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La segmentation sociospatiale génère une situation où des quartiers sont isolés des zones dynamiques et dans lesquels sont concentrées des populations rencontrant des difficultés socio-économiques. Les conséquences de la segmentation sont d'autant plus néfastes qu'elle perdure à cause d'une dynamique cumulative. La segmentation dégénère alors en ségrégation. La première partie de cette thèse présente les formes, les causes et les conséquences de la segmentation sociospatiale. A cause des conséquences négatives de la ségrégation sociospatiale (en termes de revenus, d'éducation et d'emplois), une intervention publique ayant pour objectif d'améliorer la mixité sociale à l'échelle urbaine semble a priori justifiée. Dans la deuxième partie, nous insistons sur le rôle de la politique du logement social. Depuis 2000, la loi Solidarité et Renouvellement Urbains oblige les communes urbanisées à détenir au moins 20 % de logements sociaux sous peine d'un prélèvement sur leurs recettes fiscales. Le caractère incitatif et opérationnel de la loi SRU fait l'objet de nombreux débats. Le prélèvement est-il assez élevé? Les prix de l'immobilier, la rareté du foncier, le potentiel fiscal, le type de commune (rural, urbain), les références des habitants, la couleur politique du maire...influencent-ils l'effort des municipalités? Le modèle principal-agent que nous développons vise à étudier les propriétés incitatives du dispositif et à expliciter les contraintes politico-économiques qui affectent la décision publique locale. La troisième partie s'intéresse à l'application de la loi en Ile-de-France. Après avoir proposé un état des lieux de la répartition géographique des logements sociaux et un bilan de l'application de la loi suite à la première période triennale, nous cherchons à identifier les déterminants politico-économiques de l'offre additionnelle de logements sociaux en Ile-de-France. Les résultats économétriques auxquels nous parvenons montrent notamment que les prix immobiliers, le caractère rural des communes et le taux initial de logement social influencent le niveau d'effort des maires. Le prélèvement n'est pas influent. Nos résultats nous conduisent à nuancer la capacité de la loi à inciter la production de logements sociaux dans des villes aux caractéristiques particulières.

Cette thèse analyse la contribution des travaux d'Amartya K. Sen à l'économie normative, à partir de la question suivante : une éthique économique rationnelle est-elle possible ? La thèse éclaire tout d'abord la réponse épistémologique apportée par Sen à cette question, à la lumière des débats qui traversent l'économie normative de la première moitié du XXe siècle : quels ont été les différents arguments pour justifier, ou au contraire exclure, les jugements de valeurs de la théorie économique. On étudie ensuite, la conception de l'évaluation de Sen en tant qu'elle représente une réponse aux failles de l'économie normative. A travers sa critique constante de l'utilitarisme et par le développement de l'approche par les capabilités, Sen propose un ensemble de normes pour évaluer le bien-être, élaboré en dialogue constant avec la philosophie politique et morale contemporaine. Enfin, la thèse analyse les limites de l'approche par les capabilités à partir du miroir que forment trois théories qui l'influencent plus particulièrement: la théorie du choix social arrowienne, la théorie de la justice de John Rawls et l'approche par les capabilités de Martha Nussbaum. Cette confrontation permet de montrer que la forme inachevée de l'approche par les capabilités provient d'une tension entre deux normes en partie contradictoires : une exigence de libéralisme d'une part et le souhait de renouveler l'économie normative par une définition du bien-être plus adéquate, de l'autre.

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Ce travail est constitué de trois études en plus de la revue de la littérature sur le système de l'équilibration, sur les troubles de l'équilibre d'origine vestibulaire périphérique et sur les principes de la rééducation. I. Etude normative et de la reproductibilité des tests vestibulo-spinaux et rotatoires Objectif : déterminer pour chaque tranche d'âge les valeurs normatives aux tests vestibulo-spinaux et rotatoires et vérifier l'effet de la latéralité sur les sens de déviation et de rotation ; et l'effet du sens de déplacement sur l'amplitude de l'angle. Méthodologie : 120 sujets âgés de 20 à 79 ans ont effectué les tests vestibulo-spinaux et rotatoires pour rechercher les valeurs normatives et 31 parmi ces derniers ont refait les épreuves pour vérifier la reproductibilité des résultats. Résultats :- Les tests vestibulo-spinaux augmentent avec l'âge. Il n'y a pas d'effet de la latéralité sur le sens de déviation ou de rotation. Le sens de déviation ou de rotation n'a pas d'influence significative sur l'amplitude de l'angle. Dans les tests rotatoires avec ou sans fixation, les durées de stabilisation dans le sens horaire et anti-horaire ne sont pas significativement différentes. Conclusion : - les résultats augmentent avec l'âge. Les thérapeutes doivent en tenir compte lors de l'évaluation. II. Etude normative et de la reproductibilité d'une échelle du handicap lié aux troubles de l'équilibre et aux vertiges (E.H.T.E.V.) Objectif. - Déterminer les scores normatifs, en fonction de l'âge et vérifier l'effet du sexe sur les résultats et la reproductibilité de l'E.H.T.E.V. Méthodologie : - La recherche des scores normatifs et de l'effet du sexe a été faite sur une population de 120 sujets, âgés de 20 à 79 ans, sans troubles d'équilibre. L'étude de la reproductibilité des résultats a été faite sur 47 sujets. Les résultats.- Les scores à l' E.H.T.E.V augmentent avec l'âge. Il n'y a pas d'influence significative du sexe sur les scores et la reproductibilité est importante. Conclusion.- Les scores sont influencés par l'âge et il n'y a pas d'effet du sexe sur les résultats. La reproductibilité est importante. Cependant la traduction de cette échelle de l'anglais en français nécessite la validation et la vérification de la fiabilité. III. Intérêt du traitement par exercice rotatoire chez les patients atteints du syndrome de Ménière Objectif : L'objectif de notre travail consiste à évaluer l'efficacité du traitement des troubles d'équilibre par des exercices rotatoires chez les patients souffrant du syndrome de Ménière unilatéral. Méthodologie : les patients sont soumis à des stimulations rotatoires visant à symétriser et à diminuer la réponse nystagmique post-rotatoire. Pour évaluer l'efficacité de ce traitement, les résultats pré- et post-thérapeutiques aux épreuves vestibulo-spinales et rotatoires ainsi que l'analyse de la perception des vertiges par les sujets ont été utilisés. Résultats : -Les patients ont eu en moyenne 11 séances de fauteuil rotatoire pour être subjectivement améliorés. Les épreuves objectives et subjectives montrent une amélioration significative. Conclusion : L'étude montre une amélioration des paramètres objectifs et subjectifs./ After literature review on equilibrium system and peripheral vestibular disorders, vestibular and rehabilitation techniques, Three studies are described in this work. I. “Normative and reproductibility study investigating static, dynamic and rotational testing in rehabilitation of peripheral vestibular balance disorders”. Objective: To determine for different age group, the normative values of vestibular rotational and vestibulospinal tests; to verify the effect of handedness on the direction of veering or rotation during dynamic testing ; and to verify the effect of the veering or rotation direction on angle's amplitude. Method: One hundred and twenty healthy volunteers aged from 20 to 79 years underwent vestibulospinal tests and rotational tests. Results:Vestibulospinal and rotational tests results increased significantly with age. We determined the normative values for each age group. The effect of handedness on the direction of the veering or rotation was not significant. The effect of the veering or rotation direction (left, right) on angle's amplitude was also not significant. Response time of stabilization for clockwise and counterclockwise rotational chair testing (with and without optic fixation): all differences were not significant. Conclusion : Age is an important factor in result of vestibulospinal and rotational tests. The handedness (left or right) does not influence vestibulospinal results. II. Normative study and reliability of french version of dizziness handicap inventory. Objective: this prospective study is to determine the normality per age group, secondly to assess the effect of sex on the scores and the reproductibility of the "Echelle du Handicap lié aux Troubles de l'Equilibre et aux Vertiges" (E.H.T.E.V) french version of the "Dizziness Handicap Inventory (D.H.I). Subjects and method.- The normative scores and the effect of the sex have been determined through the study of a group of 120 subjects. without any instability disorder. Reproductibility has been assessed on 47 individuals. The results.- The scores of the instability related handicap increase with age. There is no significant influence of sex. The reproductibility coefficient is higher.Conclusion:- The scores of the E.H.T.E.V increase with age. There is no significant influence of sex on scores and the coefficient of the reproductibility is good. But the translation of this handicap scale, need a study of validity and reliability. III. “ Benefit of rotational exercises for patients with Meniere's syndrome”. Objective: To date, the effectiveness of balance rehabilitation for patients with Meniere's syndrome has not been unanimously acknowledged by all physicians and physiotherapists. The purpose of this study is to assess the therapeutic efficacy of rotational exercises in the treatment of disequilibrium for patients with unilateral Meniere's syndrome. Methodology: Rotational stimuli were used to symmetrize and reduce postrotatory nystagmic response. Three reference sources were used to assess the efficacy of this management: vestibulospinal function tests rotational tests and the self-perceived impact of vertigo. Results: Patients required 11 sessions (mean value) to attain subjective improvement. Rotational tests and dynamic tests of the vestibulospinal function improved. Conclusion: The objective and subjective measures of disequilibrium were significantly improved.

This study explores three dimensions in the integration of Iranian immigrants in Sweden: economic, cultural and social. To test the generalisability of the ideas presented, and to place them in a wider framework the integration of Iranians has been compared with those of three other minorities: Chileans, Poles, and Finns. Data used in the statistical analyses have been obtained from the Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic relations (CEIFO). Economic integration of an immigrant group in a new society has been defined as its economic equality with the host population. The first part dealing with this aspect of integration compares Iranians with Swedes by three economic indicators: the ratio of unemployment, socio-economic status and income. By all indicators Iranians hold a considerably lower position as compared with Swedes. Both socio-demographic factors related to the Iranians and discrimination exercised by Swedish employers have been found to be relevant to the economic integration of Iranians in Sweden. The comparison of Iranians with the three other minorities, in terms of discrimination, indicates that the discrimination of these minorities corresponds to their cultural distance from Swedes. Iranians, with the remotest culture from Swedes among the four minorities, suffer the highest degree of discrimination. Finns, with the closest culture, suffer the lowest degree of discrimination. And the two other minorities lie between these two groups, respectively. Discrimination manifests itself mainly in a differential size of incomes which derives from the differential distribution of these groups among the least desirable occupations. The second part dealing with cultural integration evaluates the adaptation of Iranian to Swedish culture by two indicators representing cognitive and normative acculturation. This part is especially focused on the proposition that the westernisation process in Iran and differential reactions against this process are relevant in the acculturation of Iranians in Sweden. Two hypotheses formulated on the basis of this proposition- the negative effects of commitment to Iranian culture and radicalism on the acculturation of Iranians in Sweden- have been supported by the indicator of normative acculturation, but not by that of cognitive acculturation. The comparison of the four minorities has demonstrated that generalities, clustering and uniqueness all exist among the factors explaining their acculturation. The generalities and clustering are more striking in cognitive acculturation. Similarities are more evident between Iranians and Chileans. Finally, the last part dealing with social integration concentrates on the association of Iranians with Swedes. Assuming that association of two individuals with each other requires a common language and a minimum degree of intersubjectivity, it has been generally hypothesised that: 1) social integration of minorities in the new society will be a function of their cultural distance from the host population, and 2) all processes contributing to the increasing or decreasing of cultural distance will contribute also to the increasing or decreasing of their social integration. On the basis of these general hypotheses the following concrete hypotheses have been tested. 1) Among the four minorities, Iranians, as culturally remotest from Swedes, will have the least degree of social integration, followed by Chileans, Poles and Finns, respectively. 2) Commitment of Iranians to Iranian culture, as a medium increasing cultural distance, will correlate negatively with their social integration in Sweden. 3) Countercultural elements in Swedish society, as a medium of cultural-distance reduction, will contribute to the social integration of immigrants in this society. All hypotheses have been supported by the existing data.

<p>Organisations are by nature, dynamic entities that continuously undergo transformation in response to both internal and external pressures, which are imposed on them (Robbins, Odendaal &amp / Roodt, 2003). Government departments are by no means immune to these changes, which pose challenges that affect their service delivery. During periods of fundamental transformation, individuals typically experience changes in their levels of organisational commitment, which impacts on effective and efficient service delivery. Organisational commitment as an area of research is one of the factors that could lead to greater morale, strong organisational climate, motivation and productivity in many organisations facing transformation (Salami, 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate the level of organisational commitment after a transformation process at a Provincial Government Department. Recent organisational transformations (both in the private and public sector) have included the redrawing of divisional boundaries, flattening of hierarchic levels, spreading of spans of control, revising compensation, streamlining processes and reforming governance (Ndlovu &amp / Brijball Parusumar, 2005). The results of the research indicate that employees are moderately committed to the organisation. Statistically significant relationships were found between the dimensions of organisational commitment, except for affective commitment and total commitment which were not significant.&nbsp / Furthermore, results indicate that statistically significant differences exist based on the biographical characteristics (namely, gender, race, tenure, marital status, age and job level) but these characteristics do not significantly explain the variance in organisational commitment for this organisation. A limitation of the research is that the sampling composition and research design preclude the results of this study being generalised to other organisations and it is recommended that a stratified random sampling design be utilised for future research.</p>

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Older people should have a life with a sense of value and should feel confident. These ethical values, which are expressed in normative ethics, are expected to prevail in empirical ethics. Central components of nursing are the ethical issues of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and the principles of justice. The general aim of this thesis is to identify and describe the ethical values that are apparent in the caring encounter and their influence on the people involved. This is done from the perspective of the older person in study (I), next of kin in study (II) and nurses in study (III). In study (IV) the aim was to synthesize the concepts from empirical studies (I- III) and analyze, compare and interrelate them with normative ethics. Studies (I, III) were empirical observational studies including follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily in study (I), and in study (III) 20 nurses participated voluntarily. In study (II) fourteen next of kin were interviewed. In studies (I- III) constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory, was used. Five concepts were used in the analysis in study (IV); three from the grounded theory studies (I- III) and two from the theoretical framework on normative ethics i.e. the ICN code and SFS law. Five categories; being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category ‚Approaching‛ in study (I). ‘Approaching’ indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. These ethical values are noted by the older people and are greatly appreciated by them, and also lead to improved quality of care. Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category ‚Being amenable‛, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the older patients perceive in the caring encounter. In study (III), three categories were identified: showing consideration, connecting, and caring for. These categories formed the basis of the core category ‚Corroborating‛. Corroborating deals with support and interaction. Empirical ethics and normative ethics are intertwined, according to the findings of this study (IV). Normative ethics influence the nurse’s practical performance and could have a greater influence in supporting nurses as professionals. Criteria of good ethical care according to this thesis are: showing respect, invitation to participation, allowing self-determination, and providing safe and secure care. These criteria are elements of the concept of being professional. Professionalism of nurses is shown by: the approach nurses adapt to the performance of their duties, and their competence and knowledge, but also how they apply laws and professional codes

Studien belyser hur kvinnor upplever ungt moderskap och möjligheter till att fullfölja gymnasiestudier. Intervjuer har genomförts med fyra kvinnor som blivit föräldrar under sin tid i grundskolan/kring 15/16 års ålder. Undersökningen bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer i form av gruppintervju samt individuell intervju som metod. Resultaten visar att kvinnorna upplever att ansvaret moderskapet medfört har bidragit till att de blivit motiverade till att få ordning på sitt liv och att barnet blivit en symbol för mognad som i flera fall stärkt självbilden. Självkänslan har dock påverkats negativt om man inte lever upp till förväntningarna på sig själv som mamma, vilket dock inte kan kopplas direkt till kvinnornas ålder. En negativ påverkan på självbilden är också om det sociala nätverket kännetecknas av instabila relationer. Resultatet visar att ingen av de intervjuade kvinnorna har fullföljt sina gymnasiestudier. Det har framkommit att den främsta anledningen till avhopp är den ekonomiska situationen. Kvinnornas sociala nätverk som omfattas av både familjemedlemmar, samt aktörer inom utbildningsväsendet möjliggjorde gymnasiestudier för den tid de hade möjlighet att gå. Unikt i denna studie är att mammorna återger att skolorna har anpassats för dem. Vidare har vi analyserat materialet och tolkat att de unga mammorna har skapat sig strategier till hur de förhåller sig till först sina egna föreställningar om andras åsikter och sedan samhällets och omgivningens faktiska åsikter om ungt moderskap. / In this study we examined how Swedish women experience young motherhood in relation to their perceived ability to complete their gymnasium studies. We have interviewed 4 women who became mothers around 15-16 years of age.  The investigation is based mainly on qualitative group and individual interviews. None of the women interviewed had completed their studies, despite that three of the women expressed desire to do so, and the acknowledgement of the existence of a social network of family and community actors making this goal achievable.  Unique to this study’s findings was the perception among the women that the schools themselves had been adapted for them and thus did not present a barrier.  Rather, economic difficulties were cited to be the most common reason for dropping out, with mental health and class identity also cited as complicating factors. We then provide an analysis from feminist and normative perspectives in order to provide a framework for understanding how social norms of gender, age, motherhood can constitute perceived barriers for young mothers who wish to complete their gymnasium education. In particular, this study highlights the importance of further investigation of how economic factors can complicate young parenthood.