Der Bericht informiert über den Wohnungsleerstand in Sachsens ländlichem Raum. Die Wohnungsleerstandsquote im ländlichen Raum beträgt etwa 10 Prozent und unterscheidet sich damit kaum von anderen Raumkategorien. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse deuten auf ein Ansteigen des Wohnungsleerstands in den ländlichen Raumkategorien Sachsens hin. Die Analyse beruht auf Daten der Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Tabellen, Abbildungen und Karten illustriert. Regionale Differenzierungen erfolgen nach Gebietskategorien, ILE-/Leader-Regionen, Gemeinden oder Gemeindegrößenklassen.

This thesis examines how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. Such a study lies at the intersection of research about tourism impacts, adult transition, and rural areas. The aim is to examine how largescale tourism affects the opportunities for young adults living in rural areas; their perception of place and the perceived opportunities and obstacles that tourism provides. The thesis utilizes a mixed method approach. A quantitative study based on micro-data on individuals identifies the patterns and magnitudes of the mechanisms by which tourism affects population change among young adults. Interview methods are used in the case study area, Sälen, to investigate these mechanisms in depth. Finally, the rural–urban dichotomy is explored in a conceptual study that asks how tourism affects the perception of a local village as either rural or urban. Young inhabitants in rural areas are rarely considered in tourism research; therefore, the main contribution of this thesis is that it illuminates how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. The thesis reveals a substantial impact on the adult transition, mainly due to easier access to the labor market and a good supply of jobs during the high season. Further, the large number of people passing through creates flows of opportunities to make friends, get a job, or just meet people. All of these factors contribute to high mobility in these places, and to the perception of them as places where things happen. The high mobility in Sälen implies that fixed migrant categories (such as stayers and leavers) are largely insufficient. The tourism environment creates a space that is always under construction and continually producing new social relations mainly perceived as opportunities. Conceptualizing this as a modern rurality is a way to move beyond the often implicit notions of urban as modern and rural as traditional.

A educação como catalizadora do desenvolvimento humano e econômico é uma ideia já enraizada na maioria das culturas contemporâneas. Todavia, compreender como ela influencia esse desenvolvimento e identificar os fatores influenciadores desse processo ainda é um desafio para os pesquisadores das mais distintas áreas que se interessam pelo tema, sobretudo quando se trata da educação direcionada às minorias. Neste contexto, no Brasil, destaca-se a população do campo que, por muito tempo, não recebeu os devidos olhares. Contudo, avanços são observados, sobretudo, a partir da Constituição de 1988, que possibilitou o surgimento e a evolução das políticas públicas e gestão da educação, incluindo a Educação do Campo. Como forma de contribuir com a evolução dessas políticas, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o perfil socioeconômico e o desempenho das escolas públicas brasileiras que ofertam a educação fundamental (5º e 9º anos) em zonas rurais, ao compará-las com escolas localizadas em zonas urbanas, considerando as Unidades da Federação (UF) e a dependência administrativa (estadual e municipal) como fatores de análise. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa são provenientes das bases de dados do INEP: dados da Prova Brasil, Censo Escolar, IDEB e fluxo escolar do ano de 2011. Após a obtenção das bases de dados, estas foram processadas e ajustadas para a realização das análises. Como medida de desempenho, utilizou-se a relação idade-série que permite avaliar a defasagem idade/série, as notas em Matemática e Língua Portuguesa da Prova Brasil, a taxa de aprovação e a taxa de evasão das escolas, e, em alguns casos, o IDEB. Para este trabalho, construiu-se um indicador socioeconômico a partir das respostas dadas pelos alunos ao questionário socioeconômico aplicado juntamente com a Prova Brasil e que está relacionado à posse de bens, ao acesso à cultura, à escolaridade dos pais, entre outros. Construiu-se também um indicador do nível de ruralidade das escolas/anos, obtido a partir da relação entre a proporção de alunos residentes em zonas rurais e a quantidade total de alunos matriculados no ano. Após a construção da base de dados e da definição de indicadores de avaliação, procedeu-se à análise estatística dos dados valendo-se da estatística descritiva, análise de correlação e análise de agrupamento (cluster) para formação de grupos homogêneos de escolas. Os resultados, tanto para o 5º quanto para o 9º ano, evidenciam o pior desempenho das escolas rurais em relação às urbanas, bem como o pior desempenho das escolas municipais em relação às estaduais. Além disso, à medida que aumenta o índice de ruralidade das escolas urbanas (turmas mistas), piora o desempenho destas; nesses termos, os resultados parecem legitimar a centralização das políticas públicas para a educação básica pelo governo federal como forma de assegurar a qualidade e a equidade do ensino, já que a descentralização por si só não tem garantido, principalmente no campo. / Education as a catalyst for human and economic development is an idea ingrained in most contemporary cultures. However, to understand how it influences this development and to identify the factors influencing this process is still a challenge for researchers from different areas who are interested in the subject, especially when it comes to education for minorities. In this context, in Brazil, the rural population has not received proper attention for a long time. However, advances are observed, mainly from the 1988 Constitution that enabled the emergence and evolution of public policies and education management, including education in rural areas. As a contribution to the evolution of these policies, this study aims at analyzing the socio-economic profile and performance of Brazilian public schools that offer Fundamental Education (Primary and Middle Education, 5th and 9th grades in Brazil) in rural areas, comparing them to schools located in urban areas, considering Federation Units (UF) and administrative responsibility (state and cities) as analytical factors. Data used in this research are derived from INEP databases, namely data from \"Prova Brazil\", school census, IDEB and school flow of 2011. Data were processed and adjusted and then analyzed. As performance measure the following factors were used: age-grade relationship for assessing the age versus grade delay; grades obtained in Mathematics and Portuguese at \"Prova Brazil\"; the approval rate and the dropout rate in schools; and in some cases, IDEB. For this study, a socioeconomic indicator was developed from the answers given by the students to the socioeconomic questionnaire at \"Prova Brazil\", including questions related to asset ownership, access to culture, parental education, among others. An indicator of the level of rurality of schools/years was also developed from the relationship between the proportion of students living in rural areas and the total number of students enrolled in the year. Once the database and the evaluation indicators were defined, the statistical analysis was developed, using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and cluster analysis to getter and to analyze homogeneous groups of schools. Results for both 5th and 9th grades (Primary and Middle Education) show worse performances of rural schools compared to urban schools and also worse performance of city schools compared to state schools and as the degree of rurality of urban schools (mixed classes) increases, the performance worsens. Results seem to justify the centralization of public policies for Basic Education by the Federal Government in order to ensure the quality and equity of education, since the decentralization alone has not guaranteed it yet, especially in rural areas.

The research work that underpins this thesis aims to investigate the viability of renewable energy technologies (RETs) and to develop a RETs implementation framework for providing sustainable electricity to Nigeria’s rural areas. As a result of electricity supply deficiency in Nigeria, rural communities have been negatively affected in their socio-economic activities. A strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis in combination with an assessment of sustainability indicators of RETs, identified the most appropriate technology for providing sustainable electricity in Nigeria's rural areas. Biomass energy technologies (BETs) are the most appropriate RET given significant resource availability. However, cost has been identified as the major barrier in adopting BETs. Both BETs and grid extension (GE) systems have been assessed. Whole Life Costing (WLC) and interview methods have been used to evaluate the economics of various capacities of BETs and GE systems, and assessed suitability of BETs respectively. Typical findings revealed that all the BETs capacities evaluated other than a 50kW direct combustion system are currently cost-competitive with existing fossil fuel (FF) sources used in generating electricity in Nigeria (US$0.13/kWh without incentives). BETs are identified as the preferable option than GE system for electricity provision to communities of demand capacity less than 50kW and distance less than five kilometre from load centres. Similarly, the interview method confirmed that BETs utilisation in the country’s rural areas are suitable and desirable. For implementation, all the identified drivers and enablers of BETs should be considered, along with the identified constraints to the adoption and development of BETs, some of which should be addressed before implementation. Further, a BETs implementation framework for sustainable electricity provision in rural areas has been developed through the selection of appropriate biomass feedstock and conversion technologies, and support through suitable incentive strategies. The framework was then evaluated and validated using six villages as case study. The benefit of the framework is ensuring successful electricity provision in rural areas. Thus, this study recommends that the existing rural areas energy policies be reviewed to include incentive strategies like economic subsidies in order to encourage investors’ participation given lack of energy infrastructures in rural areas.

Em todo país, áreas de diferentes comunidades têm sido atingidas por grandes obras de infraestrutura, em função do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) do Governo Federal. Arqueólogos responsáveis por parte do licenciamento ambiental têm se deparado com o desafio de trabalhar com essas comunidades e, geralmente, em um curto espaço de tempo. A presente pesquisa busca compreender, face aos conflitos entre comunidades e empreendimentos ocorridos no âmbito do Sítio Arqueológico Fazendinha (Estado de Pernambuco) e do Sítio Arqueológico Rio Bezerra III (Estado do Tocantins), em que medida os trabalhos de Arqueologia podem trazer outras valorações no trabalho de licenciamento ambiental que não seja somente a econômica. Da mesma forma, procura identificar o espaço das comunidades, a partir de análises contradiscursivas, no contexto de uma ciência que nasceu colonialista. Para tal, propõe contribuições metodológicas e de atuação em áreas de conflito em que há uma arena de disputa entre mercado, comunidades, patrimônio e ciência, que possibilitem espaços de diálogos a serem construídos em conjunto com as questões locais, incorporando narrativas e formas de trabalho. / All over the country, areas of different communities have been affected by major infrastructure projects, according to the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) of the Brazilian Federal Government. Archaeologists responsible for part of the environmental licensing have faced the challenge of working with these communities and generally, in a short period of time. This research aims to comprise, given the conflicts between communities and infrastructure works occurring within the Archaeological Site Fazendinha (State of Pernambuco) and the Archaeological Site Rio Bezerra III (Tocantins), the extension of the infuence of archaeology work bringing other valuations at te study of environmental licensing, besides the economic one. Similarly, attempts to identify the space of the community, from contra-discursive analysis in a context of a science that was born colonialist. It therefore suggests methodological contributions and forms of acting in conflict areas where there is a dispute between capital market, communities, heritage and science, enabling spaces for dialogue to be built in conjunction with the local questions, incorporating narratives and ways of working.

O objetivo central da pesquisa é analisar a percepção que os assentados têm sobre as transformações em sua subjetividade decorrentes da participação no movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra (MST). A pesquisa pretendeu investigar as percepções que os assentados vão elaborando sobre o mundo e seus problemas, sua ação e seus ideais em relação ao mundo, e sobre os conflitos e tensões vividos no processo de luta pela terra. Os objetivos específicos voltaram-se para a análise dos aspectos em que o assentado percebeu uma mudança nas suas concepções quanto: a) às causas da riqueza e de desigualdade social; b) à educação dos filhos; c) às relações de gênero; e d) à sua participação política. A metodologia proposta é qualitativa, tendo como instrumento privilegiado de coleta, o uso de História de Vida. Como campo teórico, percorre-se as reflexões demarcadas por alguns pensadores da Teoria Crítica, especialmente as discussões sobre experiência, memória e autonomia. Os processos educativos imbricados na dinâmica dos assentamentos rurais têm ocupado espaço na reflexão educacional e sociológica recentes. De modo amplo, há um dado aprendizado político, ligado especialmente às práticas engendradas pelos movimentos sociais do campo em torno de eixos como a cidadania e a emancipação. Pode-se perceber que os assentados reconhecem uma mudança na subjetividade em razão da luta. Sentem que conseguiram adquirir e elaborar uma linguagem política de reivindicação, capaz de converter suas carências em luta por direitos individuais e coletivos. Por isso, com a conquista de uma linguagem política, também passam a se reconhecer enquanto sujeitos de direitos e cidadãos. Os assentados também reconhecem uma modificação quanto à orientação geral de suas práticas produtivas e de suas ações no cotidiano social. As exigências pela produção sustentável ambientalmente e de acordo com formatos associativos implicaram na construção de novas relações do homem com a natureza e abertura à experimentação de novos modelos produtivos. A vida no assentamento, associada à ênfase dada pelo MST à temática educacional, permitiu-lhes valorizar mais a escola bem como qualificar sua participação nas escolas onde estudam seus filhos. Nas relações de gênero, mesmo reconhecendo poucas modificações, algumas mulheres assentadas sentem-se mais capazes de reivindicar direitos. Nas relações domésticas, a capacidade lingüística adquirida, quando não é suficiente para instituir arranjos mais isonômicos, ao menos permite à família uma maior negociação dos papéis e tarefas de cada um dos membros. Por fim, a luta permitiu aos assentados a construção de uma visão crítica sobre a realidade, permitindo-lhes situar suas histórias pessoais em um contexto social e histórico mais amplo. Mesmo com tais conquistas, as subjetividades vão sendo constituídas no espaço social do assentamento em meio a múltiplas e imprevisíveis situações e temporalidades. Ao mesmo tempo em que buscam instituir novos comportamentos em conformidade a certo projeto político, os indivíduos lidam com tais dispositivos das mais variadas maneiras, compondo um jogo complexo, envolvendo atores variados, em que resistência e submissão aparecem imbricadas nos mesmos processos. A liberdade e a cidadania ativa conquistadas aparecem, dessa forma, o tempo todo ameaçadas. / The main aim of this research is to analyze the perception that the settlers rural workers have on the transformations of their subjectivity from their taking part on the Brazils Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST). The research has aimed to investigate the perceptions that the settlers rural workers have been elaborating concerning the world and its problems, their actions and ideals related to the world and the conflicts and tensions they have been to during the fight for land. The specific objectives turned back to the analysis of the aspects on which the settled rural worker realized a change on its conceptions concerning: a) richness and social inequity causes; d) children education; c) gender relations and; d) political participation. The proposed methodology is qualitative using Life Histories as a privileged instrument of collection. As a theoretical fundament, reflections demarked by a few philosophers from the Critical Theory have been considered, especially discussions about experience, memory and autonomy. The educational process, enchased on the settled rural workers dynamic, has taken part on the late educational and sociological reflection. In a large scale, there is a political learning datum, specially linked to the practices engendered by the landing social movements, reaching fields as citizenship and emancipation. It could be noticed that the settled rural workers recognize a change on the subjectivity turned back to the fight. They feel they could acquire and elaborate a claiming political language, able to convert their willing to fight for individual and collective rights. For this reason, within the acquisition of a political language, they could also recognize themselves as rights subjects and citizens. The settled rural workers could also recognize a modification concerning the general orientation on their productive practices and their actions on the social daily life. The demands for an environmental sustainable production and according to the associative formats implied the construction of new men and nature relationships and the opening to new production models experimentations. Life in the rural settlement, associated to the emphasis given by the MST on the educational thematic, has enabled them to highly valorize school and take part on meetings with teachers. In gender relationships, a few rural settled women feel more capable to claim for their rights. In home relationships, the linguistic capacity acquired, when not enough to institute more isonomic arrangements, at least enables the family to a better regular discussion on the roles and tasks of each of the members. In the end, this fight enabled the settled rural workers to a critical view construction from reality, enabling them to insert their personal stories in a wider social and historical context. Even with such conquers, subjectivity is been constituted in the social space of the rural settlement, surrounded by multiple and unpredictable situations and temporalities. At the same time, they aim to institute new behaviors in conformity to a certain political project; once they deal with such device in the most different ways, composing a complex play, involving different actors, in which resistance and submission appear to be enchased in the same processes. Freedom and the conquered active citizenship appear then, to be threatened all the time.

« Survivre » (viživati) est un mot du terrain. Il souligne plusieurs aspects de la vie quotidienne : - les efforts constants à déployer pour trouver de quoi se nourrir, s’habiller et payer un logement, des soins ou des études ; - la dégradation perçue du niveau de vie ; - une aspiration à mieux, à une économie « développée » et stable ; - un certain ressentiment contre l’Etat, « ceux qui dirigent et décident » (pri vladi), ou les employeurs, ceux qui ne payent plus le travail à sa juste valeur (robota ne cinuêt’câ). Ces sentiments sont encore accrus sur le terrain ukrainien par les conséquences économiques de la guerre à l’Est du pays depuis 2014. De fait, l’inflation est repartie à la hausse, dépassant les 60 % en avril 2015, après la période de relative stabilité des années 2000 et un retour à la normale depuis les effets de la crise financière internationale en 2008-2009.A partir d’un terrain dans un canton du centre de l’Ukraine, la thèse remet en perspective cette impression de « survie ». Par-delà le sentiment partagé d’une débrouille généralisée, apparaissent des régularités sociales, dont l’enquête s’évertue à restituer les logiques sociales, c’est-à-dire à saisir les formes de « l’informel ».La thèse s’appuie sur les concepts et méthodes de la sociologie du travail et de l’anthropologie économique, croisant une littérature spécifique aux espaces postsocialistes, surtout en langue anglaise, et les acquis des travaux récents de la sociologie des classes populaires en France. L’ethnographie y a joué un rôle central. Elle s’est appliquée à la fois à l’observation des espaces domestiques et des scènes de travail, mais également au travail des administrations locales et à leurs usages des catégories statistiques et règlementaires. Elle est complétée par un usage extensif d’archives, d’entretiens menés avec des responsables régionaux et nationaux du monde agricole et d’une base statistique (Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey) regroupant les données sur plus de 7000 trajectoires dans 3000 ménages. Les chapitres successifs explorent diverses scènes sociales : « l’espace domestique », les champs des entreprises agricoles locales, les chantiers de construction et les marchés des produits agricoles.Ainsi, la recherche fait ressortir divers processus sociaux de régulation des activités économiques, en-deçà et au-delà de tout encadrement légal. Elle met notamment en avant deux aspects saillant de cette régulation. D’une part, l’organisation du travail agricole dans les entreprises locales témoigne de la reproduction de rapports hiérarchiques datant de la période soviétique, malgré les transformations du régime de propriété et des relations d’emploi suite à la privatisation des terres agricoles. Les multiples conflits locaux et les formes de domination, qui se retrouvent dans d’autres études de cas sur les espaces post-socialistes, justifient une approche en termes de classes sociales. D’autre part, l’observation de diverses scènes sociales et de leur superposition a permis de montrer le rôle de l’interconnaissance et des effets de réputations sur les classements et les positions occupées par les personnes rencontrées sur les marchés de l’emploi ou les marchés des produits agricoles. Les sociabilités locales, marquées par la division sexuelle du travail mais aussi par des inégalités économiques, jouent un rôle déterminant dans la différenciation sociale et dans les opportunités d’accès aux multiples marchés.Le terrain ukrainien, de par les bouleversements qu’il connaît depuis 25 ans, offre un point de comparaison à une réflexion sur les modes d’institution des pratiques économiques qui ne prennent pas pour acquis les cadres légaux ou statistiques et, par eux, les échelles régionales et nationales des études des phénomènes économiques. En s’appuyant sur l’ethnographie, la thèse tente ainsi d’apporter sa contribution à une sociologie globale des classes sociales, attentive à l’espace et à l’histoire des rapports sociaux. / In Ukraine, rural inhabitants regularly use the verb “viživati” (to survive) to describe their situation and their diverse economic activities. In so doing, they highlight different aspects of their practices: - their permanent efforts to make the ends meet, to provide their family with food, clothing, health care or tuition fees; - the decline of their standard of living; - their desire for a better life in a “developed” and stable economy; - the temporary and fragile balance of their daily arrangements; - and a resentment against the State, “people in power” (“lûdì pri vladi”) or employers, who do not pay as they used to (“robota ne cinuêt’câ”). This local perception of economic realities is reinforced in Ukraine today in the afterwards of the upheaval of Maidan and the war on the eastern part of the country in 2014. Inflation rate increased and reached 60% in april 2015. This new crisis happen after a period of growth and relative stability during the 2000s.Through a field research in a district in central Ukraine, the thesis explain and qualify this impression of generalized “survival”. It shows the social regularity and reproduction beyond coping practices. The research catches and sketches the social logics, which give forms to the mostly “informal” economy.The analysis is based on methods of sociology of work and economic anthropology. It discusses two corpuses: the post-socialist studies, mostly in English and specialized on this area, and the sociology of social classes that is recently developed, in France notably. The ethnographic and localized field research has been central to this analysis. It has allowed an observation of different relations (domestic, commercial transactions or employment relations) and also of local administrations who try to regulate economic activities. The research stem also on archives material, on interviews with local and national officials and on statistical analysis. The data from the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, which comprise more than 7000 observations and 3000 households, have been used to test the hypothesis from the field. The successive chapters of the thesis explore different social spaces: domestic spaces, the fields from agricultural enterprises, building sites, markets of agricultural products.The main results concern the social processes of local economic regulation, beyond and below legal and administrative rules. On one hand, the local job market is dominated by agricultural enterprises. Despite the reforms of privatization and the new system of employment, those enterprises are still in the hands of the former soviet managers or their heirs. Maintained hierarchies in the system of production stand in favor of an approach of the local situation through the reproduction of social classes.On the other hand, in a context of uncertainty and institutional transformation at a national level, groups of affiliation and local reputation play an important role in determining social positions. In postsocialist rural areas, the social structure is not only defined through positions at work but also out of work, on markets of agricultural products. The sexual division of labor and the small economic differences between households are structuring for social differentiation and inequalities. Position in local groups of affiliation is determinant to get access to larger markets and to long distance transactions.This field research in Ukraine, through the upheaval of the past 20 years, represents an opportunity to question approaches of social spaces in context of crisis. Frames of institution of economic practices and the national level of analysis of social hierarchies can not be taken for granted. In this way, the localized ethnography proposed here is a contribution to a global sociology of social classes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:16:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Nenhuma / A pesquisa sobre PRÁTICAS EDUCATIVAS ESCOLARES DE ENFRENTAMENTO DA EXCLUSÃO SOCIAL NO MEIO RURAL: A Pedagogia da Alternância e a Casa Familiar Rural em Frederico Westphalen tem como objetivo analisar qual o lugar da Pedagogia da Alternância, enquanto prática educativa desenvolvida nas Casas Familiares Rurais, na construção de uma nova organização escolar que possibilite o enfrentamento da exclusão social no meio rural, espaço marcado por desigualdades, privações, limitações, mas também, por oportunidades. A pedagogia da Alternância é uma proposta educativa que visa à formação integral do jovem rural no aspecto intelectual e profissional, enfatizando a iniciativa própria, a criatividade individual, o trabalho em equipe, o senso de responsabilidade, de cooperação e de solidariedade. A Pedagogia da Alternância estimula o aprender a viver com os outros e melhor interagir com o meio ambiente, estabelecendo relações entre sujeito, escola, comunidade e propriedade. Essa pedagogia possibilita ao aluno períodos de for / The research on EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL PRACTICES IN FACING OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS: The Pedagogy of Alternance and the Rural Family House in Frederico Westphalen which aims to analyze the place of the Pedagogy of Alternance, while educational practice developed in the Rural Family Houses, in the construction of a new school organization that allows the facing of social exclusion in the rural area, space marked by inequality, deprivations, restrictions, but also for opportunities. The Pedagogy of Alternance is an educational approach that seeks the integral formation of rural youth in the intellectual and professional aspects, emphasizing the own initiative, individual creativity, teamwork, sense of responsibility, of cooperation and of solidarity. The Pedagogy of Alternance stimulates the learning to live with others and have a better interact with the environment, establishing relationships between subject, school, community and property. This pedagogy allows the student to have periods of complete t

Analisar as dinâmicas que envolvem a combinação de atividades realizadas no contexto rural mostra-se uma tarefa pertinente para a temática do agronegócio. A crescente valorização das culturas e sistemas de produção locais, dos produtos agroalimentares, das paisagens e do meio ambiente, bem como as dinâmicas das relações sociais e econômicas, impulsionam o surgimento de novas oportunidades para geração desenvolvimento econômico e social no meio rural. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento da atividade turística no espaço rural, motivado pela diversificação e pela demanda das novas relações com esse ambiente, expõe as possibilidades de exploração de novas oportunidades de mercado. Percebe-se que a valorização do local estimula não apenas a economia rural, mas também a atividade turística e o desenvolvimento de pequenos empreendimentos de uma determinada região. No caso dessa pesquisa, tais fatores são explorados através da identificação e análise das iniciativas de enoturismo e turismo gastronômico na região Sul do Brasil. Buscando discutir esse contexto, realizou-se um levantamento da literatura acerca das abordagens que conduzem a construção analítica do trabalho, posteriormente desenvolveram-se dois estudos, que, para a estrutura teórica, relacionam como fio condutor a temática do turismo no espaço rural, com a abordagem de cadeias curtas. O levantamento realizado serviu para embasar a análise dos dados selecionados para compor o estudo acerca do enoturismo e das entrevistas com atores locais, no caso do estudo referente ao turismo gastronômico, que também contempla outros elementos, como Indicações Geográficas e o movimento Slow Food. Como resultados da análise, pode-se considerar que, ao promover os produtos locais, valorizar o tradicional e as estruturas sociais e econômicas de uma determinada região é possível atingir o desenvolvimento regional e agregar valor para os produtos, valorizar os produtores e aproximá-los do setor varejista e de serviços, e, consumidores finais. / To analyze the dynamics involving the combination of activities in the rural context appears as a relevant task for the subject of agribusiness. The growing appreciation of cultures and local production systems, agri-food products, the landscapes and the environment, as well as the dynamics of social and economic relations, drive the emergence of new opportunities for generating economic and social development in rural areas. In this sense, the development of tourism in rural areas, driven by diversification and demand of new relations with the environment, exposes the possibilities of exploiting new market opportunities. It is noticed that the appreciation of the Local encourages not only the rural economy, but also the tourist activity and the development of small enterprises in a given region. In the case of this research, these factors are explored through the identification and analysis of wine tourism and gastronomic tourism initiatives in southern Brazil. Attempting to discuss this context was held a survey of the literature on approaches that lead to analytical construction of the study, subsequently were developed two studies, which, for the theoretical framework, relate as a guide the theme of tourism in rural areas, with the approach of short chains. The survey served to support the analysis of the data selected to compose the study of the wine tourism and interviews with local actors, in the case of study related to gastronomic tourism, which also includes other elements such as geographical indications and the Slow Food movement. As a result of the analysis, it can be considered that by promoting local products, enhance the traditional social and economic structures of a given region can achieve regional development and add value to the products, value producers and bring them closer of the retail sector and services, and consumers.

Cette thèse explore l’histoire des entreprises coopératives dans l’État du Wisconsin entre les années 1870 et les années 1930 et les manières dont différents groupes d’acteurs les ont mobilisées afin de défendre leurs intérêts. En croisant les questionnements de l’histoire des entreprises et ceux de l’histoire politique, elle étudie le recours aux coopératives à travers trois grands moments de réforme dans l’histoire des États-Unis – les luttes antimonopolistes du Gilded Age, le progressisme et le New Deal. Ce travail montre que les coopératives font partie de l’horizon réformateur américain de manière continue dans ces décennies. Bien que les coopérateurs ne parviennent pas à construire un « mouvement », ou un « système » économique qui permettrait de servir d’alternative au capitalisme industriel dominé par les grandes entreprises, ils dessinent avec succès les contours d’une forme d’entreprise différente, plus démocratique et dont le modèle est relativement bien identifié à la fin des années 1930. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes d’institutionnalisation de cette forme d’entreprise, on observe les différentes manières dont elle est mobilisée et appropriée au cours du temps – en premier lieu par les fermiers, mais également par les consommateurs, et dans une moindre mesure par les ouvriers. Le rôle de l’État, dont les agents sollicitent les coopératives et en font des outils de politique publique, fait également l’objet d’une attention particulière. L’analyse de ces mobilisations est constamment replacée dans l’environnement au sein duquel les coopérateurs évoluent : en mesurant l’écart qui distingue les coopératives des formes d’organisation économique contre lesquelles elles se forment, celles qui leur servent de référence, ou celles avec lesquelles elles sont en concurrence. Penser les coopératives dans leur environnement signifie également interroger l’importance des territoires dans lesquelles elles s’inscrivent, et en particulier la spécificité des zones rurales, lieu privilégié du développement des coopératives américaines à cette période. / This dissertation explores the history of cooperative businesses in the state of Wisconsin between the 1870s and the 1930s, and the ways various groups resorted to those organizations in order to protect their interests. My study involves both business history and political history, and looks at the uses of cooperatives through three important reform movements in US history: the antimonopolist struggles of the Gilded Age, the Progressive era and the New Deal. I show that cooperatives were continuously part of the American reform horizon in those decades. Although cooperators did not succeed in creating a “movement” or an economic “system” that would serve as an alternative for an industrial capitalism dominated by big corporations, they were able to build a specific and more democratic form of business enterprise, whose model was easy to identify at the end of the 1930s. In order to understand the mechanisms that led to the institutionalization of this form of business, I observe the various ways farmers, consumers, and, to a lesser extent, workers used and understood cooperatives over time. The role of the state, whose agents called upon cooperatives and turned them into public policy tools, is also a subject of inquiry. The analysis of the uses of the cooperative form of business is constantly replaced in the environment in which their members operated, especially by measuring the distance that separated them from the economic organizations against which they were formed, those that were their models, or those against which they competed. Understanding cooperatives in their environment also means questioning the importance of the territories where they were created, and more specifically the characteristics of rural areas, where cooperatives were especially successful.