Cette thèse porte sur la performance du travail, c’est-à-dire sur la contribution du travail à la performance des organisations. Ce sujet a reçu peu d’attention dans la littérature, et s’articule autour de deux notions complexes : le travail et la performance. Aussi, la thèse vise à répondre à une question exploratoire et à visée méthodologique : «Comment rendre compte de la performance du travail dans les organisations ?». La démarche de la thèse est interdisciplinaire. Elle associe l’ergonomie et le contrôle de gestion. La thèse développe un cadre analytique original visant à appréhender la performance du travail à travers des catégories communes en contrôle de gestion (discours, mesures, pratiques managériales) et en ergonomie (activité). Ce cadre analytique structure la méthodologie de collecte de données, qui procède principalement par entretiens semi-directifs, collecte documentaire, observations non participantes et verbalisations. La première étude de cas concerne la performance du travail des vendeurs dans des magasins détaxés d’aéroports. La seconde se concentre sur la performance du travail d’ouvriers dans une PME industrielle. Nous montrons que la mobilisation du cadre analytique permet de rendre compte de la performance du travail, en mettant en évidence des dimensions souvent implicites et peu partagées de la façon dont le travail contribue à la performance. Nous montrons aussi que les représentations des acteurs sur la performance du travail s’affranchissent en partie de celles véhiculées par les mesures. Enfin, la thèse montre que le travail et sa performance constituent un objet de recherche légitime et pertinent en contrôle de gestion. / This thesis focuses on work performance, or in other words how work contributes to an organization’s performance. This topic has received little attention in the literature. However, the literature shows the complexity surrounding the notions of work and performance. Therefore, the question that this thesis seeks to answer is exploratory and methodological: "How to account for work performance within organisations?” This thesis adopts an interdisciplinary approach. It combines ergonomics and management control. The thesis develops an original, analytical framework aimed at understanding work performance using common categories in management control (discourse, measures, managerial practices) and in ergonomics (activity).The analytical framework structures the data collection methodology, which mainly relies on semi-structured interviews, documents, non-participatory observations and verbalizations. The first case study focuses on the performance of salespeople work in airports’ duty-free shops. The second case study focuses on the work performance of workers in an industrial SME.We show that using the analytical framework enables us to account for work performance and underscore the often implicit and divergent dimensions of how work contributes to organisational performance. We also highlight that the actors’ representations of work performance are partially independent of those conveyed by the measures. Finally, the thesis demonstrates that work and its performance are a legitimate and relevant research object in management control.

Often, organizations are will with problems that can be either internal or external, which can cause multiple consequences. By studying the relationship of personal values on organizational commitment is proposed to identify and understand the types of beliefs that are related to specific types of linkages prevailing in a sample of employees from various companies in the city of South Boxes The study presents a predominantly quantitative approach, descriptive in nature. The instrument used for data collection was composed of three parts. The first part aimed to identify the profile of the sample investigated, the second part, based on Monday, Porter and Steers (1979) and also Meyer, Allen and Smith (1991) tried to verify aspects related to organizational commitment and the third part, developed from the study of Gouveia (2003) aimed at identifying the human values. Data analysis tests were performed descriptive statistics, correlations between personal values and constructs of organizational commitment and application of regression models, including analysis of the mean, median and standard deviation, was also performed internal consistency of the subsystems of values and personal constructs of organizational commitment, and reliability of these from the Cronbach's Alphas. The relevance of this issue is guided by previous research demonstrating the importance of personal values as a mechanism for explanation of various socio-psychological phenomena, so we attempted to find relationships in the workplace between individual beliefs (personal values) on the different types of links ( organizational commitment) with the organization. The results showed that the models obtained nnhum despite meet the statistical assumptions, showed a high degree of explanation, indicating that the values studied did not contribute significantly to the understanding of the commitment of employees. / Não raro, as organizações são acometidas de problemas, que podem ser de natureza interna ou externa, o que podem causar múltiplas conseqüências. Por meio do estudo da relação dos valores pessoais sobre o comprometimento organizacional propõe-se identificar a relação dos valores humanos sobre o comprometimento organizacional de uma amostra de colaboradores de diversas empresas da cidade de Caixas do Sul. O estudo apresenta uma abordagem predominantemente quantitativa, de natureza descritiva. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi composto por três partes. A parte inicial objetivou identificar o perfil da amostra investigada, a segunda parte, baseada em Meyer, Allen e Smith (1991) buscou verificar aspectos referentes ao comprometimento organizacional e a terceira parte, desenvolvida a partir do estudo de Gouveia (2003) visou identificar os valores humanos. Para análise dos dados foram realizados testes de estatísticas descritivas, numa amostra de 411 colaboradores dos setores da indústria, comércio e serviços da cidade de Caxias do Sul, e assim foram realizadas correlações entre os valores pessoais e os construtos do comprometimento organizacional e aplicação de modelos de regressão, inclusive análise da média, da mediana e do desvio padrão, também foi realizada a consistência interna dos subsistemas dos valores pessoais e dos construtos do comprometimento organizacional, e da confiabilidade destes a partir dos alphas de cronbach. A relevância do assunto está pautada em pesquisas anteriores que demonstram a importância dos valores pessoais como mecanismo de explicação de diversos fenômenos sociopsicológicos, assim buscou-se encontrar relações no ambiente de trabalho entre as crenças individuais (valores pessoais) sobre os diversos tipos de vínculos (comprometimento organizacional) com a organização. Os resultados apontaram que nenhum dos modelos obtidos, apesar de atenderem aos pressupostos estatísticos, apresentou alto grau de explicação, indicando que os valores estudados não contribuem expressivamente para o entendimento do comprometimento dos trabalhadores.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o processo de planejamento estratégico utilizado em uma empresa inserida em um ambiente caracterizado por incertezas,visando o aprimoramento desse processo. Com base nos conceitos básicos de planejamento e no estudo de diferentes metodologias referentes a esse processo, abordados em uma fundamentação teórica, na qual se focalizam as abordagens de caráter adaptativo, é realizada uma avaliação do processo de planejamento da Empresa Nicaragüense de Petróleo-PETRONIC. Utiliza-se o modelo de planejamento proposto por Ozbekhan como uma forma de simular as ações necessárias a implementar para o alcance de um estado desejado pela organização. O principal resultado deste estudo é a identificação das deficiências enfrentadas pela empresa e das múltiplas vantagens que podem ser obtidas da aplicação de uma metodologia que se adapte as condições inerentes ao ambiente. A aplicação da metodologia possibilitou formular uma proposta de ações que visam melhorar o desempenho da organização. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the strategic planning process used by an enterprise, in an environment characterized by uncertainties, aiming to improve this process. Based on the basic concepts of planning and on the study of different planning methodologies,on which the approaches of adaptive character are focused, an evaluation of the planning process of the Nicaraguan Oil Company PETRONIC S.A is undertaken.Ozbekhan`s planning model is used as a method to simulate the actions that the enterprise needs to implement in order to achieve a desired future. The foremost result of this study is the identification of the company`s deficiencies and of the multiple advantages that can be obtained from the application of a methodology that adapts itself to the conditions that are inherent to the environment. The application of this methodology made possible the formulation of an action plan proposal that aims to better the organization`s performance.

Background:  Organizational culture is one of the most prominent topics in academia and has gained its status due to the transferability from academia into managerial practice. Today, organizational culture has become an institutionalized topic and scholars call for a need to revive the topic (Chatman & O'Reilly, 2016). Inconsistency with organizational culture and organizational vision, external market pressure and a changing composition of the workforce ask to adapt organizational culture to current times. Research question: How is culture formulated and the evolution of cultural values interpreted in the work life of a company with a cultural focus? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe how a multinational company with a strong focus on the management of culture and values re-interprets their core cultural values in the face of modernization and internationalization. At the same time, the preservation of the cultural core is investigated by looking at how culture is expressed at the case company. Method: The research design of this study is a qualitative case study with the collection of empirical data through interviews, observations, and organizational documents. Abductive reasoning was employed to serve the exploratory layout of the study. A constructivist ontological and interpretivist epistemological position was taken. Quality criteria, relevant for qualitative research studies were considered. Conclusion: The findings of my study show that organizational culture change and preservation ask for a differentiated point of view between promoted modification in cultural content such as formalized communication, and the degree of modification in cultural consensus, behavior and intensity of expression.The data shows a dissonance between communicated and exhibited change, where behavior does not meet the stage of textualized modification. The organizational culture at IKEA is characterized by stability and persistence with a notion of ethnocentricity. It is still expressed and experienced in the same way that it has been for many years despite attempts to reinvigorate it.

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Medical BioSciences) / Organisations are by nature, dynamic entities that continuously undergo transformation in response to both internal and external pressures, which are imposed on them (Robbins, Odendaal & Roodt, 2003). Government departments are by no means immune to these changes, which pose challenges that affect their service delivery. During periods of fundamental transformation, individuals typically experience changes in their levels of organisational commitment, which impacts on effective and efficient service delivery. Organisational commitment as an area of research is one of the factors that could lead to greater morale, strong organisational climate, motivation and productivity in many organisations facing transformation (Salami, 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate the level of organisational commitment after a transformation process at a Provincial Government Department. Recent organisational transformations (both in the private and public sector) have included the redrawing of divisional boundaries, flattening of hierarchic levels, spreading of spans of control, revising compensation, streamlining processes and reforming governance (Ndlovu & Brijball Parusumar, 2005). The results of the research indicate that employees are moderately committed to the organisation. Statistically significant relationships were found between the dimensions of organisational commitment, except for affective commitment and total commitment which were not significant. Furthermore, results indicate that statistically significant differences exist based on the biographical characteristics (namely, gender, race, tenure, marital status, age and job level) but these characteristics do not significantly explain the variance in organisational commitment for this organisation. A limitation of the research is that the sampling composition and research design preclude the results of this study being generalised to other organisations and it is recommended that a stratified random sampling design be utilised for future research. / South Africa

The aim of this study was to examine how professionals within Swedish child and youth department of social services reason regarding the establishment of a police report when they suspect that children have been exposed to violence. The aim of this study was also to examine if the professionals' experience that an established police report tends to influence their ongoing social investigations in any way. A thematic analysis was conducted based on six qualitative semi structured interviews with professionals working within the child and youth department of social services from two different workplaces. The empirical data was analyzed in relation to previous research regarding the topic of the study and selected theories. The theories that formed the basis for the analysis were Lipsky’s Street-Level Bureaucracy and Normative ethics in terms of Consequence ethics, Duty-based ethics and Situational ethics which are derived from various philosophers. The results of the study show that the professionals when they consider whether a police report should be filed or not reason about several different factors, making their assessments complex and difficult to describe in generalized terms. Some factors described as influencing their assessments are the degree of clarity in the received information, the severity of the suspected violence and the child's age and ability to tell about what they have experienced. The professionals also reason about possible consequences a police report may result in, in both positive and negative sense, which also influence their assessments. When making these assessments the professionals possess a relatively high degree of discretion using mainly consequence ethics and situational ethics. Further the result show that the ongoing social investigations are significantly affected by an established police report. The impact consists of difficulties in establishing a good alliance with the family and having to deal with the parents’ trauma. The social investigation is also affected by the parallel ongoing police process, because of the existing confidentiality during the preliminary police investigation.

La dimension complexe de la motivation recèle, pour le chercheur, des zones d’exploration inépuisables. En matière pénale, la motivation intéresse tant le législateur que le juge. En multipliant à foison les obligations légales de motivation, le législateur invite les magistrats du siège et du parquet à fournir systématiquement les raisons de fait et de droit qui commandent leurs décisions. Par l’instauration de telles obligations, ce dernier ambitionne de confiner, si ce n’est réduire au plus haut point la marge de manœuvre du juge pénal chargé d’appliquer les règles de droit en vigueur. Le législateur veut croire, à l’aune d’un droit en réseau, qu’il est seul détenteur du pouvoir normatif. Cette attitude témoigne d’une volonté de monopoliser autour d’une seule entité le processus d’engendrement du droit. L’intention, aussi louable soit-elle d’un point de vue institutionnel, manque toutefois de réalisme, le législateur s’éloignant des contraintes d’efficacité et de qualité auxquelles le juge pénal est tenu. Parce que la motivation relève ancestralement et en premier lieu de la pratique, le juge pénal s’est facilement accommodé de ses multiples obligations de motivation. Bénéficiaire d’un instrument privilégié de communication, il a instauré des pratiques de motivation brèves et péremptoires, l’amenant de ce fait au mécanisme de création, épisodiquement de destruction du droit. Si la coopération du juge pénal au processus d’engendrement du droit constitue un enrichissement de la qualité du droit, il demeure que son absence de légitimité l’oblige à réfléchir sur une stratégie communicationnelle de persuasion et non plus seulement d’affirmation. / For the researcher’s perspective, the complex dimension of motivation offers almost unlimited scope for investigation. In criminal matters, the question of motivation is an issue of concern for both the legislator and the judge. By constantly adding legal requirements regarding the motivation, the legislator urges judges and prosecutors to systematically provide the legal and factual reasons that are the basis of their decisions. The legislator enacts such obligations in order to confine, or even strongly reduce, the margin of discretion of the criminal judge who is in charge of normative power, even in the context of interconnected lawmaking processes. This attitude reveals a desire to monopolize the lawmaking process. However praiseworthy the intention may be from an institutional point of view, it lacks realism. The legislator is moving away from the efficiency and quality constraints that the criminal judge is subjected to. As the motivation historically and firstly derives from practice, the criminal judge easily adapted to his numerous obligations regarding this matter. Benefiting from a key communication tool, he launched his brief and peremptory practices which led him to take part to the mechanism of creation, and often, destruction of law. If the judge’s participation in the production of the law enhances its quality, the judge’s lack of democratic legitimacy remains and forces him to look for a communication strategy based on persuation instead of a purely assertive approach.

[pt] Sistemas multiagentes foram introduzidos como um novo paradigma para a conceituação, concepção e implementação de sistemas de software que estão se tornando cada vez mais complexos, abertos, distribuídos, dinâmicos, autônomos e altamente interativos. No entanto, a engenharia de software orientada a agentes não tem sido amplamente adotada, principalmente devido à falta de linguagens de modelagem que não conseguem ser expressivas e abrangentes o suficiente para representar abstrações relacionadas aos agentes de software e apoiar o refinamento dos modelos de projeto em código. A maioria das linguagens de modelagem não define como essas abstrações devem interagir em tempo de execução, mas muitas aplicações de software precisam adaptar o seu comportamento, reagir à mudanças em seus ambientes de forma dinâmica, e alinhar-se com algum tipo de comportamento individual ou coletivo de aplicações normativas (por exemplo, obrigações, proibições e permissões). Neste trabalho, foi proposta uma abordagem de metamodelo e uma arquitetura para o desenvolvimento de agentes adaptativos normativos. Acredita-se que a abordagem proposta vai avançar o estado da arte em sistemas de agentes de modo que tecnologias de software para aplicações dinâmicas, adaptáveis e baseadas em normas possam ser projetadas e implementadas. / [en] Multi-agent systems have been introduced as a new paradigm for conceptualizing, designing and implementing software systems that are becoming increasingly complex, open, distributed, dynamic, autonomous and highly interactive. However, agent-oriented software engineering has not been widely adopted, mainly due to lack of modeling languages that are expressive and comprehensive enough to represent relevant agent-related abstractions and support the refinement of design models into code. Most modeling languages do not define how these abstractions interact at runtime, but many software applications need to adapt their behavior, react to changes in their environments dynamically, and align with some form of individual or collective normative application behavior (e.g., obligations, prohibitions and permissions). In this paper, we propose a metamodel and an architecture approach to developing adaptive normative agents. We believe the proposed approach will advance the state of the art in agent systems so that software technologies for dynamic, adaptive, norm-based applications can be designed and implemented.

The thesis is dealing with the topic of depression and measurement instruments, which may contribute to its diagnostics and assessment. Special attention is dedicated to the Beck Depression Inventory, second edition, and the aim of this thesis is to provide normative data acquired from a large sample of healthy adult participants coming from the Czech Republic (N = 450; aged 18 to 96 years). The Beck Depression Inventory, second edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) belongs among the most famous and most often used measures of depression severity. A significant relationship was found between the BDI-II total score and gender and education level, but not age. Women tended to score significantly higher than men on average, and a negative correlation between the BDI-II total score and education was found. Therefore, the normative data were analysed and stratified according to these two demographic variables. Tables, presenting means, standard deviations, percentiles and standard scores are provided for the total unstratified sample as well as for demographically defined subgroups. In addition, internal consistency of the Czech version was high (alpha above .80). The item-total correlations, and factorial structure of the instrument were investigated and the results were compared with results...

I ABSTRACT Autor: Mgr. Helena Vomáčková Title: The Possibilities of Evaluation of the Sport Performance on the Postural Functions - CDP Normative Data for Sport Population Objective: The main aim of the dissertation is to determine the standardized values (normative data) of individual parameters of test protocols obtainable with usage of dynamic computer posturography of the NeuroCom SMART EquiTest System (hereinafter SMEQ). The partial second goal is to compare the determined normative data with the existing values used for routine evaluation of postural stability given by the SMEQ software. Another partial goal is to determine the reliability of individual test parameters in an additional pilot survey. Methods: Data for the determination of standardized values were obtained by laboratory measurements using the SMEQ system and subsequently were converted, unified and adjusted for further processing by statistical "software R". To determine the normative data, an input data-set obtained from a deliberately selected group of active athletes (n = 245) in the selected age range of 20 - 30 years with an average age of 24,04 (± 1,23 years), with an average body height of 173, 29 (± 10,04 cm), mean body weight 68,46 (± 13,10 kg) and mean BMI 22,67 (± 3,04) was used. To calculate the predicted normative data for...