A importância dos serviços para as empresas de manufatura tem aumentado nas últimas décadas em função das alterações no ambiente em que estão inseridas. Dentre os aspectos relacionados com a oferta de serviços por empresas de manufatura, pode ser citado que os serviços são influenciados pelas definições realizadas durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP). No entanto, a literatura ainda é escassa no sentido de compreender essa relação. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as características dos serviços relacionados com os produtos e a sua relação com o PDP por meio de um estudo de caso em uma empresa do setor aeroespacial. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, em que foi feita a descrição das etapas do PDP, o levantamento e classificação do portfolio de serviços, a análise detalhada dos serviços selecionados e a análise da relação entre estes serviços e o PDP. Os resultados da análise confirmaram que os serviços são impactados pelas decisões de todas as etapas do PDP e para todos os serviços analisados e ainda apresenta quando e como essas relações acontecem. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a literatura existente. As relações identificadas influenciam diversos aspectos dos serviços analisados, como: o processo, o escopo, a infraestrutura, os custos e pessoas. / The importance of services to manufacturing companies has grown over the last decades due to several changes in the business environment. Among the aspects related with the offer of services by manufacturing companies is the fact that services are influenced by the decisions taken during the new product development process (NPD). Although, the literature is scarce when it comes to comprehend how this relationship happens. In this way, the objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of product-related services and the relationship between the NPD process activities and these services through a case study in a manufacturing company of the aerospace industry. The data was collected with the use of a documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews, where the phases of the NPD were described, the service portfolio was identified and classified, the selected services were analyzed and the relationship between the NPD and these services. The results confirmed that all the services that were analyzed are influenced by the decisions of all NPD phases and maps it out. The results were then compared with the existing literature. The identified relationship influence several aspects of the services that were analyzed, such as: the process, the scope, the infrastructure, the costs and people.

A inovação obtida como resultado do desenvolvimento de novos produtos tem se tornado parte fundamental da estratégia das empresas. Assim, para melhorar o desenvolvimento de novos produtos nas empresas, foram introduzidos diversos métodos, técnicas e ferramentas que facilitam o processo de inovação (MTFIs). Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar o grau de conhecimento de gestores de empresas brasileiras, envolvidos com inovação, sobre tais MTFIs assim como a taxa de uso e eficácia de uso das mesmas pelas empresas ao longo do desenvolvimento dos produtos. Para atingir tal objetivo, partindo de uma revisão da literatura, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida utilizando uma abordagem quantitativa descritiva, com os dados coletados por meio de um levantamento (survey), via um questionário acessível via internet. Quanto aos resultados, observou-se alto grau de conhecimento dos gestores respondentes, assim como os de uso e eficácia de uso da maioria dos MTFIs pelas empresas, sendo que o grau de conhecimento supera o de uso, e o da eficácia de uso geralmente supera o grau de uso dos MTFIs pelas empresas. Foi possível identificar que o conhecimento dos gestores, o uso e a eficácia de uso estão altamente correlacionados. Um ponto de destaque foi o resultado de uma análise fatorial exploratória, que identificou sete agrupamentos de MTFIs usados pelas empresas em variáveis (fatores), possibilitando gerar um score para cada empresa participante da pesquisa. Isso permitiu relacionar o uso dos MTFIs agrupados nos fatores (\"Desenvolvimento\" de produtos, geração de \"Ideias\", apoio à \"Estratégia\", apoio à \"Projetos\", MTFIs \"Comuns\", e colaborativos \"Externos\") com algumas características das empresas: o número total de funcionários, o número de funcionários que atuam em inovação, o percentual do faturamento investido em P&D, o percentual de faturamento obtido com produtos novos, e a condição da empresa possuir ou não uma área especifica de P&D. / The innovation obtained as a result of new product development has become a key part of the business strategy. Thus, to improve the performance of new product development in the organizations, were introduced several methods, techniques and tools that facilitate the innovation process (MTFIs). This study has the objective to identify the knowledge degree of managers of Brazilian companies, involved in the innovation, on such MTFIs as well as the rate of use and efficiency of use of the MTFIs throughout the product development. To reach the objective, starting on a review of the literature, the research was developed using a descriptive qualitative approach, with the data collected through a survey accessible through the internet. Regarding the results, a high level of knowledge of the respondent managers was observed, as well as those of use and efficacy of use of most MTFIs by the companies, being that the degree of knowledge exceeds that of use, and that of the effectiveness of use generally exceeds the degree of use of MTFIs by the companies. It was possible to identify that the knowledge of the managers, the use and the effectiveness of the use are highly correlated. One highlight was the result of an exploratory factor analysis, which identified seven groups of MTFIs used by companies in variables (factors), making it possible to generate a score for each company participating in the research. This allowed us to relate the use of MTFIs grouped in the factors (\"Development\" of products, generation of \"Ideas\", support to \"Strategy\", support to \"Projects\", \"Common\" MTFIs and \"External\" collaborative) with some characteristics of companies: the total number of employees, the number of employees working on innovation, the percentage of revenues invested in R&D, the percentage of revenues obtained with new products, and whether the company has a specific R&D area.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-08-16T14:00:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica Frederico.pdf: 1176283 bytes, checksum: deea55b660b58c81486299514c0336df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T14:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica Frederico.pdf: 1176283 bytes, checksum: deea55b660b58c81486299514c0336df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-09 / The growing dynamism and business changes in the telecommunications sector drive companies to hone the products on the market to meet the increasingly demanding consumers. In order to offer products successfully, companies need to select projects of development of new products (DNP) from a portfolio. The aim of this study is how to understand the portfolio management influences the development of new products in the Brazilian telecommunications operators, identifying the problems and DNP portfolio management models used, thus helping to raise the good practices in this sector. To achieve this goal, we designed a qualitative survey through multiple case study in fixed and mobile telephony Brazilian companies. Armed with the information collected during interviews in selected companies in the telecommunications sector, it was possible to conduct a detailed analysis of the cases used for the explanation of the results. The results measured by performance indicators found: influence of portfolio management models in the development of new products; identification, selection and prioritization of projects to optimize resources and launching in short periods of time product designs enabling to remain competitive in the market. Thus demonstrating the existence of relevant practice supported by current theory. / O crescente dinamismo e as mudanças nos negócios no setor das telecomunicações impulsionam as empresas a aprimorarem os produtos lançados no mercado para atender a consumidores cada vez mais exigentes. A fim de oferecer produtos com sucesso, as empresas necessitam selecionar projetos de desenvolvimentos de novos produtos (DNP) a partir de um portfólio. O objetivo principal deste estudo é entender como o gerenciamento de portfólio influencia no desenvolvimento de novos produtos em operadoras de telecomunicações de brasileiras, identificando os problemas e os modelos de gerenciamento de portfólio de DNP utilizados, contribuindo assim para elevar as boas práticas desse setor. Para atingir esse objetivo foi elaborado um levantamento qualitativo por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos em empresas de telefonia fixa e móvel brasileiras. De posse das informações coletadas durante as entrevistas em empresas selecionadas no setor de telecomunicações, foi possível conduzir uma análise detalhada dos casos utilizados para a explanação dos resultados. Os resultados medidos por meio de indicadores de desempenho verificaram: influência dos modelos de gerenciamento de portfólio no desenvolvimento de novos produtos; identificação, seleção e priorização de projetos para otimização de recursos e lançamento de projetos de produtos em curtos períodos de tempo possibilitando manter-se competitivo no mercado. Demonstrando assim, a existência da prática relevante suportada pela teoria vigente.

O que se desejou investigar é se a metodologia do Design Thinking (DT) e da Teoria de Resolução de Problemas Inventivos (TRIZ) podem ser utilizadas em conjunto de maneira sinérgica na fase conceitual de um processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP) automotivo do tipo APQP (Advanced Product Quality Planning) com a finalidade de alavancar a criatividade na geração de ideias e, ao mesmo tempo, selecionar o melhor conceito para levar às demais fases do PDP. A presente pesquisa busca entender dentro da literatura os pontos fortes e limitações de cada uma das metodologias e, ao mesmo tempo, propõe uma forma de combiná-las à metodologia APQP. O processo proposto é então testado dentro de um projeto de redução de massa de guarnição de carroceria na região da porta de um veículo automotivo de passeio. Como ficará demonstrado, o PDP automotivo do tipo APQP, utilizando a melhoria proposta, se mostra mais eficaz ao alavancar a criatividade ao mesmo tempo que consolida uma fase de conceito dentro do APQP automotivo tradicional. Através desta pesquisa, concluiu-se que ambas as metodologias são sinérgicas e que, portanto, podem trazer melhorias para o atual processo APQP, alavancando a qualidade e assertividade da geração de ideias, bem como apoiando a seleção do melhor conceito a ser levado para as próximas fases. / This research aimed to verify whether the methodology of Design Thinking (DT) and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) could be used together synergistically in the conceptual phase of a new product development project (NPD) in the automotive industry through the also know APQP (Advanced Product Quality Planning) process. The main purpose was to leverage the creativity by generating ideas that are more qualified and, at the same time, select the best product concepts to be taken to the next phases of the NPD. This research seeks to understand within the literature the strengths and limitations of each of the methodologies and, at the same time, a proposal is made on how to integrate them into the APQP methodology. The proposed process is then tested in a project of mass reduction of the door body seal of an automotive vehicle. As shall be demonstrated, the automotive NPD, by using the improvement proposal, will become more effective by leveraging the creativity while consolidates a conceptual stage within the APQP. Through this research, it is concluded that both methodologies are synergistic and, therefore, can bring improvements for the current APQP process by leveraging the quality and assertiveness of the generation of ideas, as well as supporting to select the best concept to be taken to the next phases.

Submitted by Luciana Hashiba (luhashiba@gmail.com) on 2013-04-24T14:32:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final LH.pdf: 8363727 bytes, checksum: 39d141cb52ff42664889b08e2d4e4844 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-24T18:11:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final LH.pdf: 8363727 bytes, checksum: 39d141cb52ff42664889b08e2d4e4844 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-24T18:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final LH.pdf: 8363727 bytes, checksum: 39d141cb52ff42664889b08e2d4e4844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-19 / Innovation and sustainability within their continuous efforts develop a bilateral relationship in which sustainability depends on innovation and sustainability is also an 'engine' of innovation. The development of new products (New Product Development - NPD) is recognized as one of the main types of innovation, and despite the extensive literature, it still presents challenges for businesses by introducing discontinuity in its operations, requiring greater understanding of how the company reconfigures itself facing strategic change. This study aims to describe how the principles of sustainability are incorporated into the NPD, as a process and as an organizational capacity, through the perspective of resources. A single and exemplary case study of a brazilian company in the cosmetics industry explores this company’s NPD and its changes towards the strategic direction for sustainability. In the case analyzed it is shown how sustainability principles were incorporated into NPD through the perspective of resources, skills and operational capabilities, establishing the relationship between innovation and sustainability. The strategy of sustainability depended on the ability and the process of NPD to be incorporated into the company's operations. Moreover, it shows the specificity of the company Natura, by observing that its culture and vision were clearly related to the principles of sustainability, even before the company itself explicitly adopted this strategic direction. This study aims to contribute to a field not yet explored in the analysis of innovation and sustainability jointly and at the levels of operations and business. It is expected that the six theoretical proposals made in this study will provide opportunities for further studies. / A inovação e a sustentabilidade em seus esforços contínuos desenvolvem uma relação bilateral, na qual a sustentabilidade depende da inovação e a sustentabilidade também é um “motor” de inovação. O desenvolvimento de novos produtos (New Product Development - NPD) é reconhecido como um dos principais tipos de inovação, e apesar da extensa literatura, ainda apresenta desafios para as empresas por introduzir descontinuidade nas suas operações, requerendo maior entendimento de como a empresa se reconfigura frente a mudanças estratégicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever como os princípios de sustentabilidade são incorporados ao NPD, como processo e capacidade organizacional, pela ótica de recursos. Um estudo de caso único e exemplar de uma empresa brasileira do setor de cosméticos explora o NPD desta empresa e suas mudanças perante a orientação estratégica para a sustentabilidade. No caso analisado é mostrado como os princípios de sustentabilidade foram incorporados ao NPD pela ótica de recursos, competências e capacidades operacionais, estabelecendo a relação entre inovação e sustentabilidade. A estratégia relacionada à sustentabilidade dependeu do processo e da capacidade de NPD para ser incorporada às operações da empresa. Além disto, ele mostra a especificidade da empresa Natura, ao se observar que sua cultura e sua visão já traziam claros elementos relacionados às perspectivas da sustentabilidade, mesmo antes da própria empresa adotar este direcionamento estratégico explicitamente. Este estudo visa contribuir com um campo ainda pouco explorado de análise de inovação e sustentabilidade de forma conjunta e nos níveis das operações e do negócio. Espera-se que as seis proposições teóricas feitas proporcionem oportunidades para novos estudos.

Abstract The main task for most development-intensive organisations is to create, develop and commercialise new products and services. The technology push (TP) concept is considered an important competitive advantage for companies trying to create breakthrough products. Because development processes are risky and failure rates are high, especially in the case of technology pushed projects, defined success factors are valuable knowledge for the management of development-intensive firms. The prime objective of this study is to present a compact set of TP project success factors in an information and communication technology (ICT) context. Because the literature on new product development and innovation has presented many success factors for developed products, but has done so in a way that presents the factors as having a nebulous nature, the specification of TP success factors is also presented. The success factors are also empirically validated. The goal of the validation was to determine the relevance of the success factors introduced, and potentially define new ones. The validation was performed through an empirical study with semi-structured company interviews. As a result of this study we concluded that one success factor defined through the literature review should be removed due to a lack of relevance, that the other twelve success factors were validated, and three new success factors were identified during the empirical study. Eventually fifteen TP success factors are defined and presented. The practical relevance of this study is to help firm management to recognise the real actions needed to reduce product development risks. The theoretical relevance is in helping scholars to focus on key issues when studying the key factors of breakthrough development cases. / Tiivistelmä Tuotekehitystä harjoittavien yritysten päätehtävänä on luoda, kehittää ja kaupallistaa uusia tuotteita ja palveluita. Yritysten pyrkiessä luomaan läpimurtotuotteita, ”Technology push” -konseptia pidetään niille tärkeänä kilpailuetuna. Koska tuotekehitysprosessit ovat riskialttiita ja epäonnistumisen mahdollisuudet suuret erityisesti teknologiatyöntöisillä projekteilla, tarkasti määritellyt menestystekijät ovat arvokasta tietoa yritysten johdolle. Tämän työn päätarkoituksena on esitellä yhtenäinen ja tiivis joukko teknologiatyöntöisten projektien menestystekijöitä ICT toimialalla. Uusien tuotteiden kehittämistä ja innovaatioita käsittelevä lähdekirjallisuus esittelee lukuisia menestystekijöitä. Ne on kuitenkin esitelty vaikeasti selitettävällä tai monimerkityksellisellä tavalla, joten olemme esittäneet myös niiden tarkat määrittelyt. Menestystekijät ovat validoitu myös empiirisesti. Validoinnin tarkoituksena oli löytää esiteltyjen menestystekijöiden relevanssi ja löytää mahdollisesti uusia menestystekijöitä. Validointi toteutettiin puolistrukturoiduilla yrityshaastatteluilla. Työn tuloksena esitetään kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja empiirisen validoinnin avulla määritellyt 15 teknologiatyöntöisten projektien menestystekijää. Tutkimuksen käytännöllinen merkitys on auttaa yritysjohtoa tunnistamaan tärkeät toiminnot tuotekehitysriskien madaltamiseksi. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen merkitys on auttaa tutkijoita keskittymään avainasioihin ja tunnistamaan menestystekijät läpimurtotuotetutkimuksessa.

Today's global economy requires many organizations to co-ordinate work across a variety of intra and inter-organizational boundaries (Armstrong & Cole, 1995; Lipnack & Stamps, 1997). Global competition, re-engineered product life cycles, mass customization, and the increased need to respond quickly to customer needs are just some of the more pronounced trends currently driving organizational change (Grenier & Metes, 1995; Miles & Snow, 1986; Miles & Snow, 1992). An organizations growth and profitability is largely due to the strategies of globalization. Firms developing products with global applications must build competencies to connect and leverage knowledge on a worldwide basis (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998). In several industries product development is a crucial ingredient and therefore factors such as cost of development, cycle time and increased productivity are key drivers for market share and profitability. Product development is an expensive process particularly in the engineering and technology intensive segments. Technological advances have enabled many companies to assemble teams of employees from across the country or around the world into global teams to solve complex organizational problems (Lipnack and Stamps, 1997). Such teams are sometimes temporary, culturally diverse, geographically dispersed, and electronically communicating collections of individuals (Kristof, Brown, Sims, and Smith, 1995). These teams allow organizations to increase efficiency and effectiveness by tapping the knowledge, skills, and expertise of employees around the globe, increasing opportunities for information or knowledge exchange through expanded social networks (Wellman 1996). A large amount of investment is spent in human resources and hence ways to optimize the spending by leveraging global resources, directly helps the bottom line (Govindarajan & Gupta 2001). Models that could be used to understand better team development and effectiveness have been limited to those based on the traditional colocated group perspective. Theory development and empirical research are needed to help managers better understand and respond to the challenges that global teams face (Furst, Blackburn & Rosen, 1999). A literature review conducted found though team effectiveness has been fairly well researched the extension of the topic and as applied to global teams remains a gap. This study attempts to understand team effectiveness and its relevance when applied to a global team in a product development environment. The study involves developing a suitable model and understanding the causal relationships between the identified factors and explains the model based on the findings. Review of Literature The study reviewed a vast amount of literature relating to teams and small workgroups and summarized findings under; Team Definition, Team Types and Nature, Team Composition, Task Design, Team Development, Team Processes, Organizational Context and Global Teams. The literary review suggests that though research is steadily increasing, empirical studies on performance and effectiveness are limited. There has been very few studies on effectiveness as applied to global teams. Literature review on the subject of global teams, suggests that these teams, face even greater challenges because of their geographical separation, diverse cultures, and language. The study identified factors as applicable to global team effectiveness based on previous studies and calibrates them with findings in general team and workgroup study. The study considers Task design, Team composition, and Organizational context factors and attempts to empirically determine causal relationships with Team Processes and Team Effectiveness. Objectives and Methodology The objectives of the study are as follows: 1 To develop and validate a conceptual model that explains global team effectiveness in a product development environment. 2 To establish relationship between team design, team composition, knowledge management context and senior management context towards global team effectiveness in a product development environment. 3 To illustrate the application of the validated model and relationships for developing interventions to enhance effectiveness in a product development environment through a qualitative case study. The methodology adopted was to study contemporary team effectiveness models from literature and get an understanding of the key variables and factors that influence effectiveness. Next, based on prior studies on global teams, a model was developed using an established effectiveness model and extended it to global teams. The main study comprised of analyzing responses from 376 participants from 64 projects working together as global teams. The conceptual model developed consists of two key factors measuring effectiveness namely; Product Development Effectiveness and Team Process Effectiveness. The enabling factors, that are called as ‘global factors’ in the study that influence effectiveness in the model are; Team Design and Composition, Senior Management Context and Knowledge Management Context. Measures defining each factor were developed, refined and checked for reliability and validity. The factor analysis conducted suggested that Product development effectiveness variables include; Schedule compliance, Functional completeness, Product Quality, Cost compliance and Innovative Problem solving. Team Process effectiveness includes; Internal motivation in the team, Looking forward to team challenges, Willingness to share Knowledge, Conflict resolution, Openness to Learning and Quality team interaction. Similarly, factor analysis suggests Task design and team composition be combined as Team Design and Composition. The variables included are; Clear Goals, Well defined output or deliverable, Use of Judgment, Adequate skill sets (Technical, Functional, Program Management and Diversity) and Right size. Knowledge Management Context variables following factor analysis are; Knowledge management practice, Perceived importance of knowledge management, adequate infrastructure and Existent reward system. Senior Management context variables are; Global Senior management support, Management review support and Easy information flow. In order to achieve the objectives of the study a detailed Structural Equation Modeling using Partial Least Squares method was conducted. The measurement model and structural model was assessed, path coefficients studied, moderating effects studied and model evaluated for goodness of fit. In addition, an in depth case study is conducted and the model is applied in a practical scenario. Results and Discussion The study suggests the importance of global teams in a product development environment. This is particularly so as distance, time, culture and technology interface make it all the more important for global teams to have means of measuring effectiveness. It is also necessary to have an understanding of the enabling factors aiding effectiveness. The study suggests a model for measuring effectiveness in global teams involved in product development as; Meeting milestones and timely delivery of the output, Meeting product functional and technical requirements, Quality of output delivered, Cost and budget targets and Innovative problem solving are typical measurements of effectiveness. The model encourages using Team Process Effectiveness as a measure and suggests it has a moderating influence it has on Product Development Effectiveness. The Team Process Effectiveness measures are; Internal motivation amongst members within the team, Identifying if the team looks forward to challenges, Willingness to share knowledge with each other, Resolving conflicts within the team in a positive manner, Openness to learning and Quality team interaction. The model developed indicates that all paths defined and relationships are positive and the model is structurally valid. As hypothesized, factors, Team Design and Composition, Knowledge Management Context and Senior Management Context has significant relationship with Team Process Effectiveness. Further, Team Process Effectiveness has positive causal relationship with Product Development Effectiveness. Knowledge Management Context and Senior Management Context have a significant and positive relationship with Team Process Effectiveness. The study confirms the moderating influence Team Process Effectiveness has on Team Design and Composition, Senior Management context, Knowledge Management Context with Product Development Effectiveness. The in depth case study on a department of 75 members of product development global teams provided the insight into the empirical analysis, strengthened it and helped understand several other aspects of global teams. Conclusion The study provided an in-depth understanding of global team effectiveness by reviewing literature and identifying variables that influence global teams in a product development environment. A model was developed, empirically validated and tested. The model includes effectiveness factors and enabling factors and relationship between factors have been explained. A case study spanning a period of five years on a global team involved in product development was conducted and the model applied in practice. This study suggests that the model can be used by organizations and practicing managers for understanding, developing and leading global teams involved in product development.

The objective of this Thesis is selection and adaptation of a suitable concept of a product being created. Selecion of the suitable concept is based on the designated concept and its testing. The testing is performed by the poll method among representatives of the public and business spheres. Determination of the final product concept as well as proposal of the marketing strategy for managers of Malované Mapy, s.r.o company is the outome. It will enable the managers to work on the further steps of developnent of new products. Based on the information from technical literature, the theoretical part explains the basic marketing terminology associated with the theme of the Thesis. This terminology is then applied in the practical part in the area of information processing by the company managers.

L’empowerment du consommateur/client est une pratique mobilisée de manière croissante par les entreprises comme dans les travaux académiques depuis plus d’une dizaine d’années. Deux types de stratégies d’empowerment ont été distingués par la littérature : l’empowerment pour créer qui permet aux clients de soumettre des idées pour les nouveaux produits et l’empowerment pour sélectionner qui s'appuie sur les votes des consommateurs pour le choix des produits qui seront in fine commercialisés (Fuchs et Schreier, 2010). Se basant sur l’approche de l’empowerment du consommateur en tant que stratégie managériale collaborative entre consommateurs et entreprises dans le cadre du développement de nouveaux produits, cette recherche vise à en évaluer les effets sur les indicateurs liés à la marque pour les consommateurs participants. En vue de répondre à cette problématique, une étude qualitative (menée auprès de consommateurs et de managers) suivie de trois études expérimentales (N=719) structurent ce travail doctoral. A l’aide d’une approche pluridisciplinaire (politique, sociologie, psychologie), une conceptualisation de l’empowerment des consommateurs est réalisée ainsi qu’une distinction de ce concept des autres formes de co-innovation. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le recours aux stratégies d'empowerment est plus bénéfique pour les marques à faible familiarité perçue (start-ups) en comparaison à des marques familières (réplication sur deux catégories de produit). Aussi, cette recherche révèle que l'empowerment pour créer améliore plus efficacement le bouche à oreille et l’engagement à l’égard de la marque que l’empowerment pour sélectionner. Le rôle de plusieurs facteurs d’ordre individuel et situationnel dont l’expertise perçue à l’égard de la catégorie de produit, les bénéfices perçus par les participants, le type de motivation et l’effet de récompense (gain vs. perte) ont pu être identifiés. Ainsi, les résultats de notre travail doctoral démontrent notamment que le gain du challenge d’innovation (vs. la perte) n’améliore pas significativement les indicateurs liés à la marque étudiés. Des préconisations managériales sont suggérées pour une meilleure prise en compte des caractéristiques du profil des contributeurs et celles liées au design des challenges d’innovation cruciaux pour le déploiement de stratégies d’empowerment efficaces. / Consumer empowerment is a practice increasingly used by companies as well as mobilized in academic works for more than ten years. Two types of empowerment strategies have been distinguished: empowerment to create that allows customers to submit ideas for new products and empowerment to select who builds on consumer votes for product selection and launch (Fuchs and Schreier, 2010). Based on the approach of consumer empowerment as a collaborative managerial strategy involving consumers and companies in new product development, this research aims at studying the effects of empowerment strategies on brand equity metrics for participating consumers. In order to address this research question, a qualitative study (conducted with consumers and managers) followed by three experimental studies (N = 719) structure this research.). Using a multidisciplinary approach (political, sociological, psychological), a conceptualization of consumer empowerment and a differentiation of it from other forms of co-innovation are achieved. Results show that empowerment strategies are more beneficial for low-familiarity brands (start-ups) than for highly familiar ones (replication on two product categories). Results also reveal that empowerment to create improves more effectively word-of-mouth and engagement towards the brand than empowerment to select. Moderating and mediating roles of several individual and situational factors as perceived expertise towards the product category, benefits retrieved by participants, motivation type and the reward effect (gain vs. loss) are identified. This doctoral work highlights that the gain of the innovation contest(vs. loss) doesn’t significantly improve indicators related to the brand being analyzed. Managerial recommendations are suggested for a better consideration of contributors’ profile and innovation contests’ design characteristics critical to the deployment of effective empowerment strategies.

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate how manufacturing organisations can decrease their environmental impact in the supply chain. To meet the purpose, two research questions were formulated:  1. How can a manufacturing organisation reduce its environmental impact caused by transportation?  2. How can a manufacturing organisation reduce its environmental impact caused by production?  Method – To provide the opportunity to reach a conclusion and to create a basic understanding of the research area, a literature review was conducted, which formed the basis of the theoretical framework. Through a case study at a manufacturing organisation, interviews and document analyses were used as sources for empirical data. In order to develop solutions and recommendations, collected data and theoretical framework were analysed and discussed.  Findings – The research findings indicate that there are several possible measures to implement to reduce an organisation's environmental impact in the supply chain. A decisive factor is creating a holistic and fundamental understanding of sustainability and enabling everyone involved to work according a common view and in the same direction. In addition, a requirement to pursue the same goal is that all stakeholders are involved where a prerequisite is a well-functioning internal communication.  Implications – The research did not contribute to any new theories, but through the research analysis, statements and theories from previous research were strengthened. The research suggests actions that can be used for organisations to reduce their environmental impact, but also to increase the understanding of why actions should be implemented. Society has an important responsibility for motivating and provide conditions for manufacturing organisations to reduce their footprint. This research is considered to lead to an improved environment in the form of lower emission levels where both organisations and the entire community take responsibility for the planet.  Limitations – The case study is designed as a single-case study which, from a validity perspective, is not considered as advantageous as a multiple case study because the results are difficult to generalize. In order to strengthen the study's reliability, several functional units and / or organisations could have been included in the study.