EU bruker stadig mer energi, spesiellt olje og gass, og må stadig øke importen.Organisasjonens egen produksjon er ikke tilstrekkelig til å dekke energibehovet.Russland og Norge er noen av de største eksportlandene av petroleum til EU.Oppgaven er å analysere energipolitikken som EU fører mot Russland og Norge.Som en følge av energipolitikken som EU fører mot disse to landene er detinteressant å se hvilke sikkerhetsmessige konsekvenser/forhold dette eventueltforårsaker innen triangelet EU, Russland og Norge. / European Union consumes increasingly more and energy, particularly oil and gas. Afollowing consequence is larger imports of these sources of energy. The organisationsown production does not satisfy the need of this vital energy.This article will focus on and analyse the EU energy policy towards Russia andNorway. Due to the organisations policy towards these countries, interesting pointsare the following consequences this makes inside the triangle, EU, Russia andNorway / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 00-02

Studien har sitt utgangspunkt i den norske regjeringens nordområdestrategi. Denne fremstårsom et ambisiøst dokument der regjeringen søker å påvirke utviklingen i en hel region, bådenasjonalt og internasjonalt. Hensikten med studien er å belyse nordområdestrategien fra ulikeperspektiv for på denne måten søke å oppnå en dypere forståelse for denne. De valgteperspektivene, konstruktivismen og realismen, er svært forskjellige og bidrar derfor i vesentliggrad til å få fram ulike forhold ved strategien.Studien er gjennomført ved å analysere ulike teorier knyttet til de ulike perspektiver og deretterbruke resultatet av dette i en gjennomgang av ulike deler av strategien. Ut fra dette er det ogsågjort noen overordnede vurderinger omkring strategien som dokument, budskapet og aktører.Resultatet av studien er at man ved ulike perspektiver observerer ulike forhold rundt et objektog at bruk av perspektiver virkelig kan gi dypere innsikt. Det er også påvist at strategien i formog oppbygging har rasjonelle trekk, men at den i innhold også i stor grad har konstruktivistisketrekk. Budskapet i strategien er videre ikke rettet mot en motstander, men fremstår i stor gradsom en invitasjon om samarbeid for å kunne nå en visjon som gagner alle aktører.Strategien har både en utenrikspolitisk og en innenrikspolitisk dimensjon og søker å virke ibegge områder. Innenrikspolitisk har dette form av policy og føringer, mens utenrikspolitisksøkes mer en tilslutning for strategiens hovedinnhold, både i forhold til Russland, men også EUog USA. / This study is based on the Norwegian government strategy for the northern areas. The strategyappears as an ambitious document where the Norwegian government is aiming to influence thedevelopment of the entire region.The purpose with this study is to enlighten the strategy for the northern areas from differentperspectives in order to achieve a deeper understanding. The selected perspectives, realism andconstructivism, are very different in nature and have brought to attention very particular aspectsof the strategy.The result of the study brings to attention that different perspectives give various observation ofan object and the use of these perspectives can give a deeper knowledge of the subject. It is alsoclear that the Norwegian strategy is constructed and built in line with rationalism, but the actualcontent of the strategy to a large extent also includes constructivist perspectives.The message in the strategy is not aiming toward an opponent, but is more like an invitation tocooperate to achieve a vision that is gaining all actors in the area.The strategy is covering both foreign and the domestic policy. Related to domestic policy, thestrategy is giving information and guidelines to the different actors. With regards to the foreignpolicy, the strategy is aiming to gain positive support and understanding for the overall intent,primarily from Russia, but also from the EU and the United States. / Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 07-09

Inriktningen från den svenska statsmakten är att övergå från ett plikt- till ettfrivilligt försvar. Huvudorsak till denna transformering är behovet av en ökad användbarhetav det svenska försvaret, en användbarhet som det nuvarande värnpliktssystemet inte ansesmedge. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och diskutera hur Försvarsmaktens framtidasvenska soldatförsörjningsmodell ter sig i norsk komparation och vilka eventuellakonsekvenser den valda svenska vägen kan tänkas få på användbarheten. Utifrån detta syfteär huvudfrågan med studien formulerad på följande sätt: Hur kan Försvarsmaktensanvändbarhet tänkas påverkas av det framtida soldatförsörjningssystemet?Studien jämför det svenska framtida soldatförsörjningssystemet med dagens norska syftandetill att beskriva skillnader och likheter kopplat till begreppet användbarhet. Vidare så jämförockså studien skillnaden mellan de norska intentionerna med sitt soldatförsörjningssystemmed de dragna erfarenheterna. Resultaten från dessa båda jämförelser analyseras, tolkas ochdiskuteras sedan för att bilda grund för svaret på huvudfrågan med uppsatsen.Resultatet av studien visar att användbarheten i huvudsak påverkas positivt avseendetillgängliga förband här och nu vilket ligger helt i linje med vad den svenska statsmakten vill.Dock finns vissa tveksamheter om huruvida rekryteringsbehovet för att uppnå dennatillgänglighet av förband kommer att uppnås. Vidare visar resultatet att man kan hysa enfarhåga över den förkortade grundutbildningens negativa påverkan på förmågebredden ochdärmed användbarheten av de anställda svenska soldaterna och sjömännen. / The aim and direction from the Swedish government is to go from conscription- toprofessional defense. The main reason for that transformation is the growing requirements ofutility of the Swedish defense, a utility that the existing duty defense system, according to theSwedish government doesn’t permit. The purpose of this essay is to look into and discuss howthe Swedish Defense Forces future system of recruiting soldiers will stand in comparison withthe Norwegian one, and what the eventual consequences the selected Swedish path might be,and how this will affect the utilization. On the basis of this purpose, the formulation of thecore question of this essay is: How might the Swedish Defense Forces utility be affected bythe implementation of the planned system of recruiting soldiers?The essay compares the planned Swedish system of recruiting soldiers in the future with theNorwegian one, aiming to describe distinctions and parities coupled to utility. Furthermore,the essay will also compare the differences amongst the Norwegian intentions with theirsystem of recruiting soldiers with the actual outcome. The results from these comparisons willbe analyzed, interpreted and discussed in order to answer the core question of the essay.The result of the essay shows that the utility of the Swedish Defense Forces planned systemfor the near future is essentially positively affected by the number of immediate accessibleunits. This is in line with what the Swedish government wants to accomplish. However, thereare curtain doubts as to whether the actual need of recruited soldiers will be obtained in orderto withhold that number of accessible units. Furthermore the result of the essay indicates thatthere are reasons to bear some worries concerning how the shortened basic training of theemployed/professional Swedish soldiers and sailors will influence their ability, and by thatalso their utility. / Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 07-09

Etter Berlinmurens fall har de økonomiske rammene til Forsvaret vært synkende. Forsvarets krigsstruktur har under den samme tid blitt drastisk redusert. Fredsstrukturen med støttefunksjonene(logistikk mm) er ikke på samme måte berørt. Fredsstrukturen må tilpasses(skreddersys) til de oppgaver som Forsvaret har og framtidig vil ha. Dette vil medføre at vi må ha en mer fleksibel, effektiv og mindre organisasjon på drifts og produksjonssiden.Mange bedrifter har de siste 10-15 årene valgt å bruke outsourcing som et verktøy for å effektivisere og kostnadsredusere. Vellykkede outsourcing/integrasjonsprosesser kan gi høyere fleksibilitet og fordelen at man kan fokusere mer på kjernevirksomheten og ledelsen av denne. Hensikten med denne studien er å diskutere om Forsvaret kan effektiviseres gjennom outsourcing. Videre er ambisjonen å vurdere forutsetninger for outsourcing og hvordan og på hvilken områder man kan implementere outsourcing i Forsvaret.Med det store potensialet man har i Forsvaret for effektivisering kan outsourcing være et godt virkemiddell for mer rasjonell drift og derved lavere kostnader som kan brukes på investeringssiden. Vellykkede outsourcing/integrasjonsprosesser kan gi betydelige fordeler, men det må understrekes at relativt mange bedrifter er misfornøyd. Dette er ofte som en følge av at bedriftene ikke har gjennomført grundig forarbeid, planlegging og vurderinger før de har startet prosessene. Forsvaret , som er på vei inn i en ”outsourcingssituasjon”, ligger i faresonen. Flere krav og overordnede betingelser, satt av Forsvaret selv, følges ikke på en sikker måte. Dette kan medføre problemer på sikt og ”en outsourcing” uten ønskelig/optimal effekt. / With the end of the cold war, and a changed security threat, the Norwegian Armed Force military budget has declined .The  budget allocated to the purchase of new equipment and the modification and upgrade of existing systems must be increased in the future to meet the new (warfighting) scenarios. To meet this challenge CHOD NO have to  reduce the costs and improve the performance of its logistics(support) organization.The benefits of outsourcing are apparent every day in our national economy. Companies report that outsourcing could provide the desired benefits. Outsourcing enables companies and other organizations to focus on their core competencies and activities. The main intention of this study is to discuss if and how implementation of outsourcing can lower costs and provide  more efficient support(logistics)  to the Norwegian Armed Forces.The study discuss the problem through resource-based theory, and  a make-or –buy perspectives model has been used and developed for analyses and conclutions(empirical versus theory- test).The study shows that the Norwegian Armed Forces have to prepare and analyse ”their” organization prior to any outsourcing activity. Outsourcing integration must also be well prepared and analysed. Evaluation must be performed continuously.Some important areas are: • Outsourcing as a part of the Norwegian Armed Forces strategy and development to achieve future goals and visions(?) • Core competence/activity • Political  acceptance and approval • Power/dependence • Management/culture/boundaries • Readiness • Law and regulations • Cost analyses(lowest costs ?) / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Med slutten av den kalde krigen opphørte delingen av Europa og spenningen mellom to maktblokker. Dette medførte at norsk sikkerhetspolitisk tenkning ble utfordret. Oppgaven undersøker Russlands plass i det norske trusselbildet gjennom 1990-tallet. Analysen er rettet mot henholdsvis Forsvarsdepartementets og Utenriksdepartementets responser på de relativt dramatiske endringer i de sikkerhetspolitiske omgivelser. En sentral del i oppgaven har vært å beskrive utviklingen av sikkerhetsbegrepet, samt NATO og for de militære styrker i Nordvest-Russland. Dette for å vise om det eksisterte et grunnlag for å endre tilnærmingen til Russland eller opprettholde kontinuiteten fra den kalde krigen. Jeg har funnet betydelige forskjeller i departementenes respons. Dette omfatter både grad og form på responsen. Forsvarsdepartementets respons karakteriseres i stort av kontinuitet fra den kalde krigen med tradisjonell øst-vest tenkning, mens UD i sterkere grad viser endring og en tenkning basert på sentrum-periferi. / The end of the Cold War increased the political stability in Europe and reduced the risk of a future war between NATO and its former enemy; the Warsaw Pact. Instead NATO in its strategic concept of 1991 introduced a broad concept of security encompassing political, economic, social and environmental aspects along with the military dimension. NATO no longer faced the former threat of a massive attack from the East. This new thinking challenged the Norwegian approach to security that had been characterised by national consensus during the Cold War.The aim of this paper is to examine to what extent Norwegian authorities have changed their view upon and relations towards Russia during the 1990s. Has the Norwegian approach been changed or is it still characterised by the Cold War. The paper has been concentrated on examining the responses of the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  The theory used is focusing on change and stability in foreign policy. The theory discusses a variety of factors that may have an impact on whether a specific foreign policy is likely to endure or to change. It stresses the importance of the impact of stabilisers, tending to inhibit change in foreign policy even when there is a pressure for change.The method used is a descriptive analysis with a comparative view. I have examined official parliamentary bills from the Ministries and official speeches. This to find out if their responses is characterised by change or continuation of Cold War policies. As a major part I described the development of a wider security concept, the development in NATO as for the military forces in the Northwestern part of Russia.Conclusions show to an extensive point that there are differences in the Ministries responses. This includes both the degree and the extent of the response. The Ministry of Defence is more dominated by the traditional thinking - Russia could still be a potential threat to Norwegian security. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs response is corresponding more to major NATO members' responses. The Russian threat is not the military one, but an environmental. The solution to future challenges is in their point of view co-operation. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

During the period of occupation of Norway between the years 1940-1945 the National Lutheran Church took the responsibility of supporting the Norweigans in their ideological battle against the Nazis. This was a period named Holdningskampen in Norwegian history. One person to remember was Eivind Berggrav, bishop in Oslo diocese. He was the one responsible for the theological document of importance Kirkens Grunn that became important as a document against the Nazis and the small percentage of Christians that related to the naziinspired-church. Berggrav was also one of the founders of Den Midlertidlige Kirkeledelsen, the organisation responsible for the non-nazified churches. During Easter 1942 there was a division between the national church department and the churches. The outcome was that almost all priests left their offices because they did not want to be part of a Nazi-friendly system. The German-inspired government did their best to keep the churches going with the help of new politically correct priests and bishops. However, people did not accept them and they mostly had to talk for empty rows. The attention was instead given to the priests who marked their standpoint against the Nazis and for the freedom of the people and their country. They became the good examples that helped many Norwegians to keep their courage during a period of tribulation in the history of the country. The purpose is to analyze how and why the support became so important. By using letters from the bishop’s office in Tromsö, literature written about these subjects and local sources I will try to answer the following questions: What difference made the Church for Holdningskampen and the following years and what response did the people give to this standpoint? In what way did the Church support cooperation? How was this perceived by people in general? How did the Church support those who did not sympathize with the party Nasjonal Samling and the occupying power? What became the response from the people and the authorities? The importance of the local priests cannot be underestimated. Their resistance against the Nazis had an important role in the local community during a period of great turmoil and uncertainty in Norway. While their government and King had escaped to London, the Norwegian Church remained in the country. The Nazi-inspired church tried to get the people’s attention but very few listened. Because of the many undeviating priests and church leaders all over the country the locals remained hopeful and resistant, in spite of the Nazi-government’s threats. The interaction between the locals and the church gave them courage. Together they were made strong.

Ekosystembaserad förvaltning bygger på en helhetlig syn på ekosystemen och dess förhållande till mänsklig aktivitet. Förvaltningsplanen för Barents hav utanför Norge är ett de längst framskridna försöken till implementering av denna förvaltningsmodell. Lång väg återstår dock för att uppnå de målsättningar som satts och särskilt gäller detta miljömålet för biologisk mångfald. Trots att fiskeri utpekats som den största påverkningsfaktorn på biologisk mångfald har det varit lite fokus på fiskeriernas negativa konsekvenser i arbetet med förvaltningsplanen. Den här uppsatsen försöker ge en bild av hur personer som jobbar inom förvaltningen ser på värdet med förvaltningsplanen, hur de uppfattar dess brister, och just varför de tror att fiskeriet negativa konsekvenser fått liten uppmärksamhet. Helhetlighet och tvärsektoriellt samarbete kunde konkluderas som de främsta värdena med förvaltningsplanen. Organisationsproblem, konservatism och maktkamper ansågs dock skapa problem för implementering och samarbete över sektorerna, bland annat genom genom dålig kommunikation mellan utredningsgrupper och den implementerande organisationen. Konservatism och maktkamp uttrycktes i form av en ovillighet från andra att samarbeta över sektorerna, att bryta det sektoriella tankesättet, och en vilja att värna om sin maktsfär.  Strukturella problem lyftes även fram som en av de bakomliggande anledninganar till att fiskeriernas negativa effekter inte fått mer fokus. Starkt kulturellt fäste, fokus på petroleumsverksamhet och dålig kunskapsförmedling var andra faktorer som togs upp. / Ecosystem based management is a management approach that seeks to integrate ecological, social and economic goals. The Norwegian management plan for the Barents Sea is one of the most advanced attempts to ecosystem based management. There is, however, still a long way to go to achieve the goals that have been set. This is especially true for the environmental objective of biodiversity. Even though fishing activity has been pointed out as one of the main reasons for biodiversity loss, little attention has been drawn to this fact. This paper therefore tries to give the answer to the questions of how people working within the management perceive the plan; the core values of it, its flaws, and why they beleave that the negative consequenses of fisheries have been out of focus.   The holistic viewpoint and the cooperation between the various sectors were the most emphazised values of the management plan. Organizational problems, conservatism, and power struggles were regarded as the main problems in trying to reach these goals. Lack of communication between  implementing bodies and investigating bodies was one example of this. Conservatism and power struggles were described as unwillingnes among individuals to adopt to the new intersectoral structures, and a wish to safeguard ones own power. The reason why the negative consequenses of fisheries have been out of focus, was also blamed on structural problems to a large extent. Other contributing factors were also the strong cultural role fisheries play in the norweigan society, the political focus on petroleum activity, and an insufficient spread of knowledge.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ge en bild av eventuella skillnader mellan fyra länder vad det gäller bonus till VD. Företagen som undersöks är ifrån Sverige, Storbritannien, USA och Norge. I uppsatsen redovisas teorier kring ersättningar och regelverk. Teorierna leder fram till tre stycken hypoteser som testas.Antal bolag från varje land som undersöks är 10 stycken, totalt 40 stycken. Bolagen har valts ut ifrån börslistor där de största bolagen från varje land finns med.Metoden som valts för undersökningen är en kvantitativ metod. Årsredovisningar och Proxy Statements undersöktes för att generera data.Undersökningen resulterar i att de två första hypoteserna styrks och den tredje kan inte få något stöd utifrån de material som undersöks. Som avslutning så ges förslag till vidare forskning inom ämnet.

Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006.

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