This study explores the relationship between ideals of motherhood and heterosexual normativity, from the perspective of women at the margins of these discourses. The title, In the shadow of Motherhood, illustrates the overriding power of the image of motherhood to marginalise alternative experiences. The concept of motherhood, like that of Family, has traditionally signalled the reproduction of the normative; it does not usually encompass the critical scrutiny that would allow for diverse experiences of mothering. Theoretically, the study is located within the fields of feminist sociology and inclusive family studies in productive dialogue with queer notions of gender and sexuality. Methodologically, it is inspired by narrative analysis and consists of in-depth interviews with eight lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women grappling with different experiences of motherhood and mothering practices. Some of them identify as mothers while others do not, but by not being biogenetic mothers within a heterosexual relationship they share the position of being outside of what is often considered normal, natural and desirable. The analysis reveals a considerable variation in the positions, experiences and identities of the participants, particularly in regards to changes over time, which cannot be reduced to binary categories such as heterosexual/lesbian, biological/non-biological, mother/childless or voluntary/involuntary childlessness. The analysis also exposes a deep tension between ideologies of motherhood and lived experiences of care practices. Furthermore, from the perspective of the participants, the boundaries between inclusion and exclusion reinforce and challenge each other, creating spaces of both individual and collective resistance. The study illuminates the need to shift the location of these experiences from the margins to the centre not only in sociological research of family and gender, but also within feminist sociology.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 768324 bytes, checksum: c4bb9428be748b34cf22fe2b55c0a2ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, the goal was to evaluate the physic-chemical and microbiological quality of uncooked milk stored in common tanks of three municipalities in the state of Paraiba, and verify the sanitary conditions of manufacturing establishments and their tanks, checking if they have been met in the requirements of Brazilian laws. The evaluation of community tanks and easy access properties were based on the application of checklists, containing 38 -57questions, respectively. Afterward, milk samples were submitted to be stored during the reception in the tanks, the determination of temperature and testing alizarol and acidity. Also, milk samples were collected from properties that participated in the checklist to perform the analysis of fat, protein, lactose and non fat solids. Based on the checklist, the tanks were classified as Grade I and Grade II and the properties in the grade II, requiring improvements to suit the necessities, except the property P1of the tank II, classified as Grade I. The most of the samples were received with temperatures above 30 °C and was observed by means of the acidity, the high proportion of sour milk in a tank, and alkaline milk in the tanks 2 and 3. In alizarol test, the results showed an alkaline reaction (purple) in the tank I, in the tanks 2 and 3, the samples were inside the standard, with a predominance of red brick, as milk with normal responses. About the nutrients like fat, protein and lactose were all appropriate. The ESD 29,6% of the 27 samples was low of the minimum required. The CPP ranged from 1,2 x106 to 1,1x107 UFC/ml, all samples were above the standard allowed 7,5x105. The NMP of some samples had values above 10³ MPN / mL. The CCS ranged to1,0x103 to 8,5x103 CS/mL, all samples were within the standard. The result of the calculation of S.aureus ranged from 2,5 x10³ to 2,5x10³ UFC/ mL. The results showed that, in general, the raw milk samples were within the parameters recommended by the legislation; however, are necessary improvements in hygiene and sanitary treatment of animals before, during and after milking so will happen a reduction in the CPP. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite cru recebido em tanques comunitários de três municípios do Estado da Paraíba, bem como verificar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos produtores e seus respectivos tanques, verificando se estavam sendo atendidas as exigências previstas na legislação brasileira. A avaliação dos tanques comunitários e das propriedades foi baseada na aplicação de listas de verificação contendo 38 e 57 questões, respectivamente. Posteriormente, amostras do leite foram submetidas, durante a recepção à determinação de temperatura e aos testes de alizarol e acidez pelo método de ºDornic. Ainda, foram coletadas amostras do leite das propriedades que participaram da lista de verificação para realização das análises de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos não gordurosos. Com base na lista de verificação, os tanques foram classificados como Grau I e Grau II e as propriedades como Grau II, necessitando de melhorias para adequar-se. A maioria das amostras foi recebida com temperatura acima de 30 ºC, tendo sido observado por meio do teste de acidez, predominância de leite ácido no tanque 1 e leite alcalino nos tanques 2 e 3. No teste do alizarol, os resultados obtidos indicaram reação alcalino (violeta) no tanque 1, nos tanques 2 e 3, as amostras estavam dentro do padrão, com predominância da cor vermelho tijolo, considerado leite com resposta normal. Com relação aos componentes: gordura, proteína e lactose todos estavam dentro do padrão. Os sólidos não gordurosos, das 27 amostras analisadas, 29,6% estavam abaixo do mínimo exigido. A contagem de bactéria padrão variou de 1,2x106 a 1,1x107 UFC/mL, indicando que todas as amostras estavam acima do padrão permitido 7,5x105. O número mais provável de coliformes em algumas amostras apresentou valores acima de 103 NMP/mL. A contagem de células somáticas variou 1,0x103 a 8,5x103 CS/mL, todas as amostras estavam dentro do padrão. O resultado da contagem de Staphylococcus aureus variou de 2,5x103 a 2,5x105 UFC/mL. Os resultados evidenciaram que melhorias no manejo higiênico-sanitário dos animais antes, durante e após a ordenha são necessários para que ocorra uma redução na contagem bacteriana.

Nowadays the companies want to make sure that they have strong resources that can face the rapid changes in the environment. One of the most important resources is human resources. The interest of the companies to have committed employees have been increased because there is a big difference between the performance of committed employees and the rest of the employees. Committed employees perform well in the organization and help the organization to grow and face the competitive environment. Based on this, this research aims to evaluate and study the relationship between organizational commitment and individual performance.To do this one of the Multinational corporation(MNC) is selected, this MNC is the Japanese company Kansai Paint who has one subsidiary in Pakistan. The theoretical model of this study was formulated based on one dependent variable which is the individual performance and three independent variables which are an affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment.The data of the research was collected by questionnaires which sent to 100 employees on Kansai Paint in Pakistan, and SPSS testing was used to analyze the data. The finding of the study exposed that the affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment have a positive impact on the individual performance. At the end of the research, the conclusion of the research was drawn and several of recommendations were developed.

Our goal in this discussion is to map out a scientifically legitimate and practical path towardinternationalizing the social psychology curriculum. Toward developing an appropriate con- ceptual framework, we distinguish between the study of two different types of performance: performance capacity, how well isolated individuals can perform tasks as determined by their physical characteristics, and performance style, the way things are done through collab- orative meaning making. Whereas performance capacity can be explained causally, performance style is best explained through normative accounts. Social psychology has largely approached questions of performance style by applying a reductionist and causal framework. We highlight the alternative approach reflected in the cultural-narrative turn and identify sub-research areas that need to be strengthened in order to internationalize psychology. / La psicología es social: explorando universales en la capacidad y el estilo del desempeño Nuestro objetivo es proponer un camino científicamente legítimo y práctico hacia la internacionalización del currículo de la psicología social. Al desarrollar una estructura conceptual apropiada, distinguimos entre el estudio de dos tipos de desempeño: la capacidad de desempeño, es decir, cuán bien los individuos aislados pueden llevar a cabo tareas determinadas por sus características físicas, y el estilo de desempeño, es decir, el modo en que las cosas se realizan a partir de tener un significado colaborativo. Mientras que la capacidad de desempeño puede ser explicada causalmente, el estilo de desempeño es mejor explicado a través de justificaciones narrativas. La psicología social se ha aproximado principalmente a las cuestiones del estilo de desempeño aplicando una estructura reduccionista y causal. Destacamos el enfoque alternativo reflejado en el turno cultural-narrativo e identificamos subáreas de investigación que necesitan ser reforzadas para internacionalizar la psicología.

Este trabalho é uma análise formal da construção das orações relativas em contextos de sintagmas preposicionais no português oral culto de Porto Alegre em que a preposição não está visível na forma fonética, apesar de a gramática normativa exigi-la. Antes da realização da análise propriamente dita, relembramos a estrutura e a classificação das orações relativas, os pronomes relativos empregados com ou sem preposições e algumas particularidades e inovações dessas estruturas que vêm surgindo no PB, além de apresentar o panorama da gramática gerativa até o modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros, destacando as abordagens gerativas mais relevantes sobre a construção Relativa Cortadora. A análise baseia-se em dados coletados em 24 (vinte e quatro) inquéritos, que correspondem a 24 (vinte e quatro) informantes, registrados no corpus do projeto NURC – Norma Urbana Culta – que totalizam 300 (trezentos) períodos de análise. Seguindo o modelo de pesquisa gerativa – Princípios e Parâmetros –, são levantadas as estratégias de construção das orações padrão e não-padrão, sendo estas classificadas em Relativas Cortadoras e Relativas Copiadoras. Os resultados atestam que a construção não-padrão é utilizada em 69,33% dos casos, sendo 67,00% de Relativa Cortadora e 2,33% de Relativa Copiadora, enquanto que a estratégia padrão é empregada em 30,67% (trinta e três por cento). No uso da estratégia padrão, o emprego do pronome relativo está garantido, sendo resultado de movimento do elemento QU, com fixação de parâmetro [+movQU]; e no emprego das estratégias não-padrão a tendência é o uso da partícula “que”, denominada de “juntor”, correlacionada com o fato de que as orações subordinadas são regidas à principal por meio da conjunção. Neste último caso, QU não resulta de movimento [-movQU], sendo gerado na posição de base e caracterizando que o Português Brasileiro (PB) é uma língua de parâmetro [±movQU]. / This work is a formal analysis of the relative clauses’ construction in prepositional sintagms in oral cult Portuguese from Porto Alegre, in which the preposition is not visible in the phonetic form, in spite of the normative grammar requires it. Before accomplishing the analysis, we reminded the construction of the relative clauses, the relative pronouns with or without prepositions and some particularities and innovation of these constructions which are lighting up in BP, besides presenting the generative grammar view until the Principles and Parameters Model, singularizing the most relevant generative subjects about the construction of PP-Chopping. The analysis is based on data collected in 24 enquiries, corresponding to 24 informants registered in the corpus of the NURC project – Urban Cult Norma – which complete 300 periods of analysis. Following the model of generative research – Principles and Parameters –, the strategies standard – Pied-piping – and non-standard clauses´ construction are verified, and classificated in PP-Chopping and Resumptive Pronoun. The results show that the non-standard constructions are used in 69,33% of the cases, being 67,00% of PPChopping and 2,33% of Resumptive Pronouns, while the standard strategy is used in 30,67%. In the usage of the standard strategy, the use of the relative pronouns is assured, being a result of the element WH moviment, with the parameter fixing [+movWH]; while in the nonstandard strategies is tended the usage of “que”, called “juntor”, related to the fact that the subordinate clauses are governed to the main one by the conjuction. In this last case, WH does not result of movement [-movWH], being generated in the base position and characterizing that Brazilian Portuguese is a language of parameter [±movWH].

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T17:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 138.pdf: 442238 bytes, checksum: 93bcbaf5811e70bcccbf998bdbb5306e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Os atos administrativos, e entre estes os decretos, expedidos, como forma de dar cumprimento as leis, enquanto normas legais na área de alimentos, são de suma importância, uma vez que a aplicabilidade normativa é inerente as ações desenvolvidas pela Vigilância Sanitária. A trajetória histórica da Vigilância Sanitária Municipal do Rio de Janeiro inicia-se, com a fusão do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com a Guanabara. O processo de fusão foi consolidado, em 1975, criando a Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e, por conseguinte, a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde onde, encontrava-se alocado o Serviço de Controle de Alimentos ao qual competia o controle de alimentos e dos estabelecimentos relacionados a alimentos, iniciando o exercício do poder de polícia administrativa sobre os alimentos, no concernente a atividades desempenhadas em seu território. Com a Lei 8080, de 1990, chamada Lei Orgânica da Saúde, teve início a organização do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a definição de Vigilância Sanitária e suas competências. Desta forma, o início e toda a década de 90, foram anos decisivos para a ampliação e discussão dos modelos e formas de agir no Sistema de Vigilância Sanitária, percebe-se no decorrer dos anos seguintes uma grande preocupação das autoridades competentes em atualizar continuamente as leis, para que pudessem ser compreensíveis e adequadas à realidade do país, aumentando assim a eficácia das medidas voltadas à Vigilância Sanitária dos alimentos. Assim, este trabalho apresentado na forma de artigos publicados inicia-se com o estudo da aplicabilidade normativa nas ações desenvolvidas pela Vigilância Sanitária, apresenta um levantamento das principais ações desenvolvidas pela Vigilância Sanitária Municipal do Rio de janeiro no período de 1997 a 2004 com ênfase nos três últimos anos, avaliando ainda, o controle sobre águas minerais consumidas no município do Rio de Janeiro como forma de dar visibilidade as ações municipais. Muitas são as possibilidades que se inserem nos objetos de ação da Vigilância Sanitária dentro de um contexto em que as potencialidades do risco a saúde individual e coletiva podem se apresentar em maior ou menor intensidade. Assim, e sem a pretensão de ser conclusivo, pode-se extrair deste estudo algumas perspectivas para as Vigilâncias Sanitárias de caráter executivo como no nosso caso, seguindo os preceitos do Sistema de Vigilância Sanitária, as metas pactuadas e principalmente desenvolvendo atividades que forem de relevância na preservação da saúde da população podendo ainda servir de molde para outras vigilâncias municipais. / The administractive acts, including the decree, to object accomplish the lows, as legal guidelines concerning the sanitary surveillance of foods, is very important, because the normative aplication have been presented in a systematic way of de actions in Sanitary Surveillance. In Rio de Janeiro, the Sanitary Surveillance’s historic pathway starts out with the fusion of states of Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara. The final fusion process between the two states was finalized due to low number one from 1975. When the city of Rio de Janeiro was criated as well as it’s Helth Department where was alocated the Food Control Service wich was responsible for the control of food related establishments within it’s territory. With the advent of law 8080 from 1990, called Healt’s Organic Law, the so called prime Health Care System was criated was well as the competencies delegated to the established Sanitary Surveillance Department. In regards to the fact just mentioned, the nineties were decisive for a deeper discussion in regards to the modes of action to be employed by the sanitary surveillance. In order to adress the country’s current scenario a great concern is spente in regards to law actualization nevertheless, the current study to be presented in past published artcles format starts out with a study about the aplpicability of normative acts taken by the sanitary surveillance. The proposed study also presents the main actions tanken by the Sanitary Surveillance Department between the years of 1997 and 2004, plancing special emphasis on the last three years. The bottled water consumption in the city of Rio de Janeiro was also evaluated as a mean to give more visibility to the sanitary actions taken in the city of Rio de Janeiro. There are many possibilities avaliable as far as than sanitary surveillance scope of action as the potential riskis involving the individuals and the coletivity vary greatly. Nevertheless, new executive perspectives can be taken and applied to Sanitary Surveillance like shared goals and most importantly activities destined to the population’s helth prevention in way that it can serve as guidelines to state based sanitary surveillance branches.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma infraestrutura de nível micro-organizacional para sistemas multiagentes. A infraestrutura permite definir e gerenciar papéis e grupos de papéis organizacionais, que caracterizam o nível micro-organizacional das sociedades de agentes, em termos de quatro dimensões organizacionais: estrutural, funcional, dialógica e normativa. As principais características micro-organizacionais suportadas pela infraestrutura são: definição de papéis em termos de objetivos de realização (achievement goals) e objetivos de manutenção (maintenance goals), e seus respectivos planos; definição de normas organizacionais e um mecanismo para imposição das normas (norm enforcement); relações de dependências organizacionais entre papéis e grupos de papéis; mecanismo de reputação para auxiliar os agentes na busca de parceiros para seus objetivos individuais e selecionar parceiros para atingir metas coletivas; processo de reorganização não institucionalizado realizado por iniciativa dos agentes. A infraestrutura é baseada no metamodelo de agentes e artefatos e no conceito de organizações incorporadas (embodied organizations). Como resultado deste trabalho é disponibilizada uma infraestrutura de gerenciamento organizacional, independente de modelo organizacional, desenvolvida utilizando a plataforma CArtAgO que permite tornar a organização acessível aos agentes. / In this work, we present an artifact-based micro-organizational level infrastructure for multi-agent systems. It provides a way to define and manage the organizational roles and groups of roles that characterize the micro-organizational level of agent societies, in terms of the four organizational dimensions: structural, functional, dialogical and normative. The main micro-organizational features supported by the infrastructure are: definition of roles in terms of achievement and maintenance goals, and their corresponding plans; organizational norms and corresponding sanction-based mechanism of norm enforcement; organizational protocols to support the achievement of role goals; relations of organizational dependences between roles and groups of roles; reputation mechanism to help agents to find partners for their individual goals and to select partners to achieve collective goals; reorganization process not institutionalized performed by the initiative of agents. The infrastructure is based on the A & A meta-model and in the concept of embodied organizations. As a result of this work, we provide an organizational management infrastructure, independent of organizational model, developed using the CArtAgO platform that makes the organization accessible to agents.

Este trabalho é uma análise formal da construção das orações relativas em contextos de sintagmas preposicionais no português oral culto de Porto Alegre em que a preposição não está visível na forma fonética, apesar de a gramática normativa exigi-la. Antes da realização da análise propriamente dita, relembramos a estrutura e a classificação das orações relativas, os pronomes relativos empregados com ou sem preposições e algumas particularidades e inovações dessas estruturas que vêm surgindo no PB, além de apresentar o panorama da gramática gerativa até o modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros, destacando as abordagens gerativas mais relevantes sobre a construção Relativa Cortadora. A análise baseia-se em dados coletados em 24 (vinte e quatro) inquéritos, que correspondem a 24 (vinte e quatro) informantes, registrados no corpus do projeto NURC – Norma Urbana Culta – que totalizam 300 (trezentos) períodos de análise. Seguindo o modelo de pesquisa gerativa – Princípios e Parâmetros –, são levantadas as estratégias de construção das orações padrão e não-padrão, sendo estas classificadas em Relativas Cortadoras e Relativas Copiadoras. Os resultados atestam que a construção não-padrão é utilizada em 69,33% dos casos, sendo 67,00% de Relativa Cortadora e 2,33% de Relativa Copiadora, enquanto que a estratégia padrão é empregada em 30,67% (trinta e três por cento). No uso da estratégia padrão, o emprego do pronome relativo está garantido, sendo resultado de movimento do elemento QU, com fixação de parâmetro [+movQU]; e no emprego das estratégias não-padrão a tendência é o uso da partícula “que”, denominada de “juntor”, correlacionada com o fato de que as orações subordinadas são regidas à principal por meio da conjunção. Neste último caso, QU não resulta de movimento [-movQU], sendo gerado na posição de base e caracterizando que o Português Brasileiro (PB) é uma língua de parâmetro [±movQU]. / This work is a formal analysis of the relative clauses’ construction in prepositional sintagms in oral cult Portuguese from Porto Alegre, in which the preposition is not visible in the phonetic form, in spite of the normative grammar requires it. Before accomplishing the analysis, we reminded the construction of the relative clauses, the relative pronouns with or without prepositions and some particularities and innovation of these constructions which are lighting up in BP, besides presenting the generative grammar view until the Principles and Parameters Model, singularizing the most relevant generative subjects about the construction of PP-Chopping. The analysis is based on data collected in 24 enquiries, corresponding to 24 informants registered in the corpus of the NURC project – Urban Cult Norma – which complete 300 periods of analysis. Following the model of generative research – Principles and Parameters –, the strategies standard – Pied-piping – and non-standard clauses´ construction are verified, and classificated in PP-Chopping and Resumptive Pronoun. The results show that the non-standard constructions are used in 69,33% of the cases, being 67,00% of PPChopping and 2,33% of Resumptive Pronouns, while the standard strategy is used in 30,67%. In the usage of the standard strategy, the use of the relative pronouns is assured, being a result of the element WH moviment, with the parameter fixing [+movWH]; while in the nonstandard strategies is tended the usage of “que”, called “juntor”, related to the fact that the subordinate clauses are governed to the main one by the conjuction. In this last case, WH does not result of movement [-movWH], being generated in the base position and characterizing that Brazilian Portuguese is a language of parameter [±movWH].

Cette thèse étudie le rôle du conformisme social dans un contexte de vote. Dans le premierchapitre, nous présentons la définition, en psychologie sociale, du conformisme. Nous passons enrevue les éléments cl´es de la littérature afin de montrer l’influence du conformisme. Dans le deuxièmechapitre, nous procédons `a une revue de la littérature sur le rôle économique du conformisme, quirassemble des travaux en économie expérimentale et en psychologie sociale. Dans le troisième chapitre,nous présentons des modèles théoriques en économie comportementale étudiant le rôle du conformisme.Sur cette base, le quatrième chapitre est consacré `a une approche économique de la modélisation despréférences conformistes lorsque les électeurs souhaitent voter pour le candidat vainqueur, lors d’uneélection sujette `a la règle de la majorité. Concrètement, nous proposons d’expliquer comment le désirdes électeurs de voter pour le gagnant peut dissuader le candidat sortant de prendre des décisionsinefficaces pendant son mandat `a des fins de réélection. Dans le cinquième chapitre, nous présentonsun modèle intégrant des préférences conformistes, comme le désir de faire le même choix que lamajorité, lors d’un vote `a l’unanimité. La résolution du modèle permet de mettre en évidence qu’unepréférence pour se conformer au comportement d’autrui peut améliorer le bien-être social des votantset atténuer le problème du passager clandestin. Bien que le conformisme ait toujours eu une mauvaiseréputation, tous nos résultats mettent en lumière son utilité dans divers contextes de vote. / This thesis studies the role of social conformity in voting. In the first chapter, we presentthe definition of social conformity in social psychology. We review key elements of literature in order toshow the influence of conformity. In the second chapter, we conduct a literature review on the economicrole of conformity, which brings together work in experimental economics and social psychology. In thethird chapter, we present theoretical models in behavioral economics studying the role of conformity.On this basis, the fourth chapter is devoted to an economic approach to modeling the preferencesof conformity as voters’ desire to win in a re-election under Majority rule. Concretely, we offer anexplanation about how voters’ desire to win can deter incumbents from inefficient decisions while inoffice. In the fifth chapter, the thesis comes to model conformity preferences as desire to make the samevote as the majority in voting for collective decision-making under the unanimity rule. The findingsof the model highlight that conformity preferences can improve the sum of voters’ social welfare andalleviate the free-rider problem. Though conformity has always had a bad reputation, all our resultsshed light on its usefulness in various contexts to vote.

The thesis "Analysis of political news in Czech newspapers during the parliamentary elections of 2017" examines the media coverage of the election in the daily newspapers Lidové noviny, Hospodářské noviny, Mladá fronta DNES, Právo and Blesk. This will be done using content analysis. The theoretical part outlines the role of the media in the political life of society and social responsibility which results from it and becomes even more important before an election. On the basis of the theoretical knowledge of the available literature, normative media requirements are described and I focus on normative requirement of objectivity and its criterion of impartiality, which is based on balance and neutrality. Furthermore, I will analyse the compliance with legislative normative requirements, in particular the regulation Zákon č. 247/1995 Sb. o volbách do Parlamentu České republiky which relates to media reporting pre- election. Another part of the thesis is devoted to the framing of media content, which can lead to a departure from informing society about the relevant political issues crucial for political decisiveness. An integral part of the theory is foreign research of a similar vein, which was the basis for the operationalisation and the making of my own research.