Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) is recognised as a difficult behaviour to work/deal with and Community Support Workers (CSW‟s) who work with this behaviour may not have any formal training in the field of SIB. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the needs of CSW‟s working in the field of self-injurious behaviour amongst adolescents. A qualitative approach was used, the study was of an explorative nature and the researcher made use of purposive non-probability sampling to select respondents who were willing to participate in one-on-one semi-structured interviews with the researcher. This data was then analysed by the researcher making use of Creswell‟s spiral of analysis. The data collected was sorted into themes, sub-themes and categories and interpreted according to literature. The study identified that there are specific needs amongst CSW‟s who work with adolescent SIB in the specific areas of support and education/training. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Is it possible to cover an issue as a journalist to the extent that you are practically a human rights activist, and still contribute to its continuation by unconsciously upholding the values causing the issue? This study asks the question if journalists help or hinder the elimination of female genital mutilation (FGM), and puts forth the thesis that journalists as a collective in fact are affecting the development more negatively through their attitudes than positively through their actions. The study consists of a theoretical analysis connecting to patriarchy and post-colonialism, and a field study from Tanzania where journalists are interviewed. The theoretical results show a clear connection between patriarchal values and FGM, and that if a journalist upholds these values she will not be as inclined to see the victim of FGM as a subaltern, she will be more likely to generalize the groups status and characteristics and she will be caught in between traditional and modern values. If a journalist ascribes to more traditional values when it comes to the difference between the genders, her attitudes will to some extent be counterproductive to the work she does when she covers FGM with the intention to prevent it. The field study supports this by showing that awareness about gender inequality and FGM does not necessarily mean awareness of patriarchal structures and how they affect men, women and traditions. One journalist can make a significant difference, but if she is a part of a journalist collective with strong, patriarchal values her efforts might not be sufficient to help in changing the overall development of FGM.

Thesis (MEdPsych)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years there has been an expanse in the literature that is drawing attention to selfinjury and research studies indicate that self-injurious behaviour is prevalent in the age group of thirteen to fifteen years. Although it remains unclear, whether the increased focus on self-injury is due to a greater amount of adolescents who engage in self-injury, or whether it is due to more young people identifying themselves as self-injurers, it has now become an integral component of adolescent behaviour that teachers, parents and other significant role players have to be knowledgeable about, as the likelihood that they will encounter self-injury amongst a young adolescent population is on the increase. As research studies in this arena have been mostly of a quantitative nature and have focused predominately on psychiatric populations, there was a gap in the research to contribute to the limited qualitatively generated knowledge base on self-injury. In this study, a narrative inquiry design was used to make sense of the stories of self-injury that the participants told. Four adolescent girls between the ages of fourteen and seventeen years with no history of mental illness and who were not receiving psychiatric or psychological intervention or showed significant levels of anxiety or depressive symptoms, were selected for the study. Two interviews were conducted with each girl using the fish bowl game and the memory box making to explore their stories of self-injury. The findings of this study suggest that cutting behaviour has purpose in the lives of the girls who participated in this study. Apart from having meaning in their lives, cutting behaviour also served to fulfill various functions, depending on the kind of problem and feelings that would be experienced in that moment. These functions ranged from providing relief, to being a form of punishment, to being a temptation, to becoming a comforting habit and a way to feel alive again. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope paar jaar is daar ‘n toename in die literatuur wat handel oor selfbesering en navorsingstudies dui daarop dat die voorkoms van selfbeserende gedrag veral ‘n faktor is in die ouderdomsgroep tussen dertien en vyftien jaar. Dit is egter steeds onbekend of die toenemende fokus op selfbeserende gedrag toegeskryf kan word aan ‘n toename in die voorkoms van selfbesering en of dit eerder toegeskryf kan word aan meer jong mense wat hulself identifiseer as selfbeseerders. Hoe dit ookal sy, selfbesering is tans 'n integrale komponent van adolessente gedrag en om hierdie rede is dit 'n noodsaaklikheid dat onderwysers, ouers en ander belanghebbende rolspelers kennis moet dra daaroor omdat die waarskynlikheid dat hulle sulke gedrag sal teëkom, onder 'n jong adolessente populasie, aan die toeneem is. Aangesien navorsingstudies binne hierdie veld hoofsaaklik kwantitatief van aard is, is daar 'n leemte m.b.t. navorsing wat kan bydra tot die klein hoeveelheid kwalitatiewe studies wat wel al gedoen is. In hierdie studie, is 'n narratieweondersoekontwerp gekies omdat die studie wou sin maak van die stories van selfbesering wat die deelnemers vertel het. Vier adolessente meisies tussen die ouderdom van veertien en sewentien jaar het aan die studie deelgeneem wat geen geskiedenis van geestessiekte gehad het nie en ook nie ten tyde van die ondersoek psigiatriese of sielkundige intervensie ontvang het nie. Die deelnemers moes verder ook geen betekenisvolle hoë vlakke van angs of depressie getoon het nie. Twee onderhoude is met elke deelnemer gevoer waartydens die Visbak speletjie (Fish Bowl game) en 'n Herrinneringdosie (Memory Box) gebruik is om die meisies se stories van selfbesering te ontgin. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie stel voor dat snygedrag 'n besliste funksie in die lewens van die deelnemers gehad het. Buiten die feit dat snygedrag vir hulle betekenisvol was, het snygedrag ook verskeie funksies vervul wat hoofsaaklik afgehang het van die tipe probleem en die emosies wat daarmee gepaard gegaan het. Snyfunksies het gewissel van 'n manier om verligting te kry, 'n manier om die self te straf, 'n vertroostende gewoonte en 'n manier om weer iets te kan voel.

The study, “Between honor and shame: Martyrdom in 2 Maccabees 6-7 within the socio-cultural arena”, presents a look at how the community viewed martyrdom in 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42 from the perspective of honor and shame. The chief objective is to determine whether or not the community supported or challenged the notion of the martyrs’ death being either honorable or shameful. In order to reach a satisfactory conclusion to this objective, this study set as goals the identification of key themes which shed light upon the views of the community in regard to the martyrs, as well as the investigation of the community’s understanding of honor and shame found in 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42. This study incorporates a contextual analytical method comprising of an analysis of sociocultural vocabulary, an analysis of the socio-cultural vocabulary within the Greek text of 2 Maccabees 6:18-7:42 and a synthesis of the analysis of both the socio-cultural and the Greek context. As criteria for the study of the socio-cultural context the aspects of sacred-profane, pure-impure, the patron-client relationship and the relationship between individual and group(s) are implemented. Core-findings of this study may be divided into two main categories: evidence in defence of an honorable conduct during death, and evidence in defence of the dishonorable manner of death. Evidence in defence of honorable conduct during death, are: • The martyrs remain completely loyal and devoted to God (their Chief-Patron), His laws and • the customs of the forefathers. • They are portrayed as being bodily whole. • They safeguard their set-apartness. • They remain pure – especially in the ritualistic sense. • As individuals belonging to the collected identity of various groups, the martyrs prove themselves loyal and honorable. Evidence in defence for the dishonorable manner in which the martyrs die, are: • Torture was deemed disgraceful by the community and would therefore degrade honor. • Mutilation went into the very fabric of the wholeness of the body by destroying the bodily unity, thereby disqualifying a person to come into the realm of the sacred. • Certain members of the community would regard the martyrs’ rejection of the lesser patrons’ favor as disrespectful and therefore as dishonorable conduct. Despite this evidence, it is still found that the community could remain undecided on how to judge the martyrs and martyrdom. Therefore, it is proposed, and successfully implemented, that an emotional argument might be the key to tipping the scale toward viewing the martyrs and martyrdom as honorable. It must therefore be concluded that the community would have indeed challenged the notion of martyrdom being honorable, for torture and mutilations in themselves, were regarded as being disgraceful. Yet the community would have been persuaded to accept the honor of the martyrs because of their honorable conduct and the emotional appeal made by the author of Maccabees. / Thesis (MA (Greek))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

What topics are discussed within the female genital mutilation debate? And who gets to speak out? Are there any prominent patterns able to detect? This thesis tries to elaborate these thoughts examining the journalistic coverage of FGM in Swedish newspapers during the year of 2016. A content analysis of all published newspapers during the year of interest sets the empirical basis, and is supported by interviews with journalists covering the issue. The dissertation holds a constructionist approach meaning that the perception of reality is constructed, and thereof differs. This approach also clarifies that there is no constant truth, but several. Findings within the empirical data are mainly discussed connected to feminist theory as well as the concept of agenda-setting, eventually involving discussions about human rights issue as a value for journalism. What is clear here is that women are overrepresented within the debate, and are depicted as strong individuals, are seldom victimized or depicted in stereotyped gender roles as opposed by scholars. Meanwhile, participating journalists are somewhat semi-aware about their own portrayals since they opine that they are focusing on representing female characters in their articles. This might indicate that the FGM debate is unilaterally represented in some ways. The result also shows a clear pattern in representing FGM in media as a global issue treating the prevalence of FGM around the world, even when a domestic perspective is used. The issue of interest is also perceived as a procedure aiming to control women and/or their sexuality in a quite vast extent, scholarly as well as empirically

Bakgrund: Kvinnlig könsstympning (female genital mutilation [FGM]) berör ca 100 till 140 miljoner kvinnor i världen. Varje år är det ca 3 miljoner flickor mellan åldrarna 0 till 15 år som riskerar att bli könsstympade.  Könsstympning förekommer i 26 länder belägna i Afrika, Mellanöstern & Asien. Att könsstympa kvinnor är en sed som är djupt inrotad i den spirituella och kulturella synen.  Enligt Svensk lag är all form av könsstympning olagligt och får ej utföras. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse och erfarenheter av att leva med könsstympning samt deras möte med västerländsk sjukvård. Syftet var även att beskriva studiernas undersökningsgrupp i de inkluderade artiklarna. Metod: För att svara på föreliggande studies syfte har författarna gjort en beskrivande litteraturstudie. Litteraturstudien har 11 stycken artiklar som är av kvalitativ ansats, 1st som är av kvantitativ ansats och 3st som är av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats, dessa analyserades objektivt. Databaserna Pubmed och CINAHL användes. Resultat: Kvinnorna i studien förklarar att det är tradition, kultur och en heder gentemot familjen att könsstympas. Känslor som rädsla, oro och skam är upplevelser kvinnorna förklarar vid mötet med västerländsk sjukvård, det kan vara i form av kommunikationsbrist och dåligt bemötande. Kvinnorna anser att det finns för lite kunskap om könsstympning inom västerländsk sjukvård och att detta behöver bli bättre. Positiva erfarenheter som kvinnorna tar upp är att de blev bemötta med respekt och god omvårdnad. Slutsats: Kvinnorna som genomgått könsstympning har både positiva och negativa erfarenheter av att vara könsstympad. Vid mötet med västerländsk sjukvård visar studier att rädsla och oro kan uppstå hos kvinnor som genomgått könsstympning. De positiva erfarenheter kvinnorna hade i mötet med sjukvården var att de kände sig bemötta med respekt av sjukvårdspersonalen som hade goda kunskaper om könsstympning. Genom ökad kunskap hos sjukvårdspersonal kommer kvinnornas oro och rädsla succesivt minska i de länder där könsstympning ej förekommer. / Background: FGM (female genital mutilation [FGM]) affects approximately 100 million to 140 million women worldwide. Each year there are about 3 million girls between the ages of 0-15 years who risk being genitally mutilated. Genital mutilation is present in 26 countries located in Africa, the Middle East & Asia. To circumcise women is a practice that is deeply rooted in the spiritual and cultural vision. According to Swedish law, all forms of genital mutilation are illegal and may not be performed. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe women’s experience and the experience of living with genital mutilation and their encounter with western health care. The purpose was also to describe the studies finding mission in the included articles. Method: In order to answer to the present studies aim, the authors conducted a descriptive literature study. The literature have 11 articles that are of qualitative approach, 1 has the quantitative approach and 3 have both qualitative and quantitative approach, and they were analysed objectively. PubMed and CINAHL were used in this study. Results: The women in the study, explains that it's tradition, culture and an honour to the family being mutilated. Emotions such as fear, anxiety and shame are the experiences the women explained when meeting with western health care, and these feelings are related to the lack of communication and treatment. The women believe that there is too little knowledge about genital mutilation in the western health care and that needs to be better. Positive experience was also where the women are talking about that they were treated with respect and a good nursing care. Conclusion: The women who have undergone genital mutilation has both positive and negative experiences of being circumcised. Studies show that women who undergone female genital mutilation experience fear and anxiety while coming in contact with western health care. The positive experiences women had in the meeting with the western health care was that they felt treated with respect by medical staff who had good knowledge about female genital mutilation. Through increased knowledge among medical staff will the womens worry and fear gradually decrease in the countries where female genital mutilation not occur.

This thesis describes the phenomenon of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Northeastern Africa, focusing on Egypt, Somalia and the Sudan. The core of the thesis lies in literary reflections of this practice and analysis of literary works tackling this subject. Presenting a wide range of literary works on the subject, this thesis aims at classifying and comparing them, with a special emphasis on the works of Nawal el Saadawi and Nuruddin Farah. The thesis also presents a summary of current local and international laws on FGM as well as a list of organisations dealing with FGM. It also briefly describes the religious background of FGM and current situation in Egypt and the Sudan.

Contexto: Pouco se sabe a respeito da prevalência e correlatos de autolesão deliberada em jovens de países em desenvolvimento. Além disso, existe uma escassez de estudos avaliando associações clínicas e com psicopatologia familiar ajustando-se para outras comorbidades, especialmente numa faixa etária mais jovem da população (dos 6 aos 14 anos). Objetivos: Nós investigamos a prevalência e as associações de autolesão deliberada em jo- vens desta faixa etária com fatores de risco demográficos (idade, gênero, status socioeconô- mico e etnicidade), clínico (diagnóstico psiquiátrico das crianças) e familiar (diagnóstico psiquiátrico materno) em um grande estudo comunitário no Brasil. Métodos: Participantes (n=2.508) e suas mães (n=2,295) da Coorte de Alto-Risco para Transtornos Psiquiátricos foram avaliados através da Development and Well Being Assess- ment (DAWBA) e Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) respectivamente. Autolesão atual (no último mês) e ao longo da vida foram estimadas, incluindo análises estratificadas por faixa etária. Regressões logísticas foram realizadas investigando o papel do diagnóstico clínico de crianças e adolescentes e da psicopatologia materna sobre as estimativas de autolesão, ajustando-se para potenciais fatores confundidores. Resultados: A prevalência de autolesão deliberada atual foi de 0,8% (0,6% para crianças e 1% para adolescentes) e ao longo da vida foi de 1,6% (1,8% e 1,5% respectivamente). Estas estimativas não variaram de acordo com a idade, sexo e etnicidade. No entanto, pertencer à classe média esteve associado a uma diminuição de 70% na probabilidade de se relatar um episódio de autolesão ao longo da vida comparando-se com a classe mais favorecida. Autolesão atual e ao longo da vida foram mais frequentes em jovens com Depressão Maior, Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) e Transtorno Opositor Desafiante (TOD), mesmo em modelos múltiplos ajustado para variáveis demográficas e co- ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos. Além disso, a presença de transtorno de ansiedade nas mães esteve fortemente associada com autolesão deliberada recente e ao longo da vida em seus descendentes. Ao estratificar-se a análise por faixa etária, esta associação tornou- se não significativa para crianças com autolesão recente e adolescentes com autolesão ao longo da vida; ao passo que, especificamente em crianças, autolesão recente foi associada com transtorno de humor materno. Conclusão: A autolesão deliberada é um problema importante em crianças e adolescen- tes. Os diagnósticos de Depressão Maior, TDAH e TOD estão consistentemente associados com este comportamento, bem como ter uma mãe com um transtorno de ansiedade. Nos- sos resultados salientam a importância de se perguntar a respeito de comportamentos suicidas em jovens com comportamentos disruptivos, independentemente da comorbidade com depressão, e também realçam a necessidade de estratégias preventivas com um en- volvimento familiar. / Background: Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of deliberate self-harm (DSH) in youngsters from low and middle-income countries. In addition, there is a shortage of studies evaluating clinical associations and family psychopathology adjusting for other comorbidities, especially in a younger age-group (from 6 to 14 years). Objectives: We investigated prevalence and associations of DSH in youngsters of that age range with demographic (age, gender, socioeconomic status and ethnicity), clinical (children psychiatric diagnosis) and familial risk factors (maternal psychiatric diagnosis) from a community-based study from Brazil. Methods: Participants (n=2,508) and their mothers (n=2,295) from the High Risk Co- hort for Psychiatric Disorders (HRC) were assessed through the Development andWell Be- ing Assessment (DAWBA) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) respectively. Current (last month) and lifetime DSH were estimated, including analysis stratified by age-groups. Logistic regressions were performed investigating the role of youths’ clinical diagnoses and maternal psychopathology on prevalence estimates of DSH adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: Prevalence of current DSH was 0.8% (0.6% for children and 1% for adolescents) and life-time DSH was 1.6% (1.8% and 1.5% respectively). These estimatives did not vary with age, gender and ethnicity. However, being from middle class was associated with a 70% decrease in the odds of reporting a lifetime episode of DSH comparing to the wealthiest class. Current and life-time DSH was more frequent in youth with Major Depression, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), even in multiple models accounting for demographic variables and co- occurring psychiatric disorders. Anxiety in mothers was strongly associated with current and life-time DSH in the offspring but when stratifying by age-group this association becomes non-significant for children with current DSH and for adolescents with lifetime DSH, whereas current DSH was associated with maternal mood disorder specifically in young children. Conclusion: Diagnoses of Major Depression, ADHD and ODD are consistently associated with DSH as well as having a mother with anxiety disorder. Our results emphasize the necessity to ask about suicidal behavior in young people with disruptive behaviors, regard- less of comorbidity with depression, and also highlight the need for preventive strategies with a family component.

This thesis investigates how the burial chamber of the 8th Dynasty pyramid of king Qakare Ibi at Saqqara in Egypt (c. 2109-2107 B.C.) was inscribed. It uses a holistic approach to focus on the textual programme and its unusual aspects in comparison to older pyramids. In doing so, it addresses issues of textual transmission and of scribal practice in the process of inscribing the walls of subterranean chambers in pyramids. The aim is to contextualise the texts of Ibi within the Memphite tradition of Pyamid Texts and the development of mortuary literature on different media from the late third millennium BCE Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom in the early second millennium BCE. The first chapter presents the background to this research and information on king Ibi and his pyramid. The second chapter treats research on the arrangement of the texts on the walls of subterranean chambers of royal pyramids of kings and queens and compares the layout of the texts in the pyramid of Ibi with older pyramids. It then discusses in detail one section on the east wall of Ibi, where the order of spells diverges from other transmitted sequences. The unusual combination of spells and the practice of shortening spells is investigated further in the third chapter, where two sections of texts on the south wall are analysed. The fourth chapter explores garbled texts and discusses processes of copying and inscribing the texts onto the walls of pyramids. The fifth chapter analyses the modifications of the writing system in pyramids, especially the mutilation of hieroglyphs, and how this practice relates to the tradition of altering signs in pyramids. Finally, the sixth chapter synthesises the results of the preceding chapters in two sections. The first section summarises the process of inscribing pyramids and contextualises aspects of scribal practices within it. The second section concludes the thesis with a discussion of the features of the textual programme of Ibi and of how it relates to the broader transmission of mortuary literature.

Résumé de la thèseLa thèse porte sur l‘analyse des apports de la communication dans la lutte contre des mutilations corporelles, en l‘occurrence celles de l‘excision (qui est la pratique la plus répandue) des femmes en République de Guinée. Ces pratiques de mutilations corporelles étant encore souvent présentées comme des pratiques culturelles inscrites dans la tradition et l‘identité culturelles. L‘approche «Garder le rite, pas la mutilation » fait la promotion des rites de l‘excision, de la clitoridectomie et de l‘infibulation, c'est-à-dire celle des valeurs qui sont léguées aux jeunes filles pendant la cérémonie initiatique. L‘Assemblée générale des Nations Unies a donc consacré en 2012 et 2014 deux (2) importantes résolutions à la lutte contre les mutilations génitales féminines (le 20 décembre 2012, la Résolution A/RES/67/146 et en décembre 2014, la Résolution A/RES/69/150). Pour notre part, à travers ce travail de recherche, nous n‘avons fait ni la promotion du rite, puisque de meilleures voies de transmission de la culture existent aujourd'hui, ni celle de la mutilation à cause de ses effets sur la santé de la reproduction. Nous avons essayé de comprendre, à partir des grilles d‘intelligibilité communicationnelles, comment ces pratiques peuvent évoluer et avons préconisé certaines solutions en mobilisant des approches dans le champ des Sciences de l‘information et de la communication. Il a donc été nécessaire de réformer la « communication » pour la mettre au centre des préoccupations des gouvernants en vue d‘amener les pratiquants à un changement culturel consistant à abandonner progressivement des pratiques vieilles de plusieurs milliers d‘années. / Summary of the thesis The thesis focuses on the analysis of the contribution of communication in the fight against bodily mutilations, in this case that of excision or female circumcision (which is the most widespread practice) of women in the Republic of Guinea. These practices of bodily mutilations are still often presented as cultural practices inscribed in cultural tradition and identity. The "keep the rite, not the mutilation" approach promotes the rites of excision, clitoridectomy and infibulation, the values that are bequeathed to young girls during the initiation ceremony. In 2012 and 2014, the United Nations General Assembly devoted two (2) important resolutions to the fight against female genitale mutilations (on December 20, 2012, Resolution A / RES / 67/146 and in December 2014, Resolution A / RES / 69/150). For our part, through this research work, we have neither promoted the rite, since better ways of transmitting culture exist today, nor that of mutilation because of its effects on the health of the reproduction. We have tried to understand, from the grids of communication intelligibility, how these practices can evolve and have advocated some solutions by mobilizing approaches in the field of the sciences of information and communication. It was therefore necessary to reform the "communication" to put it at the center of the concerns of the rulers with a view to bringing practitioners to a cultural change of gradually abandoning practices that are several thousand years old.