In this thesis my aim is to analyse and discuss discourses of Swedish disability research, with focus on participation in research by disabled people. My research question is based on an observation that research overviews and evaluations repeatedly argue for the importance of participation of disabled people. This request has been recurrent and more or less intact in its form for over 20 years. My question is why this request has not been fulfilled or altered in its form. I base my theoretical framework and methodology on Critical Discourse Analysis, and the power of language in a constructed and reconstructed social reality, with a semi-structuralist approach as developed by the British sociolinguist Norman Fairclough. In focus is the discursive construction of research participation and participants. My result after a systemic-functional grammar analysis of governmental research reports and peer-reviewed articles published in English, in international academic journals, by researchers with affiliation to Swedish universities, is that participation is discussed in terms of disabled people primarily as the source of information rather than as actual actors in a research process. The discursive construction of disabled participants rests on identification and representation connected to being disabled / having an impairment. A discourse of knowledge validation is based on a division of roles, tasks and labour, in which researchers and participants are constructed in opposing subject positions. Participant influence is constructed in terms of subjectivity and personal interest, as opposed to the objective expertise of the researchers. Discourses are, however, found to be contested and inconsistent, both in terms of conceptual definitions of disability and disability research, and as manifested in actual use of language. The most fixed discourse seems to be that of requests for increased participation, and the attributing of personal experiences to participants, in contrast to attributing professional expertise to researchers.

Les travaux que nous présentons sont relatifs à la problématique de la recherche d'information dans des systèmes dont les traits caractéristiques sont la distribution à très large échelle, l'ouverture, et l'autonomie des participants. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressé à des solutions facilitant l'intégration des participants et s'adaptant dynamiquement à leurs attentes. Nos travaux s'articulent au tour de trois axes : la définition d'une architecture distribuée, l'allocation de requêtes, et le traitement de l'hétérogénéité sémantique. Nous avons d'abord proposé une architecture totalement distribuée organisée en communautés thématiques. Cette vision sémantique de l'organisation, combinée à une politique qui consiste à s'appuyer non seulement sur les ressource des participants, mais aussi sur leurs compétences, permet de router les requêtes et les réponses dans le système en évitant de maintenir d'un index général tel que pratiqué par les moteurs de recherche. Un système ainsi distribué pose rapidement le problème de l'allocation des requêtes. En effet, tous les fournisseurs d'information ne disposent pas de ressources leur permettant de traiter le très grand nombre de requêtes émises. Laisser les participants choisir les requêtes qu'ils traitent répond aux attentes des fournisseurs. Cependant, cela entraine que certaines requêtes ne sont pas traitées pour des raisons individuelles, ce qui ne correspond pas au comportement qu'attendent les utilisateurs. Nous avons donc exploré la piste consistant à tenir compte des intentions des participants tout en allouant autoritairement les requêtes si nécessaire. Nous avons d'abord proposé une médiation flexible utilisant des aspects monétaires. Puis, nous avons mené une étude concernant la satisfaction des participants où nous avons dégagé un certain nombre de notions : satisfaction, satisfaction par rapport au système d'allocation, adéquation d'un participant par rapport au système, adéquation du système par rapport à un participant, etc. Nous avons alors proposé une deuxième technique d'allocation, SbQA, directement basée sur la notion de satisfaction. Enfin, de par leur nature, les systèmes distribués ouverts intègrent des participants provenant d'horizons différents ce qui est propice à l'hétérogénéité sémantique. Dans le cadre de la recherche d'information et des vecteurs sémantiques, nous avons proposé une méthode qui utilise non seulement les alignements entre ontologies mais aussi un mécanisme «d'explication» et «d'interprétation» pour améliorer l'interopérabilité sémantique.

The processes of the global economic crisis and its effects affecting the whole life of the State, including the tax system, require examination of their influence on changes in tax culture. To justify the importance of tax culture research, analysis of links between taxes and culture and the tax system from philosophical, social-cultural and theological aspects are presented in the dissertation. The dissertation presents the systematic analysis of the conception and preconditions for formation of the tax culture, specifies conception of the tax culture, and identifies factors affecting the tax culture. Assumptions concerning assessment of tax culture have been validated by assessing how factors determining the tax culture are reflected in macroeconomic indicators, by means of taxpayer opinion survey for specification of the conception of tax culture and for determination of the key factors determining it. The four stages are included into the systematic Tax Culture Assessment Model, which encompasses specification and systematization of factors affecting the tax culture, identification of the most important factors, selection and justification of the indicators reflecting those factors, development and validation of the mathematical model for assessment of the tax culture, and substantiation of universality of the Tax Culture Assessment Model. This model reflects assessment of the tax culture as a synthesis of attitudes and behavior. The developed model was validated on the... [to full text] / Pasaulyje vykstantys ekonominės krizės procesai, jos padariniai, įtakojantys visą valstybės gyvenimą, taip pat ir mokesčių sistemą, verčia kalbėti apie jų įtaką mokesčių kultūros pokyčiams. Siekiant pagrįsti mokesčių kultūros tyrimų svarbą, darbe pateikta mokesčių ir kultūros sąryšių bei mokesčių sistemos analizė (filosofiniu, socialiniu – kultūriniu, teologiniu aspektais). Disertacijoje pateikta sisteminė mokesčių kultūros sampratos ir jos formavimosi prielaidų analizė, patikslinta mokesčių kultūros samprata, pagrįsti mokesčių kultūrą sąlygojantys veiksniai. Mokesčių kultūros vertinimo prielaidos patikrintos, įvertinus mokesčių kultūrą sąlygojančių veiksnių atsispindėjimą makroekonominiuose rodikliuose ir atlikus Lietuvos mokesčių mokėtojų nuomonės tyrimą mokesčių kultūros sampratos tikrinimui ir ją sąlygojančių svarbiausių veiksnių nustatymui. Suformuotas sisteminis mokesčių kultūros vertinimo modelis apima mokesčių kultūrą sąlygojančių veiksnių tikslinimą ir sisteminimą, svarbiausių veiksnių nustatymą ir išskyrimą, rodiklių įvertinančių šiuos veiksnius parinkimą ir pagrindimą, mokesčių kultūros vertinimo matematinio modelio formavimą ir jo tikrinimą bei universalaus mokesčių kultūros vertinimo modelio pagrindimą. Modelis atspindi mokesčių kultūros kaip požiūrio ir elgsenos sintezės vertinimą. Sudarytu ir empiriškai ES šalių pavyzdžiu patikrintu modeliu gali naudotis bet kurios šalies su apmokestinimu susiję dalyviai ar jų grupės ir ypač politikai, mokesčių administratoriai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Poststructuralist and other critical analyses of sexuality, gender and identity are used to examine how New Zealand and Danish young adults drew on and challenged available discourses as they responded to representations of sexual interactions in the film Chasing Amy. The conversations about sexual practices in mixed gender, women only and men only focus groups illustrate the complex ways in which people construct their identities using subject positions available to them in different contexts as they responded to the movie, the talk of others and the researcher. The strengths and limitations of this approach to facilitating talk are examined as well as the conversations that occurred. The ways in which researchers in New Zealand and Denmark are themselves discursively positioned as theorists and investigators of gender and sexuality is also examined. The thesis illustrates how multiple connections and differences emerge across national and local environments. Talk about sexual negotiations among young adults recruited through university student networks suggests that assumptions about agency, sexual autonomy, reciprocity and women’s and men’s equal right to enjoy sex are still gendered while also challenging traditional understandings about men, women and sexual pleasure. This was, for example, highlighted in talk about receiving and giving oral sex in long-term heterosexual relationships and the ‘need’ for women to explore their bodies and become ‘capable (s)experts’ through masturbation. The thesis finally explores how gendered collective and individual identities sometimes intersect with social identities associated with ethnicity, religion, nationality and sexual identification. These intersections disrupt attempts in cross-national projects – including this thesis research – to form conclusions about national differences and other social identities.

Darbe analizuojami informacijos apie vaiko specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius pateikimo ugdymo dalyviams ypatumai. Interviu metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - atskleisti informacijos apie vaiko specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius pateikimo ugdymo dalyviams ypatumus. Tyrime dalyvavo 17 4 – 11 metų amžiaus vaikų, turinčių SUP; 16 tėvų, auginančių vaikus, turinčius SUP; 7 bendrojo ugdymo pedagogai, ugdantys vaikus, turinčius SUP; 6 pagalbos mokiniui specialistai. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjami ikimokyklinio ir mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų, turinčių SUP, jų tėvų, bendrojo ugdymo pedagogų, pagalbos mokiniui specialistų informacijos apie vaiko SUP pateikimo ypatumai. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Vaikams, turintiems SUP, dažniausiai nepateikiama informacija apie jų specialiuosius ugdymosi poreikius. Tai liudija nepakankamą mokinio įtraukimą į ugdymo procesą., Informaciją vaikui dažniau teikia pagalbos mokiniui specialistai (specialieji pedagogai, logopedai ir kt.). 2. Pateikiama informacija apie vaikų vidutinius, didelius ir labai didelius SUP labiau neigiamo pobūdžio, dominuoja informacija apie negalias, sutrikimus ir kt. 3. Informuojant apie vaikų SUP realizuojamos tokios nuostatos kaip pozityvumas, orientacija į ugdymosi procesą; nepakankamai realizuojamos tokios svarbios nuostatos kaip mokinio ir tėvų įtraukimas ir dalijimasis informacija, tėvų kompetencijos vertinimas, atsakomybės už vaiko ugdymą pasidalijimas, bendras problemos sprendimas. / This paper analyses the features of presenting information about child’s special educational needs to education participants. By the method of interviewing there was a study made with an aim to find out the features of presenting information about child’s special educational needs to education participants. In the study participated 17 children between the ages of 4 and 11 who have special educational needs; 16 parents of children with SEN; 7 pedagogues of general education who educate children with SEN; 6 specialists of pupil’s help. In the empirical part there is an investigation of features of how the information was given to pre – school and school children with SEN, their parents, pedagogues of general education, specialists of pupil’s help. The most important conclusions of empirical investigation: 1. The information about children’s special educational needs in most cases is not presented to them. It witnesses the insufficient child’s inclusion into the education process. The information is more frequently given to the child by specialists of pupil’s help. (Special pedagogues, speech – language pathologists, etc.) 2. Given information about children’s medium, big, or very big SEN is mostly negative, dominates information about disabilities, disorders, etc. 3. Such aspects as positiveness and orientation to education process are realized by informing about children’s SEN; such important aspects as involving child and his parents and sharing information, estimation of... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to explore factors related to poor adherence to TB treatment in Keetmanshoop municipal area in Namibia. A qualitative, exploratory design was used to explore basic information about the study. Participants were using purposive sampling technique. The researcher-implemented triangulation, based on three different categories of participants, namely Field Promoters (preferred). DOT supporters (more preferred), and TB patients (most preferred). Participants were chosen in a ratio of preference. 1:2:3 respectively. The transcripts and audio tapes from interviews were analysed using the thematic content analysis. Five main themes emerged. In order of descending prominence, these themes included: factors leading to lack of adherence to TB treatment, support to enhance adherence to treatment, existing behaviours determining adherence, suggestions to promote adherence to treatment and practices to promote adherence to treatment. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The goal of this diploma thesis is to provide basic orientation in the topic of the climate of classroom and key concepts of this topic. Another goal of the thesis is to compare climates of different classrooms at two secondary schools of the same specialization. Theoretical part of the thesis defines the basic terms ? environment, atmosphere, climate, critical event and other related terms such as social group. It also discusses participants in the climate and focuses on climate types and current approaches to its measurement and evaluation. Practical part then sets goals and assumptions for evaluation, describes the useable method of evaluation, course of evaluation and in the end the assumptions are being checked.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to assess the climate in the classroom on the second substage of the elementary school in the context of the ongoing reform of the education system. In the theoretical section are explained basic concepts - for example social group, social roles, positions in groups, school climate, class climate. There are also described determinants of class climate, climate participants and there aren´t missing current approaches to study the class climate. The conclusion explains what is school reform. In the practical part are defined objectives and assumptions. There are further specified measurement method and the measurement process. At the end assumptions are authenticated.

The main issue of this diploma thesis is the class climate. The goal of this thesis is to characterize, evaluate and compare the class climate measured in some selected schools in České Budějovice. In the theoretical part there are the essential terms established. For example terms class environment, atmosphere and class climate. It also deals with school classroom as a social group, about the participants of class climate, about school climate. There are also some contemporary approaches to study the class climate. The practical part defines the goals, assumptions and methods of the research. Next, there are the results of the research stated and interpreted. In the end there are the assumptions of this research being tested.

Forskare hävdar att det behövs mer forskning om projektdeltagares upplevelser i ideella projekt och vad som krävs för att behålla dem i projektet. Forskning som gjorts har främst undersökt projektdeltagares motivation i megaevenemang, sportevenemang och studentengagemang i andra kulturer. Det blir därav viktigt att undersöka varför individer engagerar sig ideellt och varför de fullföljer till projektets slut när deltagandet i sig är belöningen. Studien har, utifrån en fallstudie med 11 kvalitativa intervjuer, undersökt projektdeltagares upplevelser från ett ideellt evenemangsprojekt. Det projektdeltagarna upplever som betydelsefullt för sin motivation att delta och stanna kvar i projektet är främst tillhörigheten till en grupp. Erhållandet av meriter på cv:t ses också som en anledning till att delta och en fördel efter projektets slut. Dock är samarbetet och känslan av en tillhörighet till gruppen det som väger tyngst för motivationen och att fullfölja projektet. När projektdeltagarna upplever samhörighet ökar också känslan av trygghet och stöttning i gruppen och det blir lättare att fråga om hjälp vid behov. Om en arbetsgrupp splittras försvinner sammanhållningen och med det tillkommer också en risk att projektdeltagare förlorar känslan över att ha en roll och ett tydligt ansvarsområde. Det är också viktigt att projektdeltagarna får uppleva sin förmåga och att de bidrar till projektet. Sammanfattningsvis väger alltså det sociala behovet tyngre än att få en merit på cv:t. Därav finns det anledning och tro att vid rekrytering bör man trycka på att man får göra något fantastiskt ihop med en liten grupp och inte bara lyfta att det är en bra merit. / Researchers argue that more research is needed for project participants' experiences in nonprofit projects and key factors to keep them in the project. Former research has mainly examined project participants' motivation in mega events, sporting events and student engagement in other cultures. It is therefore important to examine why individuals engage in nonprofit projects and why they carry out until the end of the project when the participation itself is the reward. Based on a case study with 11 qualitative interviews, the study has examined project participants' experiences from a non-profit event project. The project participants experience that their motivation to participate and to go through with the project is mainly the feeling of belonging to a group. Qualifications for a resumé is also seen as a reason to participate and beneficial after the project is over. However, the collaboration and feeling of belonging to a group is important for motivation and to complete the project. The sense of security and support increases when the project participants experience belonging to a group, and it becomes easier to ask for help when needed. If a workgroup is divided, cohesion is lost and there is also a risk that project participants lose the feeling of having a role and a clear area of ​​responsibility. It is also important that the project participants experience their ability and their contribution to the project. In summary, the social need thus weigh heavier than getting qualifications for a resumé. There is therefore reason to believe that when recruiting, one should highlight the fact that you will be doing something great together in a small group and not just highlight that it is good for a resumé.