Yes / Emergency Department demand continues to rise in almost all high-income countries, including those with universal coverage and a strong primary care network. Many of these countries have been experimenting with innovative methods to stem demand for acute care, while at the same time providing much needed services that can prevent Emergency Department attendance and later hospital admissions. A large proportion of patients comprise of those with minor illnesses that could potentially be seen by a health care provider in a primary care setting. The increasing number of visits to Emergency Departments not only causes delay in urgent care provision but also increases the overall cost. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) has made a number of efforts to strengthen primary healthcare services to increase accessibility to healthcare as well as address patients’ needs by introducing new urgent care services. In this review, we describe efforts that have been ongoing in the UK and France for over a decade as well as specific programs to target the rising needs of emergency care in both England and France. Like many such programs, there have been successes, failures and unintended consequences. Thus, the urgent care system of other high-income countries can learn from these experiments.

Yes / The article discusses how nurses are increasingly being valued as autonomous decision makers and co-ordinators of patient care. Topics include relating to the age of the dependent children, a woman's working hours and any successive career breaks, woman's career progression directly related to the school age of the dependent children, and children being inhibit and is driven in part by a determination to maintain traditional employment practices.

Yes / Ninety-five percent of the population are estimated to carry at least one genetic variant that is discordant with at least one medication. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing has the potential to identify patients with genetic variants that puts them at risk of adverse drug reactions and sub-optimal therapy. Predicting a patient's response to medications could support the safe management of medications and reduce hospitalization. These benefits can only be realized if prescribing clinicians make the medication changes prompted by PGx test results. This review examines the current evidence on the impact PGx testing has on hospital admissions and whether it prompts medication changes. A systematic search was performed in three databases (Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE) to search all the relevant studies published up to the year 2020, comparing hospitalization rates and medication changes amongst PGx tested patients with patients receiving treatment-as-usual (TAU). Data extracted from full texts were narratively synthesized using a process model developed from the included studies, to derive themes associated to a suggested workflow for PGx-guided care and its expected benefit for medications optimization and hospitalization. A meta-analysis was undertaken on all the studies that report the number of PGx tested patients that had medication change(s) and the number of PGx tested patients that were hospitalized, compared to participants that received TAU. The search strategy identified 5 hospitalization themed studies and 5 medication change themed studies for analysis. The meta-analysis showed that medication changes occurred significantly more frequently in the PGx tested arm across 4 of 5 studies. Meta-analysis showed that all-cause hospitalization occurred significantly less frequently in the PGx tested arm than the TAU. The results show proof of concept for the use of PGx in prescribing that produces patient benefit. However, the review also highlights the opportunities and evidence gaps that are important when considering the introduction of PGx into health systems; namely patient involvement in PGx prescribing decisions, thus a better understanding of the perspective of patients and prescribers. We highlight the opportunities and evidence gaps that are important when considering the introduction of PGx into health systems. / This research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (NIHR Yorkshire and Humber PSTRC). GS was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Leeds In vitro Diagnostics Co-operative. This manuscript presents independent research funded by Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Bradford.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Sömn är ett basalt behov och är en viktig faktor för tillväxt, vila och återhämtning. Intensivvårdsmiljön är inte gynnsam för patienternas sömn. Det finns tydliga omvårdnadsinterventioner för att främja sömn men sjuksköterskor upplever det svårt att organisera arbetet för att använda sig av dessa. Medicinforskare internationellt är kritiska till att det inte finns tydliga riktlinjer att ta del av. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser av strategier som är betydande för sömnen i det patientnära omvårdnadsarbetet. Metod: Kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Tio intervjuer med intensivvårdssjuksköterskor genomfördes. Transkriberat material analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre kategorier med underkategorier som beskriver intensivvårdssjuksköterskors upplevelser av strategier som är betydande för sömnen i det patientnära omvårdnadsarbetet skapades. Dessa huvudkategorier var Betydelsen av gemensamt arbetsssätt, Betydelsen av att skapa trygghet och Betydelsen av omvårdnadsmiljön. Det framkom i intervjuerna att rutiner som görs nattetid upplevs vara störande för sömnen och som sjuksköterskorna visade starkt missnöje till. Betydande för sömnen var ett gemensamt arbetssätt för att nå samma mål. Ett lugnt förhållningssätt och beröring upplevdes lugna patienterna och skapa trygghet så de kunde sova bättre. Intensivvården fokuserar på att rädda liv och miljön är anpassad därefter. Det framkom att det är svårt att tillgodose patienternas enskilda behov när de ligger i flersalar. Slutsats: Det krävs en förändring av rutiner och utveckling av riktlinjer för att öka medvetenhten om sömnens betydelse. Enkelrum skulle kunna underlätta för att skapa en miljö som tar hänsyn till patientens individuella sömnbehov. / Background: Sleep is a basic need and an important factor for growth, rest and recovery. Intensive care environment is not conducive to patients' sleep. There are clear nursing interventions to promote sleep but nurses find it difficult to organize the work in order to use these. Medical Scientists internationally are critical to the lack of clear guidelines to take note of. Objective: The objective was to describe the intensive care nurses experiences of strategies that are important to sleep in the patient-care process. Method: Qualitative design with inductive approach. Ten interviews with intensive care nurses were conducted. Transcribed material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Three categories with subcategories that describe intensive care nurse experiences of strategies in the patient care around sleep were created. These main categories were The importance of a common approach, The importance of creating security and The importance of the nursing environment. It emerged in the interviews that the procedures done at night disrupts sleep which the nurses showed strong dissatisfaction towards. Significant for sleep was a common approach to achieve the same goal. A calm approach and touch proved to reassure patients and provide security so they could sleep better. Intensive care focus on saving lives and the environment is adapted accordingly. It was revealed that it is difficult to meet patient´s individual needs when they are treated in multi people rooms. Conclusion: It requires a change in practices and development of guidelines to increase awareness of sleep. Single rooms could help to create an environment that takes into account the individual patient needs.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether adults with type 2 diabetes participating in American Diabetes Association (ADA) diabetes self-management education (DSME) randomly assigned to an intensive follow-up group (IFG), utilizing continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), or a standard follow-up group (SFG) have any significant differences in mean HgbA1c values and health belief scores over time. Baseline HgbA1c values and health beliefs were measured using the revised Expanded Health Belief Model (HBM) questionnaire. The questionnaire measured the 8 HBM domains: perceived susceptibility; severity; treatment benefit; cues to action; motivation; barriers; self-efficacy and structural elements. Twelve weeks after DSME, patients returned for follow-up based on random assignment. The SFG received routine follow-up care: HgbA1c measurements; behavioral goals and education assessments. The IFG received routine follow-up and CGMS. Patients wore the CSMS for 72 hours and recorded their daily food, blood glucose values, medications and physical activities. Results were analyzed and reviewed with patients. Both groups returned in 24 weeks for HgbA1c measurements and to complete the HBM questionnaire. A repeated measure ANOVA analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in mean HgbA1c at each time period (F=86.75. p>.0001 ) from week 1 to week 12 (SFG 8.6-7.1; IFG 8.5 --7.1,) and from week 12 to week 24 ( SFG 7.1 to 6.9; IFG 7.1 -- 7.0). There were no significant differences found between the groups. (F = 0.17 p > 0.87). Following DMSE and follow-up intervention some health belief scores improved but no significant differences were found between groups except for severity scores. (SFG 27.05, IFG 25.00, p=0.03). The power of the study to detect small differences between the groups was affected by the higher than anticipated attrition and the significant lowering of HgbA1c in the education arm of the study. Both groups achieved a high success rate (58% IFG; 55% SFG) to lower the HgbA1c to the ADA goal of less than 7. DSME and follow-up care (both standard follow-up and more intensive follow-up) achieved a significant lowering of HgbA1c (1.6%), which has been shown to reduce diabetes related morbidity and health costs.

A large number of elective surgical patients in Sweden and elsewhere have their surgical procedure performed in a day surgery context. The surgical care event, with its postoperative surveillance, is brief at the surgery unit and patients are discharged home with the intention that they should manage postoperative recovery mainly themselves. However, several patients attest to being in an exposed situation when assuming responsibility for recovery at home. The overall aim of this thesis was to attain comprehensive knowledge of postoperative recovery following day surgery from a patient perspective. A questionnaire, the Post-discharge Surgical Recovery scale, was translated into Swedish and evaluated regarding its psychometric properties in a Swedish context. A sample of 607 day surgery patients who had undergone orthopaedic, general or gynaecological surgery self-rated their recovery at postoperative Days 1, 7 and 14 using the Post-discharge Surgical Recovery scale and the Quality of Recovery-23. Health-related quality of life was assessed before and 30 days after the surgical procedure, using the EQ-5D. In a second sample, 31 patients were interviewed in their homes regarding their recovery after day surgery. The interviews were conducted on postoperative Days 11-37, and focused on the meaning of recovery, self-care and perceptions of recovery. Data were explored by means of a phenomenographic analysis. The Post-discharge Surgical Recovery scale showed satisfactory psychometric properties when used among Swedish day surgery patients. Following discharge, recovery included both physical and emotional perspectives. Recovery varied, and influencing factors were found to be type of surgery, age, perceived health and emotional status on the first postoperative day. Orthopaedic patients had a more protracted recovery process compared to general surgery and gynaecological patients, along with more postoperative pain and lower health-related quality of life. Patients perceived that postoperative recovery comprised different internal and external factors and a large amount of responsibility regarding their recovery and surgical outcome. To be prepared for recovery at home, patients wanted knowledge and understanding about the normal range of recovery following their specific surgical procedure, and needed support from different sources in their surroundings. This thesis provides insight into day surgery patients’ postoperative situation. Based on the studies, individualized and well thought-out support appears favourable in order to have confident and well prepared patients at home. In contrast to smooth and easy patient care at the surgery unit, the postoperative phase seems to be a weak link in the day surgical continuity of patient care. Postoperative care needs to be further improved to increase quality and patients’ overall satisfaction with the day surgical experience. Attention should be paid to patients’ physical and emotional resources and needs.

Na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que tem a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) como modelo estruturante, as práticas se organizam com base no trabalho em equipe. É necessário avaliar a efetividade das equipes para promover atenção integral às necessidades de saúde dos usuários e população e distinguir equipes efetivas e pseudo equipes. Na literatura internacional, identificam-se diversos instrumentos que mensuram trabalho em equipe, com destaque para o Team Climate Inventory (TCI) dos autores Neil Anderson e Michael West adaptado e validado em 11 países com bons resultados psicométricos. A escala é composta por 38 itens distribuídos em quatro fatores: participação na equipe, apoio para novas ideias, objetivos da equipe e orientação para as tarefas. Objetivos: Realizar adaptação transcultural (ATC) do instrumento TCI para língua portuguesa falada no Brasil e validar a versão adaptada com trabalhadores de saúde da APS. Método: A ATC seguiu as seguintes etapas: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, comitê com sete especialistas de APS e do método e pré-teste aplicado a 27 trabalhadores da APS. A validação foi realizada no município de Campinas-SP e participaram do estudo 497 profissionais da APS inseridos em 72 equipes (ESF e Saúde Bucal). A validade do construto foi analisada através do método confirmatório de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE), utilizando-se o método de estimação Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLSPM) e a confiabilidade foi testada por meio do alfa de Cronbach e da confiabilidade composta. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS versão 20.0 para as análises descritivas, o software SmartPLS versão 2.0M3 para avaliação das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento e a validade convergente por correlação com a escala Occupation Stress Indicator (OSI) que mensura satisfação no trabalho. Resultados: Na ATC o comitê de especialistas produziu a versão pré-final da escala em português aplicada para validação. Contudo problematizou dois aspectos: a sobreposição dos itens 9, 10 e 12 do fator participação na equipe e o fator objetivos da equipe no tocante à sua definição na APS. A validação mostrou que não houve sobreposição dos itens acima referidos e que a confiabilidade da escala variou entre 0.92 a 0.94 para os quatro fatores. A análise fatorial confirmatória aferiu a adequação do modelo proposto pelos autores com a distribuição dos 38 itens nos quatros fatores e a medida da correlação entre clima de trabalho em equipe e satisfação no trabalho foi significativa, embora fraca. Conclusão: A versão brasileira do TCI foi adaptada e validada no contexto de APS estudado, porém indica-se a aplicação da escala em outros cenários de APS do país, para análises de suas propriedades psicométricas. O TCI constitui uma ferramenta adequada para a avaliação do trabalho em equipe. / Primary Health Care (PHC), the Health Family Programme, work processes are organized in a teamwork basis. It is therefore needed to evaluate the effectiveness of teams to promote comprehensive responsiveness to users´ health needs and to be able to discriminate effective teams from pseudo-teams. The international literature describe different tools to measure teamwork, highlighting the Team Climate Inventory from Anderson and West, that was adapted and validated in 11 countries with good psychometric outcomes. The scale is composed by 38 items allocated in four factors: Participative safety; Support for innovation; Team objectives and Task orientation. Objectives: To perform cross cultural adaptation (CCA) of the TCI tool in Brazilian Portuguese and to validate the adapted version in Primary Health Care workers. Methods: The CCA progressed through the following phases: Translation, synthesis, back-translation, review committee of 7 PHC specialists and pre- test in 27 PHC workers. The validation was done in Campinas municipality in Sao Paulo State and comprised 497 PHC providers belonging to 72 teams from Health of the Family program and Oral Health. The validity of the construct was tested through the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using as estimating method, the Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) and the reliability was tested through Cronbach´s Alpha and composite validity. The program used was SPSS v.20.0 for descriptive analysis and SmartPLS v.2.0M3 for evaluating the psychometric properties of the tool and the convergent validity through correlation with the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) that measures job satisfaction. Results: The specialists committee crafted the pre- final version of the Brazilian Portuguese scale used for validation. At the same time, it questioned two aspects: the overlapping of items 9, 10 and 12 of the factor `Participative Safety` and the factor `Team Objectives` as they are understood in PHC context. The validation showed that there is no overlapping of the aforementioned items and the reliability of the scale ranged from 0.92 to 0.94 for all four factors. The confirmatory factor analysis measured the adequacy of the model as formulated by the authors with 38 items and 4 factors. The convergent validation showed significant albeit weak correlation between team climate and job satisfaction. Conclusions: the Brazilian Portuguese version of the TCI was adapted and validated in the studied PHC context. It is suggested to validate it in other PHC contexts in the country for further psychometric analyses. TCI is proposed as a suitable tool for evaluating teamwork.

O conhecimento do trabalho em equipe de assistência ao paciente, em unidade hospitalar de atendimento ao trauma, tanto no que se refere aos aspectos facilitadores quanto aos dificultadores desse processo, é imprescindível, diante da importância desse tipo de atendimento no contexto de atenção à saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos que facilitam e dificultam o trabalho em equipe de assistência ao paciente em unidade hospitalar de urgências traumáticas. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, utilizando a Técnica do Incidente Crítico. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital de ensino no interior do Estado de São Paulo, SP. Utilizou-se como técnica de coleta de dados a entrevista. Participaram 64 profissionais da equipe de assistência ao paciente da unidade. Os resultados evidenciaram 107 situações, sendo 56 positivas e 51 negativas, que envolveram 614 comportamentos e 267 consequências vinculadas ao trabalho em equipe na unidade. A análise dos incidentes relatados destacou que a dinâmica do trabalho em equipe é percebida como positiva no cenário. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de diferentes agentes dessa equipe realizarem ações integradas/articuladas e compartilhadas, nas quais sejam claras a noção de complementariedade de saberes em busca de objetivos comuns que atendam as necessidades imediatas de saúde do paciente politraumatizado. Os resultados também revelam que atendimentos aos pacientes, vítimas de trauma grave/moderado, facilitam a dinâmica do trabalho em equipe na unidade. Entende-se que isso pode decorrer de investimentos de políticas públicas e pelas diretrizes do Advanced Trauma Life Support, nos quais têm sido envidados esforços, capacitando profissionais, os quais reconhecem a finalidade que orienta o processo de trabalho e o atendimento de casos de alta gravidade com demanda imprevisível, que exigem alta tecnologia, pessoal com formação e competência técnica especializada para assistir, de forma integrada, articulada e assertiva, os casos. A integração, interação, articulação e comunicação entre a própria equipe e entre os diversos setores intra e extra-hospitalares favorecem a continuidade e integralidade do cuidado, bem como o produto final do processo de trabalho. É inegável a relevância e a clareza que os participantes dão ao trabalho em equipe nessa unidade, em especial as ações articuladas e integradas durante os atendimentos a politraumatizados graves/moderados. Fragilidades na articulação, integração e comunicação, bem como na imprevisibilidade da demanda e no despreparo de alguns profissionais foram destacados como dificultadores do trabalho em equipe no contexto da sala de trauma / The knowledge of work in patient care team, in a hospital trauma care unit, both regarding the facilitating aspects as well as the constraints of this process, is crucial, given the importance of this type of assistance in the health care context. This descriptive and quantitative study aimed to analyze the aspects that facilitate and hinder the work in patient care team in hospital emergency trauma unit, using the Critical Incident Technique. The study was conducted in a teaching hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Interview was used as data collection technique. In total, 64 professionals from the patient care team of the unit participated in study. Results evidenced 107 cases, of which 56 positive and 51 negative, involving 614 behaviors and 267 consequences linked to team work in the unit. The analysis of the reported incidents highlighted that the dynamics of team work is perceived as positive in the scenario. Results evidenced the need for different agents of the team to perform integrated/shared and coordinated actions, in which the concept of complementarity of knowledge in pursuit of common goals that meet the immediate health needs of polytrauma patients, is clear. Results also reveal that care provided to patients, victims of severe/moderate trauma, facilitate the dynamics of the team work in the unit. This may occur due to public policies\' investments and due to the guidelines of the Advanced Trauma Life Support, in which efforts have been made to train professionals, who recognize the aim that guides the work process and the provision of care in high-severity cases with unpredictable demand, which require high technology, trained staff with specialized technical competence to assist cases in an integrated, coordinated and assertive way. The integration, interaction, coordination and communication among the team itself and among the various intra and extra-hospital sectors favor the continuity and comprehensiveness of care, as well as the final product of the work process. The relevance and clarity that participants give to the team work in this unit is undeniable, especially as to coordinated and integrated actions during care to severe/moderate polytrauma patients. Weaknesses in coordination, integration and communication, as well as demand unpredictability and the unpreparedness of some professionals were highlighted as constraints of the team work in the context of trauma center

O presente projeto de pesquisa tem como foco a atenção domiciliar e mais especificamente, o processo de desospitalização, isto é, o processo de alta hospitalar articulado à rede de atenção à saúde com o objetivo de viabilizar a continuidade do cuidado integral no domicílio, com enfoque em Cuidados Paliativos. Imprescindível para que se garanta o cuidado integral à pessoa, que a comunicação seja efetiva, entre os três atores principais: o paciente dependente de cuidado domiciliar juntamente com a família, no papel do cuidador principal; o Hospital que definiu o diagnóstico e tratamento; e a rede municipal de saúde, que seja através do SAD ou da Unidade Básica de Saúde/Saúde da Família (UBS/USF), se responsabilizará pelo acompanhamento e continuidade desse cuidado no domicílio. O objetivo do estudo é analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o processo de alta do paciente em Cuidado Paliativo. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, realizamos uma Revisão Integrativa (RI). A questão norteadora para a realização desta revisão integrativa foi: \"Quais são as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o planejamento da alta hospitalar, como garantia da continuidade do cuidado, a pacientes em cuidados paliativos?\" A busca de artigos foi realizada em julho/2016, nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e CINAHL, com os seguintes descritores controlados: home care services, Patiente Discharge, Summaries patient discharge, Continuity of patient care e Patient Care planning, Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar, Alta do paciente e Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente, além de descritores não controlados (palavras-chave), sendo estes home care services, Patiente Discharge, Continuity of patient care, Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar, Alta do paciente e Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente. A amostra foi composta de oito estudos primários, onde foi apresentada a importância do Cuidado Paliativo, o desejo dos pacientes terem sua terminalidade em casa e alguns métodos para que se alcance esse objetivo. Na Brasil, a população conta com sistema público de saúde estruturado a partir do direito à saúde como prerrogativa constitucional, mas ainda ocorrem dificuldades de acesso. A falta de integração entre os profissionais e serviços hospitalar e unidades básicas de saúde ou de saúde da família podem produzir resultados negativos. O cuidador é um elemento chave no processo de planejamento de alta hospitalar. A continuidade do cuidado tem grande relação com o preparo a ele ofertado e o acompanhamento e apoio das equipes técnicas responsáveis. À Enfermagem é atribuída a responsabilidade pelo preparo do cuidador. Além disso, a elaboração do plano de cuidados e o início da capacitação do cuidador deve ocorrer ainda durante a hospitalização. A necessidade de capacitação não se limita ao cuidador, mas também aos trabalhadores da atenção básica. A alta hospitalar é uma transição específica e prevê a continuidade dos cuidados em domicílio. Apresentamos uma síntese dos elementos norteadores do planejamento de alta encontramos / The present research project focuses on home care and, more specifically, the process of dehospitalization, that is, the process of hospital discharge articulated to the health care network with the objective of enabling the continuity of integral care at home, with focus In Palliative Care. Essential for guaranteeing comprehensive care to the person, that communication be effective, among the three main actors: the patient dependent on home care together with the family, in the role of the main caregiver; The Hospital that defined the diagnosis and treatment; And the municipal health network, through the SAD or the Basic Health / Family Health Unit (UBS / USF), will be responsible for the follow-up and continuity of this care at home. The objective of the study is to analyze the available evidence in the literature on the patient discharge process in Palliative Care. To achieve the proposed goal, we performed an Integrative Review (IR). The guiding question for the accomplishment of this integrative review was: \"What evidence is available in the literature on planning hospital discharge as a guarantee of continuity of care for patients in palliative care?\" The search for articles was conducted in July / 2016 , In the PubMed, LILACS and CINAHL databases, with the following controlled descriptors: home care services, Patient Discharge, Patient Discharge Summaries, Continuity of patient care and Patient Care planning, Home Care Services, Patient Discharge and Continuity of Care Patient, in addition to uncontrolled descriptors (keywords), being these home care services, Patient Discharge, Continuity of patient care, Home Care Services, Patient discharge and Continuity of Patient Care. The sample consisted of eight primary studies, where the importance of Palliative Care, the patients\' desire to have their terminality at home and some methods to achieve this goal were presented. In Brazil, the population has a public health system based on the right to health as a constitutional prerogative, but access difficulties still exist. The lack of integration between hospital professionals and services and basic health or family health units can produce negative results. The caregiver is a key element in the hospital discharge planning process. The continuity of the care has a great relation with the preparation offered to him and the accompaniment and support of the responsible technical teams. Nursing is assigned responsibility for preparing the caregiver. In addition, the preparation of the plan of care and the beginning of the training of the caregiver should occur even during hospitalization. The need for training is not limited to the caregiver, but also to primary care workers. Discharge is a specific transition and provides for continuity of care at home. We present a synthesis of the guiding elements of the high planning we found