This thesis focuses on two extreme weather years in 1867-1868 that led to crop failure and subsistence crisis in parts of Sweden. Specifically it focus on Gävleborgs County and one parish, Hanebo Parish, in south west Hälsingland. The study presents contemporary examples from original sources on the national, regional and local level and one secondary source. With a qualitative approach, the study investigates the social impacts of sudden extreme weather and following harvest failure and assess signs of a possible subsistence crisis on regional and local level in the years of 1867-68. The empirics are analyzed trough demographic methodology often used to evaluate ”famine-like” situations, theories on famine and its causes and the three concepts: vulnerability, resilience and exchange entitlement. The result of the study shows a subsistence crisis in Gävleborg county and Hanebo Parish, in the years of 1867-68. These indications included poor harvest, demographic impact on parochial level and visible mitigating strategies for coping with the situation. Social hierarchies which are making impact on attitudes within the contemporary context of crisis are also discovered in the empiric material. The study also shows that state incentives and publically organised incentives can mitigate disaster both over short and long term.

Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis uses Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of dialogism, as well as postmodernism, to open up faultlines in satire, and to explore and challenge various perceptions and discourses surrounding and related to it. Both dialogism and postmodernism are used to suggest fresh approaches to satire, by repositioning it in relation to other discourses and reframing it as a complex dynamic, rather than a closed and inflexible system. Chapter 1 of the thesis opens with an historical survey of the beginnings and subsequent development of satire. It also contains a general discussion of the nature of satiric strategies and opens the door for the incorporation of postmodern perspectives into the argument. Chapter 2 contrasts the issues of morality and re-presentation in satire, arguing that satirists do not simply invite their audience to condemn, but offer them an opportunity to discover alternative worlds. The affinity between satire and postmodernism is emphasised by the postmodern predilection for modes highly favoured by satire: allegory, parody and fantasy. In Chapter 3 the issue of language and its referents is explored, starting with Saussure's theory of how the signifier and the signified function. It is argued that satire has never respected this fixed relationship, and that it is in this respect similar to deconstruction. The last part of the chapter is devoted to examining four key socio-political discourses - psychoanalysis, ideology, propaganda and political myth - in relation to satire. These four discourses are, like satire, intent on influencing the perceptions which people have of the world. The intention in juxtaposing these discourses is to create a dialogic process which will throw a fresh light on all of them, including satire itself. The four socio-political discourses named above play an important part in Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, and are relevant to the subsequent discussion of these novels. Chapter 4 consists of a detailed discussion of Animal Farm, in which the various layers comprising the work are examined. The satirical aspects of the novel are closely related to the fabular and fairy tale elements which are an important part of its constitution. These elements or levels are juxtaposed with the historical details alluded to continuously in Animal Farm and indicate its close concern with the world outside the novel. Chapter 5 consists of a detailed exploration of Nineteen Eighty-Four, which is illuminated by a process of dialogism between the modernist ideology from which the novel springs and the postmodern perspective introduced into the thesis, as well as the four socio-political discourses mentioned earlier. The main postmodern theories used in this chapter are those of Foucault. The last section of the thesis demonstrates how Orwell's personal experience drives his satire, and relates this specifically to a discussion of utopia / dystopia in satire. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Dialogiek van Satire: Fokuspunte en Breuke in Orwell se Animal Farm en Nineteen Eighty-Four: Hierdie proefskrif maak gebruik van Mikhail Bakhtin se teorie van dialogisme, sowel as die postmodernisme, om die breuke in satire bloot te le, en om die verskillende persepsies en diskoerse wat verband hou met die satire te ondersoek en te bevraagteken. Beide die dialogisme en die postmodernisme word gebruik om nuwe perspektiewe op satire te open, deur dit te herposisioneer in verhouding tot ander diskoerse en dit voor te stel in terme van 'n komplekse dinamika eerder as 'n geslote en onbuigsame sisteem. Die eerste hoofstuk van die proefskrif begin met 'n historiese oorsig van die oorspronge en daaropvolgende ontwikkeling van satire. Dit omvat ook 'n algemene bespreking van die aard van satiriese strateqiee en open die moontlikheid om postmodernistiese perspektiewe in die argument te integreer. Hoofstuk 2 kontrasteer die kwessies van moraliteit en representasie in satire met mekaar; daar word geargumenteer dat satirici nie net hulle gehore uitnooi om te veroordeel nie, maar hulle die geleentheid gee om alternatiewe werelde te ontdek. Die verwantskap tussen satire en postmodernisme word benadruk deur die postmodernisme se voorliefde vir die modi waaraan die satire so dikwels voorkeur gee: allegorie, parodie en fantasie. In hoofstuk 3 word die kwessie van taal en referensialiteit ondersoek, beginnende by Saussure se teorie oor die funksionering van die betekenaar en die betekende. Daar word geargumenteer dat satire nog nooit die vaste verhouding tussen betekenaar en betekende eerbiedig het nie, en dat dit in hierdie opsig verwant is aan die dekonstruksie. Die laaste gedeelte van die hoofstuk word gewy aan 'n ondersoek van vier sentrale sosio-politiese diskoerse - psigoanalise, ideologie, propaganda en politieke mitologie - in verhouding met satire. Hierdie vier diskoerse is, soos satire, daarop ingestel om mense se persepsies/opvattings van die. wereld te verander. Die doelstelling met die jukstaposisie van hierdie diskoerse is die skep van 'n dialogiese proses wat al vier hierdie diskoerse, insluitende satire, in 'n nuwe lig sal stel. Die genoemde sosio-politiese diskoerse speel 'n belangrike rol in Animal Farm en Nineteen Eighty-Four, en is relevant vir die daaropvolgende bespreking van die romans. Hoofstuk 4 bestaan uit 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van Animal Farm, waarin daar ondersoek ingestel word na die verskillende lae waaruit die roman bestaan. Die satiriese aspekte van die roman word in noue verband gebring met die fabulere en die feeverhaalelemente wat so 'n belangrike deel uitmaak van die roman se samestelling. Hierdie elemente of vlakke word gejukstaponeer met die historiese detail waarna daar deurlopend in Animal Farm verwys word en wat die noue bemoeienis met die wereld buite die roman aandui. Hoofstuk 5 bestaan uit 'n intensiewe ondersoek van Nineteen Eighty-Four, wat belig word deur 'n proses van dialogisme tussen die modernistiese ideologie waaruit die roman spruit en die postmodernistiese perspektiewe wat in die proefskrif ingevoer word. Die belangrikste postmodernistiese teoriee wat in hierdie hoofstuk gebruik word, is die van Foucault. Die laaste afdeling van die proefskrif demonstreer hoedat Orwell se persoonlike ervaring bepalend is vir sy satire en bring dit spesifiek in verband met 'n bespreking van utopie/distopie in satire.

This thesis examines stylistic technique and narrative strategy in a range of George Orwell’s fictional and non-fictional texts to demonstrate how personal experience and detached interpretation interact dialectically in his work to create layers of narrative complexity. Moving from Raymond Williams’ observation that the figure of “Orwell” is the writer’s “most successful” creation, this study asserts a vital correlation between form and content in Orwell’s work, specifically in the central position that perspective occupies in his political outlook. The multiple perspectives that surface in Orwell’s texts – the reluctant Imperial policeman, the tramp in disguise, the advocate of the working poor, the rebellious and satirically-inclined anti-totalitarian writer – correspond with the author’s life experiences, and yet are revealed as rhetorically constructed positions that are adopted strategically to generate nuanced, and at times contradictory, impressions of a wide range of subject matter. Chapter 1 treats Orwell’s Burmese writings as ethnographically-inflected texts; Chapter 2 examines the figure of the mask in Down and Out in Paris and London and in The Road to Wigan Pier; Chapter 3 analyses a dialectic of experience and interpretation at play in Homage to Catalonia; Chapter 4 scrutinizes the mobilization of the rebel writer figure in a selection of Orwell’s mature essays; and Chapter 5 examines the strategic deployment of competing perspectives in Nineteen Eighty-Four’s anatomy of the totalitarian state. This array of analytical approaches serves the dual function of highlighting the versatility and sophistication of narrative strategy across a range of individual texts in Orwell’s oeuvre, and of demonstrating a trajectory in his work that adheres simultaneously to both formal and political considerations. Orwell’s highly prolific two-decade-long writing career, I argue, can be productively understood as an ongoing experiment with narrative strategy, and this experiment exerts at each stage a direct influence on his evolving political aesthetic.

Six courts récits, qui peuvent n’en former qu’un, se penchent sur les possibilités de la voix narrative (à la troisième personne, au « je », au « nous », au « tu »). Ils réfléchissent sur l’acte de création comme construction et sur les effets de la narration. Pour preuve, le dernier texte reprend intégralement le premier. Le fantastique surgit au moment de l’hésitation du lecteur devant la nature des faits qui lui sont présentés. C’est avec les différentes instances que composent les destinateurs et les destinataires du récit que ce texte joue. La voix narrative, dans un texte fantastique, a une grande importance et doit créer une tension chez le lecteur, qui n’arrivera pas à trouver une explication pour certains aspects du récit. Le narrateur, souvent au « je », se confond avec un personnage. À l’aide de l’analyse du déroulement de l’intrigue et des procédés narratifs utilisés dans trois nouvelles : La Vénus d’Ille (Mérimée), Apparition (Maupassant), Ligeia (Poe), nous cherchons à montrer le rôle du narrateur dans le texte fantastique. / Six short stories, which can be grouped into one long story, provide different styles for the narrator: a third-person narrative, an ‘’I’’ narrative, a ‘’we’’ narrative, and a ‘’you’’ narrative. This particular text is a reflection about the act of creating as a progressive construction as well as a reflection on the effects of narration. As a concrete proof, the last part is identical to the first one, but having the whole story in mind gives the same text a different meaning. The fantastic mood emerges with the reader’s hesitation of how to interpret the facts that are presented to him. Globally, this text plays with the instances that provide a literary text and the ones that receive it. The narrative in a fantastic text is very important, and has to create tension in the reader, who will not be able to explain certain aspects of the story. Often, the plot is told in the first person, hence merging the narrator with a character, thus creating a double personality. We try to shine the light on the role of the narrator in a fantastic text by analyzing how the plot unravels and which narrative methods are used in three short stories: La Vénus d’Ille (Mérimée), Apparition (Maupassant), and Ligeia (Poe).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JADIR PECANHA ROSTOLDO.pdf: 354537 bytes, checksum: 5836735017e698b30c7c4f5716239795 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-07-11 / Analisa as transformações da sociedade brasileira, no período de 1979 a 1989, efetuando reflexões que levam a uma compreensão mais ampla da natureza dos problemas do País. A análise foi efetuada a partir de uma ótica multidisciplinar, questionando a expressão Década Perdida à qual o período é normalmente vinculado. Recupera a política econômica de 1955 a 1989. Descreve as expressões culturais, os movimentos sociais e o movimento sindical dos anos 1980, mostrando seu papel transformador. Discorre sobre o processo de redemocratização, desde a Anistia Política até as eleições diretas para presidente da República. Levanta os indicadores sociais do período, inclusive o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), e relaciona com o conceito de desenvolvimento humano. Conclui que, apesar da recessão econômica, a sociedade obteve ganhos em vários aspectos e o período pode ser considerado de mudanças e transformações, e não perdido. / Analyses the transformations of the Brazilian Society, from 1979 to 1989, making reflections that take to a wider comprehension of the country problems. The analysis was done through a multi-disciplinary view, questioning the expression Lost Decade , which the period is usually connected to. Recovers the economic politics from 1955 to 1989. Describes the cultural expressions, social movements and syndicalist movement of the 1980 s, showing their transforming action. Runs over about the redemocratization process, since the politic amnesty until the direct elections for President. Brings the social indicators of the period, including the Human Development Index (HDI) and its relation to the concept of human development. The conclusions show that even there was economic recession, the society had positive achievements in many aspects and the period can be considered as a period of changes and transformations, not lost.

<p>Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur ledare uppfattar dagens ledarskap samt hur de tror att det framtida ledarskapet kommer att påverkas och utvecklas i och med ett generationsskifte.</p><p>Metod: Jag delar hermeneutikernas syn då jag anser att kunskapen bildas hos den som strävar efter att skapa den. Jag har valt att använda en kvalitativ och induktiv ansats i min studie, då jag framförallt använder intervjuer för att besvara mina frågeställningar samt utgår från empirin i min studie.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Ledarskapsrollen har gått från att vara ”den som bestämmer”, ”chefen”, till att idag bli mindre märkvärdig och prestigelös. Dessutom poängteras vikten och betydelsen av den nya lagledarrollen/ coachen som innebär att det är viktigt att kunna se var och en. Vi kan se att den yngre generationen har fler dimensioner i livet utanför arbetet, och det blir allt viktigare att kunna kombinera familjeliv och karriär.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Att titta på familjeföretag för att se om dessa skiljer sig åt från andra organisationer vad gäller synen på ledarskap. Hur kommer generationsövergången att se ut och hanteras i familjeföretagen? Ett annat ämne som skulle vara intressant att studera djupare är hur 50- och 60-talisterna, ”den bortglömda generationen”, upplever det stundande generationsskiftet?</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie utmärker sig genom att belysa hur generationsskiftet kommer att påverka oss på regional nivå. Dessutom behandlar jag ämnesområdet ledarskap och hur detta påverkas av ett generationsskifte, varpå jag sticker ut från de uppsatser som beskriver generationsväxlingen i sig.</p> / <p>Aim: The aim of this study is to examine how managers apprehend today's leadership and how they believe that future leadership will be influenced and developed when the people bourn during the nineteen forties pass on their management positions to a younger generation.</p><p>Method: I share the hermeneutic view on science. I believe that knowledge is born within the person who seeks to obtain it. I have chosen to conduct my study using a qualitative and inductive approach. I use an inductive approach as I answer my questions by using interviews in order to respond to my question at issues, and assumes from the empiric in my study.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: The leadership role has changed from being” the one who decides”,” the director”, to becoming less peculiar and prestige. Moreover, the importance of coaching are emphasized, that means that it is important to see all employees as individuals. We can see that the younger generation has more dimensions in life outside work, and the ability to combine family and career becomes more important.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Study family businesses in order to see if they are different</p><p>from other organisations regarding the view on leadership. How do the family businesses handle the shift of generations? How the people borne in the nineteen fifties and sixties, ”the forgotten generation”, experiences the upcoming generation shift.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: This study distinguishes itself by illuminate how the shift of generations will influence us on a regional level. Furthermore, I examine the area of leadership and how it will be influenced by the shift of generations. Therefore this thesis distinguishes itself from other essays that describe the alternation of generations.</p>

Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur ledare uppfattar dagens ledarskap samt hur de tror att det framtida ledarskapet kommer att påverkas och utvecklas i och med ett generationsskifte. Metod: Jag delar hermeneutikernas syn då jag anser att kunskapen bildas hos den som strävar efter att skapa den. Jag har valt att använda en kvalitativ och induktiv ansats i min studie, då jag framförallt använder intervjuer för att besvara mina frågeställningar samt utgår från empirin i min studie. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Ledarskapsrollen har gått från att vara ”den som bestämmer”, ”chefen”, till att idag bli mindre märkvärdig och prestigelös. Dessutom poängteras vikten och betydelsen av den nya lagledarrollen/ coachen som innebär att det är viktigt att kunna se var och en. Vi kan se att den yngre generationen har fler dimensioner i livet utanför arbetet, och det blir allt viktigare att kunna kombinera familjeliv och karriär. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Att titta på familjeföretag för att se om dessa skiljer sig åt från andra organisationer vad gäller synen på ledarskap. Hur kommer generationsövergången att se ut och hanteras i familjeföretagen? Ett annat ämne som skulle vara intressant att studera djupare är hur 50- och 60-talisterna, ”den bortglömda generationen”, upplever det stundande generationsskiftet? Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie utmärker sig genom att belysa hur generationsskiftet kommer att påverka oss på regional nivå. Dessutom behandlar jag ämnesområdet ledarskap och hur detta påverkas av ett generationsskifte, varpå jag sticker ut från de uppsatser som beskriver generationsväxlingen i sig. / Aim: The aim of this study is to examine how managers apprehend today's leadership and how they believe that future leadership will be influenced and developed when the people bourn during the nineteen forties pass on their management positions to a younger generation. Method: I share the hermeneutic view on science. I believe that knowledge is born within the person who seeks to obtain it. I have chosen to conduct my study using a qualitative and inductive approach. I use an inductive approach as I answer my questions by using interviews in order to respond to my question at issues, and assumes from the empiric in my study. Result &amp; Conclusions: The leadership role has changed from being” the one who decides”,” the director”, to becoming less peculiar and prestige. Moreover, the importance of coaching are emphasized, that means that it is important to see all employees as individuals. We can see that the younger generation has more dimensions in life outside work, and the ability to combine family and career becomes more important. Suggestions for future research: Study family businesses in order to see if they are different from other organisations regarding the view on leadership. How do the family businesses handle the shift of generations? How the people borne in the nineteen fifties and sixties, ”the forgotten generation”, experiences the upcoming generation shift. Contribution of the thesis: This study distinguishes itself by illuminate how the shift of generations will influence us on a regional level. Furthermore, I examine the area of leadership and how it will be influenced by the shift of generations. Therefore this thesis distinguishes itself from other essays that describe the alternation of generations.

The most important 1920’s men’s choral composer, Erwin Lendvai, is used in this lecture as an example to demonstrate some compositional steps that were taken to save the genre. Contemporaries praised him as a bold innovator of men’s choir. His writing is highly professional and his experience as a conductor shows in every detail. Stylistically, his music is a mixture of chromatically altered extended tonality and polyphonic principles found in the kind of boyish and unmannerly Renaissance songs Lendvai was familiar with, due to his transcriptions in the style of the “Jugenmusikbewegung”. He connects two ultra-modern tendencies of the time, namely linear counterpoint (no longer exactly in the sense of Ernst Kurth) and a morbid post-wagnerianism, both en vogue and equally fascinating.

This is a study of religious national identity in Britain during the 1920s. The focus of the thesis is the Prayer Book controversy which engulfed the Church of England in 1927 and 1928 and climaxed with the House of Commons rejecting the Church’s proposals for an alternative liturgy on two occasions. The purpose of the revised book was to incorporate moderate Anglo-Catholicism into the life of the Church. It is asserted that the main factor behind the revision controversy, largely overlooked in previous studies, was a conflict of different models of national religion. While the dominant ‘Centre-High’ (sometimes referred to as ‘liberal Anglican’) faction in the Church, which included the English Catholic section of Anglo-Catholics, favoured a broadly Christian national religion and a tolerant, comprehensive established Church, many Protestants, in particular conservative Evangelicals, understood religious national identity to be emphatically Protestant under the terms of a Reformation settlement. The bishops’ revision proposals challenged the Protestant uniformity of the Church and so brought into question the constitutional relationship between Church and State. Thus the issue of national religion played a pivotal role in the revision controversy. Chapter one gives the background to the liturgical project in the Church, assessing the balance of power between the Anglican parties in the 1920s and explaining the purposes of revision. It is argued that the new Prayer Book reflected the reigning Centre-High orthodoxy of the House of Bishops and was moderately Anglo-Catholic in nature. This underlying agenda led many Evangelicals and advanced Anglo-Catholics to reject the new book. Chapters two and three describe the Evangelical and Anglo-Catholic responses respectively and argue that both parties were divided over revision, with large sections of both opposed to revision. Chapter four explains the attitude of the conservative Evangelical, Centre-High and ‘Western’ Catholic groupings towards the constitutional, cultural and moral dimensions of religious national identity. It argues that these understandings of national religion were a key cause of identity conflict within the Church and so determined the responses of each Church faction towards revision. Chapter five enlarges on the idea of Protestant national religion during the period by assessing the important role of the Free Churches and non-English mainline Churches in the crisis. It argues that the involvement of Protestants in these denominations was significant and that the ideologies of anti-Catholicism and national Protestantism motivated this. Finally, chapter six further emphasises the ‘national’ dimension of the revision controversy by explaining the attitude of the House of Commons to revision. It is asserted that the Commons’ debates on revision were in fact discussions on the role of national religion in 1920s Britain and that the rejections of the bishops’ proposals demonstrated the resilience of parliamentary Protestantism in British politics. Overall, the thesis concludes that, while Protestant national identity certainly weakened from the mid nineteenth century, this decline should not be exaggerated. Indeed the 1920s may have seen an upsurge in anti-Catholicism, as Protestants, in particular Evangelicals, reacted to the rise of Anglo-Catholicism in the Church and the post-war successes of Roman Catholicism. The idea of Protestant Britain remained a strong alternative to the conceptualisation of a broadly Christian Britain during 1920s.

George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, first published in 1949, is a vision of socialism gone wrong. The setting of Oceania is a world ruled over by an oligarchical collective, “The Party,” which wields absolute power through a formidable combination of surveillance technology and the operation of the principles of “panoptic control,” a concept drawn from Jeremy Bentham’s model prison design of the late 1700s and revived by Foucault in the mid 1970s. The combination of surveillance technology and panoptic control is central to the functioning of power in Orwell’s novel, a union which has created a self-sustaining form of totalitarianism dependent on the oppression of individual identity for its automatic perpetuation. This essay offers a reading of Nineteen Eighty-Four as an implicit critique of Bentham’s Panopticon which in many ways foreshadowed the later work of Michel Foucault on the functioning of power within this specific type of physical and social architecture. / George Orwells roman 1984, vilken publicerades första gången 1949, är en framtidsvision om socialism som gått fel. Romanen utspelas i Oceania, en värld som styrs av ett oligarkiskt kollektiv, “Partiet,” vilket utövar absolut makt genom en utstuderad kombination av övervakningsteknik och teorin om “panoptisk” kontroll, ett begrepp sprunget ur av Jeremy Benthams fängelsemodell från sent 1700-tal, vilket återskapades av Michel Foucault i mitten av 1970-talet. Kombinationen av övervakningsteknologi och panopticism har i Oceanien skapat en totalitarianism som fungerar med automatik och förtrycker individuell identitet för att befästa statens makt. Denna uppsats närmar sig Orwells 1984 som en underförstådd kritik av Benthams arbete. Vidare identifier i romanen 1984 många av Foucault’s idéer om hur makt fungerar i en panoptisk struktur.