Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2012 / The chronic diseases of lifestyle, tuberculosis and Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have a high prevalence in South Africa. These diseases are characterised by oxidative stress and a chronic inflammatory state that contribute to both the development and the acceleration of these diseases. Research into the phytochemical plant food components suggest that these substances could possibly play a vital role in the prevention of such disease. Corn steep liquor (CSL) is a waste product with an exceptionally high polyphenol content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). This led to the suggestion that it could be utilised in the development of food products with functional food characteristics. Stock cubes, due to the widespread use among consumers of different socio-economic backgrounds, were identified as vehicle for the delivery of the CSL with its phytochemical content. This lead to the development of a stock cube utilising CSL as a source of phytochemical polyphenolic antioxidants with the micronutrients zinc, selenium and copper as added support to immunonutrition, along with iron due to the wide spread prevalence of iron deficiency in the South African population. The acceptability of the developed stock cube was tested by preparing savoury rice and pea soup and having blue collar (n = 50) and white collar (n = 49) participants rate the acceptability on a 9-point hedonic scale, ranging from “dislike extremely” to “like extremely”. The savoury rice received a 41% “like very much” rating followed by a 24% “like moderately” rating. The pea soup was rated even more positively as it received a 42% “like very much” rating and a 29% “like extremely” rating. In addition, among the blue collar participants, significant (p < 0.05 for each) findings occurred with a greater liking of the sample dishes prepared with the developed stock cube by participants of the ethnic Black grouping, with Xhosa as home language and being married, as well as those participants who habitually prepare the meals in the household. A significant (p < 0.05) finding with the white collar participants was a greater liking of the sample dishes prepared with the developed stock cube among those participants who would be willing to make use of a stock cube with health benefits. The developed stock cube was also subjected to six months accelerated shelf-life stability testing, reflecting twelve months real time storage. The parameters measured were microbial growth, oxidative rancidity, antioxidant status and organoleptic changes. All microbial growths tested remained within the acceptable specification ranges. Oxidative rancidity, measured as the peroxide value, was detected analytically at the fifth and sixth samplings, but was not detectable organoleptically. The antioxidant status, measured as the TAC and the total polyphenol content, remained relatively stable during the testing period. Though no noticeable organoleptic changes were observed during the stability testing, there was a darkening of the colour by the second sampling. The results of the acceptance testing, as well as the shelf-life stability testing, support the conclusions that the study objectives of developing a stock cube with functional food characteristics and it being received positively by consumers were achieved. Keywords: stock cubes; corn steep liquor; phytochemicals; consumer acceptance; new product development

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho aborda um estudo de caso efetuado em uma empresa multinacional, do ramo metal mecânico, fabricante de equipamentos de bens de capital destinados à construção e à pavimentação de rodovias. A pesquisa consiste em analisar a condução do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos - DNP -, identificar as lacunas e propor melhorias para aumentar a sua eficiência e eficácia. O incremento de eficiência e eficácia permite às empresas a busca pela vantagem competitiva no mercado em que atuam por: i) redução de desperdícios, de custos no produto e processo, e de tempo de lançamento do produto, sendo mais rápido do que o da concorrência; e ii) incremento de tecnologia e maturidade no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Para que fosse possível avaliar o processo de DNP, estabeleceu-se uma estrutura hierárquica que norteia o referencial teórico apresentado, subdividida em projeto e produto. Com relação a projetos, aborda-se a importância do gerenciamento de projetos organizacional, estabelecendo-se a inter-relação entre gerenciamento de projetos, gestão da mudança e aprendizado organizacional. Com relação a produtos, aborda-se o referencial teórico sobre processos de desenvolvimento de produtos, cujas principais características são apresentadas, bem como sua evolução, desde o processo sequencial até os processos contemporâneos. Esse referencial teórico é de suma importância no estudo deste caso para que seja efetuado o diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de DNP, identificar as lacunas e a fragilidade desse processo, além de propor melhorias para o estado futuro. O método de pesquisa utilizado consiste de pesquisa qualitativa, representada pela aplicação de questionários com perguntas objetivas e descritivas, e execução de reuniões de grupo de foco e observação direta. O período de análise do processo ocorreu entre julho de 2007 e dezembro de 2010. A coleta de dados da pesquisa foi realizada entre julho e dezembro de 2010. Como conclusão, foram evidenciadas 18 oportunidades de melhorias de dimensão estratégica, tácita e operacional, e identificadas 8 perdas no fluxo do processo de DNP. Foram apresentadas sugestões de melhorias para aumento de eficiência e eficicácia no processo. / This paper discusses a case study carried out in a multinational company, industry, metal mechanic, a maker of equipment for capital goods for construction and road paving. It is to examine how it is being conducted the process of new product development, NPD, identify gaps and propose improvements to increase efficiency and effectiveness of that. Increased efficiency and effectiveness of this process allows companies to seek competitive advantage in working for 1) reduction, waste, product and process costs, reduced time for product launch, this faster than the competition, and 2) an increase of technology and maturity in developing new products. To enable it to evaluate a NPD process established a hierarchical structure that guides the theoretical framework presented. This is divided into project and product. With regard to projects is discussed the importance of project management organization which establishes the interrelation between project management, change management and organizational learning. With regard to products is discussed on the theoretical development processes of products, which are arepsentadas their main characteristics and evolution from the sequential processes to contemporary. This important theoretical contribution in the case study to make the diagnosis of the current state of the NPD process, this being identified gaps and weaknesses and propose improvements to the future state. The research methodology consists of qualitative research through the application of questionnaires with objective and descriptive exedcução of focus group meetings and direct observation. The period of analysis of the process is considered from July 2007 to December 2010. The implementation of the research was conducted between July 2010 to December 2010 to collect data. As a conclusion were found 18 opportunities for improvement with a strategic dimension, tacit and operational, identified the eight losses in the flow of the companys NPD process and made suggestions for improvements aimed at increasing their efficiency and effectiveness.

對於台灣的自創品牌廠商來說，當其上市新產品時，除了生產的技術面之外，如何透過行銷活動在國際市場上建立品牌知名度，將產品銷售給顧客也同樣非常重要。本研究主要之目的即在確認影響台灣廠商行銷溝通行為之情境因素，並且探討這些情境因素如何來影響廠商之行銷溝通行為。 　本研究將情境因素分為三大類，包括：（一）產品特性---產品嶄新度（二）品牌特性---品牌權益（三）公司特性---市場導向、行銷能力、國際化程度與自有品牌運用程度；在行銷溝通行為方面，本研究則從以下三個層面來做探討，包括：（一）資源運用層面---溝通努力之相對程度（二）訊息層面---訊息可見度、溝通組合廣度、訊息一致性（三）國際化導向---訊息之當地化程度。 　研究的結果發現，會影響企業行銷溝通之相對努力程度的情境因素有產品嶄新度與自有品牌運用程度。當產品嶄新度愈高，則行銷溝通之相對努力程度也會愈高；當企業之自有品牌運用程度愈高，則行銷溝通之相對努力程度也會愈高。 　影響訊息可見度之情境因素為產品嶄新度、企業之行銷能力與自有品牌運用程度。當產品嶄新度愈高，則訊息可見度愈低；當企業之行銷能力愈高，則訊息之可見度愈高；當企業之自有品牌運用程度愈高，則訊息之可見度愈低。 　會影響溝通組合廣度的情境因素為企業之市場導向程度、國際化程度。當企業之市場導向程度愈高，則溝通組合廣度愈廣；當企業之國際化程度愈高，則溝通組合之廣度愈低。會影響訊息一致性之情境因素有產品嶄新度、品牌權益、市場導向程度與國際化程度。當產品之嶄新度愈高，則訊息之一致性愈低；當品牌權益愈高，則訊息之一致性愈低；當企業之市場導向程度愈高，則訊息之一致性愈低；當企業之國際化程度愈高，則訊息之一致性愈高。 　會影響訊息當地化程度之情境因素有產品嶄新度與行銷能力。當產品之嶄新度愈高，則訊息之當地化程度愈高；當企業之行銷能力愈高，則訊息之當地化程度愈高。

隨著科技的快速革新、消費者的喜好快速變遷、與競爭程度日趨激烈等產業環境趨勢演進，快速的推出新產品這項議題，已是愈來愈重要，甚至攸關廠商的獲利與存續與否。因此為求快速的推出新產品，廠商必須在組織各方面予以適當的配合因應，才能達成此目的，本研究就在探討這些重要的組織因應措施。本研究首先在不考慮情境因素之情形下，探討何種組織因應措施可有效加速研發；其次觀察情境因素與組織因應措施的相對重要性；再者研究在同時考慮所有情境時，當採取何種措施較為適當；最後，則指出單獨考慮個別情境之適用措施。本研究將組織的因應措施分為六類，分別為：研發單位的結構、與外界群體的連結、新產品開發團隊的運作方式、效率性、開發團隊的氣氛、與支援的措施。同時本研究考慮了當組織在採行上述因應措施時，會受到哪些情境因素作用，而影響新產品研發速度。這些情境因素為：新產品研發策略、組織內部的風格、與公司資源 。而在本研究的最後，在管理的含意方面可獲致下列的結論：一、若廠商為求超越競爭廠商的研發速度或符合公司內部所設定之進度，應加強有利情境的塑造。二、台灣的大部份廠商所面臨的情境為：較具開拓性與中度創新的策略、以及較為開創的公司文化、較積極的高階管理風格與較為充裕的公司資源。而若為加速研發，最重要之處在於減少運作上的延遲。三、較為開創積極的公司應當加強掌握外界群體的資訊；較為保守穩健的公司則應當加強開發團隊成員的有關時間概念。

本研究探討新產品開發關鍵成功因素與其管理方式，以及產品專案創新類型如何影響新產品開發關鍵成功因素之重要性，並辨別在不同產品專案創新類型下可提升新產品開發專案績效之關鍵成功因素。本研究以國內某汽車製造公司為個案研究對象，並透過問卷調查與統計分析之結果提出以下四項結論： 一、新產品開發關鍵成功因素構面包含供應商、技術母廠、經銷商、高階主管與跨功能團隊、新產品開發管理、績效評估與獎酬等六大構面。於新產品開發過程中，企業針對各構面設有相關的管理作法。 二、新產品開發關鍵成功因素之重要性會受產品專案創新類型不同而有所差異。 三、在大改專案下，高階主管與跨功能團隊構面、新產品開發管理構面、績效評估與獎酬構面對新產品開發專案績效構面有顯著正向影響。 四、在小改專案下，供應商構面、高階主管與跨功能團隊構面、績效評估與獎酬構面對新產品開發專案績效構面有顯著正向影響。 / The study focuses on several topics: critical success factors of new product development, product project innovative type’s influence on relative importance of critical success factors, identification of critical success factors which improve project performance in different product project innovative types. The study applies case study based on one motor manufacturing company, questionnaire, and statistical analysis. The results are as follows: 1. Critical success factors of new product development include supplier dimension, technical parent company dimension, distributor dimension, upper management and cross functional team dimension, new product development management dimension, performance appraisal and reward dimension. During the project time, the company establishes proper management regarding various dimensions. 2. The importance level of critical success factors is influenced by product project innovative types. 3. Under big projects, three dimensions which include upper management and cross functional team dimension, new product development management dimension, performance appraisal and reward dimension, have positive impact on project performance dimension. 4. Under small projects, three dimensions which include supplier dimension, upper management and cross functional team dimension, performance appraisal and reward dimension, have positive impact on project performance dimension.

隨著全球科技迅速發展及國際化競爭的日益升高，競爭型態已由過去個別廠商間的競爭轉變為整體供應鏈體系間的競爭，運用企業間綿密的協同合作關係來強化整體供應鏈的團隊競爭力，已是企業在面對產業競爭的生存之道。本研究以一家國際品牌的電腦品牌商為個案研究的對象，主要在探討企業的新產品開發協同設計策略及如何選擇合作夥伴。本研究透過文獻探討新產品開發流程、產業分析與產業價值鏈的理論、與策略形態法，再透過資料收集與個案公司人員訪談，來分析個案在新產品開發活動價值單元及不同階段的合作模式以了解個案公司新產品開發的協同設計策略、執行狀況與策略夥伴的合作模式。 經由分析本個案，本研究發現地理位置、能力與資源、產品策略與新產品開發流程的複雜度會影響策略合作夥伴的選擇與新產品開發協同設計的合作模式。 / In response to the rapid changing of the technology and market, firms intend to choose the perfect-fit suppliers to be the strategic partner to build their own ECO system. This study aims to explore the corporate’s strategy in collaborative research and development and strategic partner selection- a case study for an international branding PCs company. This study starts with literature review of the new product development, industry analysis, value chain analysis and strat-egy posture analysis. To understand a firm’s strategy selection, I conduct multi-ple interviews with key members of the company regarding key activities of the new product development and collaborative development model at the stages. Through the analysis of this case study, the study found that the geography, ca-pability and resources, a firm’s marketing strategy and complexity of new product development process are the key factors to the choice of strategic partner and the model of collaborative research and development.

Background: The needs of the consumers seem to develop at the same rate as the technology advancements and put more pressure on firms to produce new and innovative products at a faster pace. Research has shown that external sources can have a significant effect on the firms’ innovation performance, but the results are partial contradicting and more research is needed. Purpose: Investigate customer and supplier involvement in product innovation in Swedish manufacturing firms. Delimitations: The study was carried out to manufacturing firms in Sweden, as Swedish firms are the most innovative in Europe at this point in time. Only large and medium sized firms were under investigation as larger firms are more eager to innovate than smaller firms. Method: The research had a deductive quantitative approach. The data was collected through a questionnaire sent out by e-mail and 124 firms participated in the study. After assessing validity and reliability, the hypotheses were tested by multiple and single regression analysis. Conclusions: Firms that strives to improve their new product development process should seize their customer’s knowledge and use it to co-develop new products. Another important factor was to use lead users, as these will improve the innovativeness even more than “ordinary” customers. The study found no support for early supplier integration in the new product development process.

En les darreres dècades, l'impacte incontrolat de les activitats industrials sobre el medi ambient ha comportat l'aparició de preocupacions greus en relació amb el medi ambient. Encara que les empreses tenen moltes opcions per reduir l'impacte ambiental de les seves activitats mitjançant el disseny de productes i les tecnologies, la seva iniciativa sovint es veu sufocada pel fet que la introducció de productes ecològics al mercat tendeix a ser complicada, lenta i molt exigent. L'objectiu d'aquesta recerca és explicar els problemes de difusió de les ecotecnologies (green technologies) des de l'òptica del domini tecnològic. Segons aquesta literatura, "el canvi tecnològic pot caracteritzar-se realment com un procés evolutiu i sociocultural de variació, selecció i retenció" (Anderson i Tushman, 1990) mitjançant el qual sorgeix, finalment, una tecnologia dominant. Aquest procés de selecció pren forma a partir de les dinàmiques socials, polítiques i organitzatives que actuen tant a escala industrial com empresarial. Les ecotecnologies esdevenen innovacions disruptives per als sectors en què s'implementen; la seva acceptació definitiva està subordinada a la interacció constant de les capacitats de l'empresa, la bona voluntat dels directius, les normes de la institució i les dinàmiques competitives. Aquest estudi explora aquest estat d'ebullició en la difusió de les tecnologies netes (environmental technologies) amb l'anàlisi del temps d'eclosió necessari perquè un producte nou incorpori aquest tipus de tecnologies i la identificació d'un model sistemàtic en la interacció entre les forces evolutives. La part empírica consisteix en una anàlisi quantitativa de dades d'arxiu d'indústries caracteritzades per un gran impacte ambiental (automòbil, electrodomèstics, il·luminació). Amb l'objectiu d'estudiar l'eclosió de les tecnologies netes, s'han recollit i processat dades sobre les vendes i s'han ajustat amb la funció logística general. Els resultats demostren que existeix un model de difusió en forma de S, encara que el temps d'eclosió no es pot generalitzar. Per tal d'examinar el model temporal de la interacció entre les forces evolutives, s'han utilitzat tècniques d'anàlisi de supervivència i regressió per mínims quadrats generalitzats (GLS). A part d'això, els resultats suggereixen que el disseny de productes que incorporen tecnologies netes ha d'equilibrar sempre l'acompliment de l'atribut principal i del disruptiu. A més, és important per a l'eclosió de les ecotecnologies que hi hagi una regulació que hi doni suport, tot i que la seva efectivitat depèn del tipus d'eines reguladores. Finalment, el compromís dels alts directius també és un factor impulsor destacat a l'hora d'adoptar tecnologies netes, tot i que fins ara s'ha subestimat. / En las últimas décadas, el impacto incontrolado de las actividades industriales sobre el medioambiente ha comportado la aparición de fuertes preocupaciones en relación con el medio ambiente. Aunque las empresas tienen muchas opciones para reducir el impacte ambiental de sus actividades a través del diseño de productos y tecnologías, las suyas iniciativas se ven frecuentemente sofocadas por el hecho que la introducción de productos ecológicos al mercado suele ser complicada, lenta y muy exigente. El objetivo de esta investigación es explicar los problemas de difusión de las eco-tecnologías (green technologies) desde la perspectiva del dominio tecnológico. Según esta literatura, "el cambio tecnológico se puede caracterizar realmente como un proceso evolutivo y sociocultural de variación, selección y retención (Anderson y Tushman, 1990), a través del cual finalmente surge una tecnología dominante. Este proceso de selección prende forma a partir de las dinámicas sociales, políticas y organizativas que operan tanto a nivel industrial que empresarial. Siendo las eco-tecnologías innovaciones disruptivas para los sectores en que se implementan, la suya aceptación definitiva está subordinada a la interacción constante entre las capacidades de la empresa, la voluntad de los directivos, las normas institucionales y las dinámicas competitivas. Este estudio explora este estado de ebullición en la difusión de las tecnologías ecológicas (environmental technologies) por medio de un análisis de las etapas necesarias para el arranque de un nuevo producto que incorpora este tipo de tecnologías, y por medio de la identificación de un modelo sistemático en la interacción entre las fuerzas evolutivas. La parte empírica consiste en una análisis cuantitativa de los datos de archivo de industrias caracterizadas por un gran impacte medioambiental (automóvil, electrodomésticos, iluminación). Con el objetivo de estudiar el arranque de las tecnologías ecológicas, se han recogido y procesado datos sobre las ventas y se han ajustado con la función logística generalizada. Los resultados demuestran la existencia de un modelo de difusión en forma de S, aunque que el tiempo de arranque no se puede generalizar. Para examinar el modelo temporal de la interacción entre las fuerzas evolutivas, se han utilizado técnicas de análisis de sobrevivencia y regresión por mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Los resultados sugieren que el diseño de productos que incorporan tecnologías ecológicas debería siempre equilibrar el rendimiento del atributo tradicional y del atributo disruptivo. Además, es importante para el arranque de las eco-tecnologías que haya una regulación que dé suporte, aunque su efectividad depende del tipo de herramientas reguladores. Finalmente, el compromiso de los altos directivos también es un factor impulsor destacado a la hora de adoptar tecnologías ecológicas, aunque hasta hora su importancia se ha subestimado. / In the last decades the uncontrolled impact of industrial activities on the natural environment has created critical ecological concerns. Although companies have many options to reduce the environmental impact of their activities through product design and technologies, their initiative is often stifled from the evidence that market entrances of green products tend to be difficult, slow and highly requiring. The aim of this research is to explain the diffusion problems of green technologies through the lens of technological dominance. According to this literature "technological change can be fruitfully characterized as a socio-cultural evolutionary process of variation, selection and retention" (Anderson and Tushman, 1990) through which a dominant technology finally emerges. This process of selection is shaped by social, political, and organizational dynamics acting both at industry and firm level. Being green technologies disruptive innovations in each industry in which they are implemented, their full acceptance is subordinated to the repeated interaction of firm capabilities, managerial willingness, institutional rules and competitive dynamics. The present study investigates this era of ferment in the diffusion of environmental technologies through the analysis of the time to takeoff needed by a new product incorporating environmental technologies, and through the identification of systematic patterns in the interaction among evolutionary forces. The empirical part consists of a quantitative analysis of archival data in industries characterized by a high environmental impact (automobile, appliances, lighting). In order to investigate the take-off of environmental technologies data on sales have been collected, plotted, and fitted with the generalized logistic function. The results provide evidence of a S-shaped pattern of diffusion, although no generalization is possible on the time to takeoff. In order to examine the temporal pattern of interaction among evolutionary forces, survival analysis techniques and GLS regression have been used. Among the rest, the results suggest that the design of products incorporating environmental technologies should always balance the performance of the disruptive attribute and the mainstream attribute. Additionally, supporting regulation is important for accelerating the takeoff of environmental technologies, although its effectiveness depends on the type of regulatory tools. Finally top management commitment emerges as an underestimated central driver of the adoption of environmental technologies.

新產品開發與研究為企業創造企業價值的重要策略之一，在面對電信加值服務產品急遽變化的特性下，唯有以積極的創新精神，不斷研發新的技術、開發新產品、提高產品的附加價值，才能為企業創造出更高價值。然而新產品開發的過程繁瑣，牽涉到的單位眾多，加以各產業特性不同，其影響之因素也不同，因此本研究主要在探討其成功的關鍵因素及導致失敗的因素。 本研究以新產品開發的主要構面，結合新產品成功的關鍵因素，而形成一個針對電信加值新產品的開發模式。希望以簡單的模式，指引新產品開發的目標與路徑，並提供產業界成為開發新產品的策略思考工具。 本研究以個案訪談的方式，分享產業專家對電信加值新產品開發的經驗，並分以同公司或不同公司間成功、失敗之案例進行交叉比對，來驗證所歸納之成功、失敗模式中之關鍵因素具周延性，經由三個分屬台灣及中國的個案公司分析探討，本研究可以歸納下述幾個結論與建議 ： (1) 適時切入市場，服務一旦熱絡後加入者眾，但領先族群括分了大部分收益，後面80%的廠商追逐僅剩的20%營收。 (2) 建立上下游良好的關係才能取得產品的快速上架、行銷資源，跟下游的內容供應商上保持良好關係，才能有好的內容獨家使用權。 (3) 建立專業的產品品牌與形象可以在數以千計的服務中脫穎而出。 (4) 建立特殊行銷通路讓新產品大量曝光! (5) 不斷以活動促銷來刺激目標客戶，不斷的提醒用戶你的產品特殊有趣之處，用使用者分享心得的方式更容意打動潛在用戶。

The purpose of this thesis is to identify the factors that drive efficiency and effectiveness in technical development projects performed at ÅF’s department of product development. In addition to identifying and analyzing these factors, the thesis also analyzes what needs to be taken in to account in order to implement a measurement system that is able to both monitor and control the identified factors. The thesis has been performed in a qualitative manner. It is based on interviews with people from several different technological companies, within different lines of business, all of which are customers to ÅF’s department of product development. The results show that there are seven critical factors for project efficiency and effectiveness. These consist of: Communication, Project scope, Top management support, Technical competence, Availability of technical equipment, Processes and methodologies and, lastly, Motivation. In order to measure these factors, a KPI based measurement system has been analyzed and recommended. To be able to establish a measurement system for specific development projects, the measurement system needs to be able to take a great number of things into consideration. The selected KPIs need to reflect and represent critical factors for efficiency and effectiveness, but also at the same time be adapted to different aspects such as the project’s resources, activities and deliverables. Lastly, the thesis discusses the use of a KPI library in addition to a set of criteria for choosing appropriate KPIs, and exemplifies how to present the chosen KPIs.