstico psiquiátrico materno) em um grande estudo comunitário no Brasil. Métodos: Participantes (n=2.508) e suas mães (n=2,295) da Coorte de Alto-Risco para Transtornos Psiquiátricos foram avaliados através da Development and Well Being Assess- ment (DAWBA) e Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) respectivamente. Autolesão atual (no último mês) e ao longo da vida foram estimadas, incluindo análises estratificadas por faixa etária. Regressões logísticas foram realizadas investigando o papel do diagnóstico clínico de crianças e adolescentes e da psicopatologia materna sobre as estimativas de autolesão, ajustando-se para potenciais fatores confundidores. Resultados: A prevalência de autolesão deliberada atual foi de 0,8% (0,6% para crianças e 1% para adolescentes) e ao longo da vida foi de 1,6% (1,8% e 1,5% respectivamente). Estas estimativas não variaram de acordo com a idade, sexo e etnicidade. No entanto, pertencer à classe média esteve associado a uma diminuição de 70% na probabilidade de se relatar um episódio de autolesão ao longo da vida comparando-se com a classe mais favorecida. Autolesão atual e ao longo da vida foram mais frequentes em jovens com Depressão Maior, Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) e Transtorno Opositor Desafiante (TOD), mesmo em modelos múltiplos ajustado para variáveis demográficas e co- ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos. Além disso, a presença de transtorno de ansiedade nas mães esteve fortemente associada com autolesão deliberada recente e ao longo da vida em seus descendentes. Ao estratificar-se a análise por faixa etária, esta associação tornou- se não significativa para crianças com autolesão recente e adolescentes com autolesão ao longo da vida; ao passo que, especificamente em crianças, autolesão recente foi associada com transtorno de humor materno. Conclusão: A autolesão deliberada é um problema importante em crianças e adolescen- tes. Os diagnósticos de Depressão Maior, TDAH e TOD estão consistentemente associados com este comportamento, bem como ter uma mãe com um transtorno de ansiedade. Nos- sos resultados salientam a importância de se perguntar a respeito de comportamentos suicidas em jovens com comportamentos disruptivos, independentemente da comorbidade com depressão, e também realçam a necessidade de estratégias preventivas com um en- volvimento familiar. / Background: Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of deliberate self-harm (DSH) in youngsters from low and middle-income countries. In addition, there is a shortage of studies evaluating clinical associations and family psychopathology adjusting for other comorbidities, especially in a younger age-group (from 6 to 14 years). Objectives: We investigated prevalence and associations of DSH in youngsters of that age range with demographic (age, gender, socioeconomic status and ethnicity), clinical (children psychiatric diagnosis) and familial risk factors (maternal psychiatric diagnosis) from a community-based study from Brazil. Methods: Participants (n=2,508) and their mothers (n=2,295) from the High Risk Co- hort for Psychiatric Disorders (HRC) were assessed through the Development andWell Be- ing Assessment (DAWBA) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) respectively. Current (last month) and lifetime DSH were estimated, including analysis stratified by age-groups. Logistic regressions were performed investigating the role of youths’ clinical diagnoses and maternal psychopathology on prevalence estimates of DSH adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: Prevalence of current DSH was 0.8% (0.6% for children and 1% for adolescents) and life-time DSH was 1.6% (1.8% and 1.5% respectively). These estimatives did not vary with age, gender and ethnicity. However, being from middle class was associated with a 70% decrease in the odds of reporting a lifetime episode of DSH comparing to the wealthiest class. Current and life-time DSH was more frequent in youth with Major Depression, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), even in multiple models accounting for demographic variables and co- occurring psychiatric disorders. Anxiety in mothers was strongly associated with current and life-time DSH in the offspring but when stratifying by age-group this association becomes non-significant for children with current DSH and for adolescents with lifetime DSH, whereas current DSH was associated with maternal mood disorder specifically in young children. Conclusion: Diagnoses of Major Depression, ADHD and ODD are consistently associated with DSH as well as having a mother with anxiety disorder. Our results emphasize the necessity to ask about suicidal behavior in young people with disruptive behaviors, regard- less of comorbidity with depression, and also highlight the need for preventive strategies with a family component.

Contexto: Pouco se sabe a respeito da prevalência e correlatos de autolesão deliberada em jovens de países em desenvolvimento. Além disso, existe uma escassez de estudos avaliando associações clínicas e com psicopatologia familiar ajustando-se para outras comorbidades, especialmente numa faixa etária mais jovem da população (dos 6 aos 14 anos). Objetivos: Nós investigamos a prevalência e as associações de autolesão deliberada em jo- vens desta faixa etária com fatores de risco demográficos (idade, gênero, status socioeconô- mico e etnicidade), clínico (diagnóstico psiquiátrico das crianças) e familiar (diagnóstico psiquiátrico materno) em um grande estudo comunitário no Brasil. Métodos: Participantes (n=2.508) e suas mães (n=2,295) da Coorte de Alto-Risco para Transtornos Psiquiátricos foram avaliados através da Development and Well Being Assess- ment (DAWBA) e Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) respectivamente. Autolesão atual (no último mês) e ao longo da vida foram estimadas, incluindo análises estratificadas por faixa etária. Regressões logísticas foram realizadas investigando o papel do diagnóstico clínico de crianças e adolescentes e da psicopatologia materna sobre as estimativas de autolesão, ajustando-se para potenciais fatores confundidores. Resultados: A prevalência de autolesão deliberada atual foi de 0,8% (0,6% para crianças e 1% para adolescentes) e ao longo da vida foi de 1,6% (1,8% e 1,5% respectivamente). Estas estimativas não variaram de acordo com a idade, sexo e etnicidade. No entanto, pertencer à classe média esteve associado a uma diminuição de 70% na probabilidade de se relatar um episódio de autolesão ao longo da vida comparando-se com a classe mais favorecida. Autolesão atual e ao longo da vida foram mais frequentes em jovens com Depressão Maior, Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) e Transtorno Opositor Desafiante (TOD), mesmo em modelos múltiplos ajustado para variáveis demográficas e co- ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos. Além disso, a presença de transtorno de ansiedade nas mães esteve fortemente associada com autolesão deliberada recente e ao longo da vida em seus descendentes. Ao estratificar-se a análise por faixa etária, esta associação tornou- se não significativa para crianças com autolesão recente e adolescentes com autolesão ao longo da vida; ao passo que, especificamente em crianças, autolesão recente foi associada com transtorno de humor materno. Conclusão: A autolesão deliberada é um problema importante em crianças e adolescen- tes. Os diagnósticos de Depressão Maior, TDAH e TOD estão consistentemente associados com este comportamento, bem como ter uma mãe com um transtorno de ansiedade. Nos- sos resultados salientam a importância de se perguntar a respeito de comportamentos suicidas em jovens com comportamentos disruptivos, independentemente da comorbidade com depressão, e também realçam a necessidade de estratégias preventivas com um en- volvimento familiar. / Background: Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of deliberate self-harm (DSH) in youngsters from low and middle-income countries. In addition, there is a shortage of studies evaluating clinical associations and family psychopathology adjusting for other comorbidities, especially in a younger age-group (from 6 to 14 years). Objectives: We investigated prevalence and associations of DSH in youngsters of that age range with demographic (age, gender, socioeconomic status and ethnicity), clinical (children psychiatric diagnosis) and familial risk factors (maternal psychiatric diagnosis) from a community-based study from Brazil. Methods: Participants (n=2,508) and their mothers (n=2,295) from the High Risk Co- hort for Psychiatric Disorders (HRC) were assessed through the Development andWell Be- ing Assessment (DAWBA) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) respectively. Current (last month) and lifetime DSH were estimated, including analysis stratified by age-groups. Logistic regressions were performed investigating the role of youths’ clinical diagnoses and maternal psychopathology on prevalence estimates of DSH adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: Prevalence of current DSH was 0.8% (0.6% for children and 1% for adolescents) and life-time DSH was 1.6% (1.8% and 1.5% respectively). These estimatives did not vary with age, gender and ethnicity. However, being from middle class was associated with a 70% decrease in the odds of reporting a lifetime episode of DSH comparing to the wealthiest class. Current and life-time DSH was more frequent in youth with Major Depression, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), even in multiple models accounting for demographic variables and co- occurring psychiatric disorders. Anxiety in mothers was strongly associated with current and life-time DSH in the offspring but when stratifying by age-group this association becomes non-significant for children with current DSH and for adolescents with lifetime DSH, whereas current DSH was associated with maternal mood disorder specifically in young children. Conclusion: Diagnoses of Major Depression, ADHD and ODD are consistently associated with DSH as well as having a mother with anxiety disorder. Our results emphasize the necessity to ask about suicidal behavior in young people with disruptive behaviors, regard- less of comorbidity with depression, and also highlight the need for preventive strategies with a family component.