Uppsatsens syfte är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, som ställs i ett jämförande perspektiv, för att svara på frågeställningen: Uppsatsen kommer att utgå från teorier som är applicerbara inom journalistyrket inom en organisation. Teorier kommer vara nyhetsvärdering, vad är det som gör en nyhet till en nyhet. Organisationer drivs framåt utav olika mål, ekonomiska och publicistiska. Hur arbetar dessa mål ihop med vad publiken vill få ut av en nyhetsorganisation, då publiken har helt nya möjligheter att bidra genom medborgarjournalistik och deltagarjournalistik. Ska man se medieanvändare som en extra tillgång, eller är det ett hot för nyhetsorganisationen, om det stämmer vad medborgarjournalistiken säger att vem som helt kan vara journalist? Det presenteras resultat från åtta stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med journalister på lokaltidningar i Sverige. Journalisterna får ge deras bild av hur de upplever yrkesrollen och dess förändringar. Vilken syn har de på medborgarjournalister och om det känner att det utgör något hot för journalistrollen. Efter guidning genom central forskning och metod kommer slutsatsen att journalistrollen inte är ett överflödigt yrke, arbetet som journalister producerar och att det finns vikt i vilken källa nyheterna kommer ifrån. / This essay is based on central theories within journalism in an organization. Highlighted theories will we news evaluation, what issues makes it into news. Organization is driven by different goals, the economic goal and the publicist goals. How does the organization work with these goals joined with what the audience want from the organization when the audience has new possibilities to contribute through citizen’s journalism and participatory journalism? Is it possible to se the media user as a threat to or an extra asses for the news organisation when, according to citizen journalism anyone can call them self a journalism without any specific education. The result will be presented from eight qualitative interviews with journalist on local newspapers in Sweden. This is to present how the journalist perceives the changes in journalism as a profession. How do they see the citizen journalists, as an extra recourse or a threat? After guidance through central research and preformed Interviews the essay comes to the conclusion that the role as a journalism in not an excessive role. The work that a journalist produces is important and it is necessary which source the news comes from.

Uppsatsen söker visa på hur medierapporteringen av en nordamerikansk naturkatastrof ser ut och skiljer sig från varandra i tidningars internetupplagor från olika västerländska länder utifrån sex syftesfrågor; På vilket sätt har amerikanska och svenska nyhetsmedier rapporterat om katastrofen? Vilka huvudsakliga teman skriver tidningarna om? Vilka källor kommer till tals? Vilka händelser fokuserar tidningarna på? Hur har ländernas tidningar rapporterat om länder katastrofen drabbade innan den nådde USA? På vilka sätt skiljer sig ländernas tidningar från varandra? Länderna utvalda för att besvara frågan är USA och Sverige, och tidningarna från respektive land uppsatsen använder för att besvara frågan är Washington Post, Huffington Post, Svenska Dagbladet och Dagens Nyheter. Den nordamerikanska naturkatastrofen som uppsatsen ska undersöka är orkanen Sandy, som mellan dagarna 22 och 31 oktober 2012 färdades från Jamaica till USAs östkust där den skingrades efter att ha orsakat skador för miljarder efter hela sin resväg. För att analysera materialet så har kvantitativ innehållsanalys och kritisk diskursanalys tillämpas. Teorierna som uppsatsen tillämpar de två metoderna på är Entmans Framing-teori, nyhetsvärdering enligt bland andra, Henk Prakke. Teorier om agenda setting och journalistisk praktik tillämpas också för att påvisa hur tidningar kan påverka sitt innehåll på olika sätt. Det kvantitativa materialet består av sammanlagt 194 artiklar från de fyra olika tidningarna och det kvalitativa materialet av en artikel av speciellt intresse per tidning. Resultatet redovisas i två delar, en per metod. I undersökningen framkommer det att täckningen mellan länderna på en del punkter är mycket lika och på andra mycket olika. Täckningen av orkanen var mellan länderna lika i sitt stora fokus på USA i majoriteten av alla artiklar, likaså var tidningarnas täckning lika i frekvensen som artiklarnas innehåll var alarmerande eller neutrala förmedlare. Skillnader fanns dock mellan länderna i hur ländernas täckning av andra länder än USA sett ut, där de svenska tidningarna visade sig nästan uteslutande täcka Haitis situation, till stor del som en del i täckningen av landets många problem i stort, medan USA täckte Jamaica och Kuba, men endast i förbifarten och som en del av den allmänna rapporteringen om orkanens resväg. Uppsatsens slutsats är att skillnaderna som hittats, beror på det uppfattade kulturella avståndet mellan länderna som undersökts och länderna som drabbats. / This essay seeks to show how coverage of a North-American natural disaster looks and differs between the internet-edition of newspapers from western countries by way of six research questions: In what way has Swedish and American news media reported on the disaster? What main themes do the papers write about? Who can be seen making statements in the articles? What are the events focused on in the papers? How did the newspaper’s report on countries affected by the disaster before it arrived in the USA? In what ways do the countries differ from each other? The countries chosen for answering the question with, are the USA and Sweden, and the papers chosen from the respective country is Washington Post, Huffington Post, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The North-American disaster that will be examined is Hurricane Sandy that between the days 22 to 31 October 2012 traveled from Jamaica to the American east coast, causing billions worth of damage on its way there. To analyze the material two methods, quantitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis were chosen. The theories used to work the methods are the Framing-theory by Entman, News-evaluation by way of among others Henk Prakke. Agenda Setting theories and theories on journalistic practices is also employed to make the point and explain how newspapers are able to affect the content they produce. The quantitative material used is made up of 194 articles from the four papers as well as one article, chosen for its specific content, from each newspaper. The results are presented separately for each method. The contents of the essay show that the countries papers in some ways have covered the event quite similarly and in some ways very differently. The coverage was similar in that both countries focused mainly on covering the USA, as well as in the frequency of articles where the contents were covered in a neutral or alarming fashion. Differences sprung up in the choice of coverage of other affected countries aside from the U.S where Swedish newspapers mainly focused on reporting on the situation in Haiti, mainly as a part in their general coverage of the country`s previous disaster exposure, while the American newspapers mainly wrote about Jamaica and Cuba, but only however as part of the coverage given to the path the hurricane was taking. The conclusion made by the essay is that differences are created and occur due to perceived cultural distance to the different actors affected by Sandy held by the countries whose media coverage was researched.

The purpose of this study was twofold--first was to investigate how the addition of Channel One to the school day influences student interest in current events. Secondly, to determine how teachers integrate the study of current events into the curriculum. A suburban county school division in the western part of Virginia was selected for the study. The population for this study consists of three groups: (1) all teachers on the faculty at the junior high school and senior high school serving as test sites, (2) all eighth grade Civics students at the junior high school test site, and (3) all twelfth grade U.S. Government students at the senior high school test site. Data was collected via two questionnaires. The responses to the questionnaires was tabulated by calculating percentages to provide data on the research questions. Student relationships considered important to the study were: the differences that exist between students concerning their news habits; opinions about Channel One; reactions to the commercials; and taught and a positive or negative view of the program; the treatment of Channel One in the classroom: and how they judge the quality of the program. Both teachers and students believe students take a greater interest in current events as a result of watching Channel One. The teachers claim Channel One to be an effective tool for instruction in the classroom. Teachers primarily use Channel One for current events discussions. But few integrate the news and information presented into their lessons. Social studies teachers make much greater use of the program than non-social studies teachers. The study concluded that Channel One is perceived as a success. / Ed. D.

This study aims to study how five Swedish upper secondary school social studies schoolbooks adapted to the Lgy 11 curriculum, depicts conflicts. The schoolbooks are published between the years 2015 and 2021 and belong to the largest learning materials companies in Sweden. Namely Z-classic (2015), Forum 123 (2017), Reflex 123 (2017), Libers samhällskunskap 123 (2018) and Arena 123 (2021). This study partly seeks to analyze how these schoolbooks present conflict-actors in conflicts, and how it can be linked to Orientalism. In addition, also which conflicts are at the center of attention and how it can be understood based on Western news evaluation. The result based on Orientalism shows that the schoolbooks in many cases set perspectives against each other and actors from both the Western world and the Orient become equal. On the other hand, the schoolbooks sometimes tend to make misleading and discriminatory descriptions, especially when it comes to actors in the Orient. In some cases, the Western civilization also appears to be more progressive and refined compared to other civilizations. Regarding Western news evaluation, in many conflict contexts it becomes clear that conflicts in which Western countries are involved become more central. However, three of the schoolbooks convey an awareness that there are external factors that influence the evaluation of conflicts, such as the influence of American news channels, like CNN’s and AP’s influence over which events in the world are considered important.

For the first time in almost 80 years, a war has broken out in Europe. On February 24 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine. Even though this in fact is the first big scale war in Europe since the Second World War ended in 1945, Europe has been part of the consequences of war on a more common occasion.  Immigration has, in some regard, been the number one topic of the debate in both Swedish politics and media since the big refugee flows from the Syrian war started reaching Europe. It has been a heated debate. Some say that the media is framing the debate in favor of Ukrainian refugees and that the journalists in the Swedish news industry are affecting the audience to a more welcoming attitude towards Ukrainians than Syrians, through the narrative the media has created.   This study aimed to understand which narrative was used in Dagens Nyeter to describe the people fleeing each war. Our research material about Syrians consisted of articles published in Dagens Nyheter between September 2nd and October 2nd 2015 and articles about Ukrainians published between February 24th and March 24th 2022. Through agenda-setting theory, framing theory and news evaluation theory this study clarified what described the two wars and in which way the audience later got to experience and evaluate the news.  The result confirmed our original hypothesis. People fleeing the war in Ukraine are described with personalized and humbling circumstances, such as pregnant women and children. In contrast, people fleeing Syria were described as refugees and migrants, which on one hand is accurate, but doesn't affect the audience in the same way as more personalized descriptions. Moreover, the results in combination with earlier studies, show that the portraying that takes place in the media does affect how the audience later tends to create their perception of reality.

Uppsatsen nedan är baserad på en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ undersökning med syfte att kartläggaolika sporters, med fokus på hästsport, representation och framställning under en fyraveckorsperiod2012 i två av Sveriges största dagstidningar. Vi ansåg det viktigt att genomföra den här undersökningenför att se om fördomarna kring bristen på representation av hästsport i media har någongrund, samt om mediestormen kring Rolf-Göran Bengtssons Jerringpris gav någon efterverkan förhästsportens representation.Först genomfördes den kvantitativa studien där över 1 100 artiklar analyserades. Den kvalitativastudien följde där fyra reportage valdes ut för vidare analys. Reportagen behandlade de tre mestomskrivna sporterna samt hästsport. Reportagen analyserades och jämfördes i hopp om att finnamönster med likheter eller skillnader. De viktigaste fynden inkluderar bland annat att det skrevsflest hästsportsartiklar veckan då Göteborg Horse Show pågick, men under den sista undersökningsveckanskrevs inga alls. / The following essay is based on a quantitative as well as a qualitative study with the aim ofmapping out the representation and depiction of different sports, with focus on equestriansports, in two of Sweden’s largest daily newspapers during a time period of four weeksin 2012. We considered it important to see if there was any ground for the prejudicesabout the lack of representation of equestrian sports in the media, and we also wanted tosee if the media storm following Rolf-Göran Bengtsson’s win of Jerringpriset in any wayaffected the sport’s representation.First, the quantitative study was executed with over 1 100 articles analyzed. The qualitativestudy followed where four reports were selected for further investigation. These coveredthe three sports most written about as well as the equestrian sports. They were analyzedand compared in order to locate patterns of resemblance or difference. One of the mostimportant finds was that the majority of the articles in the quantitative study about equestriansports were written during the week of Gothenburg Horse Show while there were noarticles written about said sport during the final week of the study.

This study examines how the Swedish journalists Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen were framed and reported in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet during their conflict during the #metoo movement. The actor Alyssa Milano used the words me too in a hashtag to put a light on her sexual assaulter, Harvey Weinstein, and encouraged other women on social media to do the same.  In Sweden Cissi Wallin was one of the first women to use the hashtag and tell her own story of how she was drugged and raped by Fredrik Virtanen in the year of 2006, who at the time was an employee at Aftonbladet. It was the start of a media scandal that would be continued for years after #metoo had its beginning. The ways that the media has been reporting about women in the manner of being a victim, has been shown in earlier studies being very gender stereotypical. The purpose of the study was to use Judith Butler's theory of gender and examine how Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen are framed based upon gender. By using Jesper Strömbäcks theory of news evaluation the study will look at how Aftonbladet has used both Wallin and Virtanen as opponent themes in their articles and in which ways they are framed. With the use of Adam Shehatas framing theory the study will also take a closer look at how Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen were framed in these articles. Both each individual and their relationship. The method used to examine the topic of the study was by a critical discourse theory which led to numerous themes showing that Aftonbladet used the power of being a big news source and also the employer of Virtanen to make Wallin the guilty one by the ways she was framed. Among other things the result showed how Aftonbladet used their position to neglect Wallins story by taking sides with Virtanen during the period of the conflict.

I takt med digitaliseringen skapas fler digitala nyhetssidor och därmed blir konkurrensen högre mellan nyhetskanaler. Eftersom nyhetsartiklar blir mer lättillgängliga är det intressant att se huruvida de inkluderar människor med alla olika könsidentiteter eller ej. Hbtq-personer har en högre risk för att känna psykisk ohälsa och i Sverige är det även fler transsexuella som övervägt att begå självmord under de senaste åren (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2019). Studien undersöker därför om svenska nyhetsmedier väljer att upprätthålla samhällets diskurser om transpersoners utanförskap i samhället. Anledningen till att studien fokuserar på Sverige är för att landet anses vara ett inkluderande samhälle (Svenska Institutet, 2019). Därför studeras nyhetsmedia i form av Expressens nyhetsartiklar kring två valda fall.  Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur olika könsidentiteter blir representerade i nyhetsmedia och hur nyhetsurval sker. Detta görs med en kritisk diskursanalys och med hjälp av teoretiska utgångspunkter såsom nyhetsvärdering, det idealiska offret och genus och normer. Det empiriska material som behandlas är fyra artiklar om mordet på Emilia Lundberg och fyra artiklar från mordet på Wilma Andersson. Artiklarna väljs ut genom ett strategiskt urval och en tidslinje med fyra olika moment. Studien visar att transpersoner inte ses som lika nyhetsmässiga som cispersoner, transpersoner får mindre uppmärksamhet och ses som mindre idealiska offer. Transpersoner får varken samma uppmärksamhet, empati och representeras inte heller på ett likvärdigt sätt som cispersoner i nyhetsmedia. / In line with the digitalisation, the Internet's webpages increase and so does the competition between news media channels. Since it is getting easier to access news articles, it is interesting whether they include people with different gender identities or not. Hbtq people have a higher risk of feeling mental health issues and there are also more transsexuals in Sweden who intend to commit suicide in recent years (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2019). The study therefore examines whether Swedish news media choose to erect society's discourses about transgender people's exclusion in society. Another reason why the study examines Sweden is because they are considered an inclusive society (Svenska Institutet, 2019). For those reasons, it will be interesting to examine Sweden's news media and Expressen's articles on two selected cases.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how different gender identities are represented in the news media and how news selection takes place. This will be done through a critical discourse analysis and theoretical starting points such as news evaluation, the ideal victim and gender and norms. The empirical material that is negotiated in the study is four articles about the murder case of Emilia Lundberg and four articles from the murder case of Wilma Andersson. The articles are chosen after four moments in terms of a timeline. The study shows that transgender people are not seen as newsworthy as cis people, transsexuals get less attention in the news, and they are seen as non-ideal victims. Transsexuals do not receive the same attention, empathy or get represented in an equivalent way as cispersons in the news.

The purpose of this study is to examine why the media has a more negative attitude towards lobbyism in 2014 compared to earlier years since the 1970s in Sweden. This study examines first if a change of attitude has occurred between the given years and whether the attitude is more positive, negative or neutral towards lobbyism in recent years compared to earlier years and lastly if the media are comparing different contexts in which lobbying takes place. The method of this study is based on quantitative content analysis, and on Kanol’s ideas that by implementing theories from different disciplines one can develop theories on comparative lobbying in order to increase and improve our knowledge on the phenomenon of lobbyism as the contemporary research on the subject are scars and underdeveloped. The material in this study are news articles that have been collected between 1970 to 2000 and every second year from 2000 up until 2014. This study also provides a comprehensive picture of the Swedish context in which lobbying takes place by gathering information from multiple sources and earlier studies as this information has as of yet not been gathered in a single study up until now. The conclusion is that there has been a change of attitude towards lobbyism in Sweden, however, the dominant attitude is not a negative but rather a more skeptical/cynical one which has increased since 1992. The term lobbying is controversial because it’s being mentioned in various topics that could be considered negative by the reader as the decision making whether the news article is negative or positive is subjective. Because the media has increased its negative news reporting overall and that the unconscious mind of the reader is also attracted to negative news reporting, the term lobbying can be considered “negative” overall as it is constantly being mentioned in negative contexts even when the article is not about lobbying. A reasonable explanation why the media has a more negative / skeptical attitude to lobbyism is because of previous scandals related to lobbying either in Sweden or outside the country's border, but also because the media can’t hold the elected officials responsible for their actions as transparency and accountability is absent. Because of the increased reporting in Sweden on lobbying from all over the world, the subject will most likely become more relevant on the Swedish political agenda.