Syftet med studien är att undersöka frisörelevers uppfattningar om gesällbrevet. Det är ett yrkesbevis för frisörens kunskap och kompetens och det är det enda bevis med vilken branschen kan mäta elevers kunskap. På ett frisörprogram med trettio elever valde tre elever 2009 att ta sitt gesällbrev. Av dessa siffror att döma, ska jag med kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka 6 avgångselevers uppfattningar. En strävan är också att informera och väcka intresse om gesällen. Resultatet visar det som tidigare forskning gjort att det bl.a. beror på att eleverna inte har det praktiska kunnandet som man tidigare haft och att det är därför elever får svårigheter att komma ut på praktikplats och därefter ta sitt gesällbrev. Missnöje från skola, bransch växer. Håller frisöryrket på att mista sin profession eller är det ”okey” att kalla sig professionell utan sin legitimation? / The purpose with this lucubration is to investigate hairstylist student’s apprehension about the apprentice diploma. The apprentice diploma is an occupation verification indicating on the hairstylist’s knowledge and competence, and it is the only verification in the business that you can use in order to measure the students knowledge. Three students out of thirty, in year 2009, chose to graduate with an apprentice diploma. Based on these figures I am to investigate six graduating students opinion using qualitative interviews. Another quest is to inform and gain interest about the apprentice diploma.  The result demonstrate what earlier research already shows, amongst other things, that the students no longer have the practical knowledge needed in order to come to a worksite and therefore find it difficult to work as an apprentice. The business expects the students to be self-driven and dissatisfaction from the school and the business increases. Is the occupation as a hairstylist about to loose its profession or are you allowed to call yourself a professional without a proper diploma?

<p>Syftet med studien är att undersöka frisörelevers uppfattningar om gesällbrevet. Det är ett yrkesbevis för frisörens kunskap och kompetens och det är det enda bevis med vilken branschen kan mäta elevers kunskap. På ett frisörprogram med trettio elever valde tre elever 2009 att ta sitt gesällbrev. Av dessa siffror att döma, ska jag med kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka 6 avgångselevers uppfattningar. En strävan är också att informera och väcka intresse om gesällen. Resultatet visar det som tidigare forskning gjort att det bl.a. beror på att eleverna inte har det praktiska kunnandet som man tidigare haft och att det är därför elever får svårigheter att komma ut på praktikplats och därefter ta sitt gesällbrev. Missnöje från skola, bransch växer. Håller frisöryrket på att mista sin profession eller är det ”okey” att kalla sig professionell utan sin legitimation?</p> / <p>The purpose with this lucubration is to investigate hairstylist student’s apprehension about the apprentice diploma. The apprentice diploma is an occupation verification indicating on the hairstylist’s knowledge and competence, and it is the only verification in the business that you can use in order to measure the students knowledge. Three students out of thirty, in year 2009, chose to graduate with an apprentice diploma. Based on these figures I am to investigate six graduating students opinion using qualitative interviews. Another quest is to inform and gain interest about the apprentice diploma.  The result demonstrate what earlier research already shows, amongst other things, that the students no longer have the practical knowledge needed in order to come to a worksite and therefore find it difficult to work as an apprentice. The business expects the students to be self-driven and dissatisfaction from the school and the business increases. Is the occupation as a hairstylist about to loose its profession or are you allowed to call yourself a professional without a proper diploma?</p><p> </p>

Si la transgression se rencontre dans l’historiographie, elle n’a cependant jamais donné lieu à une véritable théorisation. C’est l’objet de cette thèse d’en dresser une définition qui en fait la contestation d’une loi en appui sur une volonté, la conscience d’une possible sanction, la projection d’un au-delà normatif et une capacité de nuisance contre l’autorité. La validité du concept a été éprouvée en le confrontant aux rapports de police quotidiens rédigés dans le Nancy occupé de 1940 à 1944. L’objectif est d’étudier comment la transgression se transforme en un phénomène d’envergure au point d’apparaitre comme une nouvelle normalité. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse des conditions de la déviance dresse l’état des lieux d’une société provinciale en temps de guerre et les mutations physiques et humaines du territoire urbain. Les champs de la transgression dévoilent, ensuite, le caractère protéiforme de la désobéissance au niveau politique, des opinions, de la violence, de l’économie, des mœurs, des mobilités, des identités et des attitudes. On y croise à la fois les phénomènes de collaboration, de Résistance, de déportation, les comportements journaliers de survie aussi bien que les imaginaires et les représentations. Enfin, l’analyse approche le transgresseur à hauteur d’homme pour dresser une sociologie du crime, construire le portrait-type du déviant et approcher des figures singulières de résistants, de Justes, ou de conformiste critique. Au final, les 1550 jours d’occupation plongent Nancy dans un hors-temps où l’« a-normal » est la règle. L’angle de la transgression permet de comprendre les stratégies mises en œuvre par le corps social pour tenter de s’y adapter / Although transgression has already been dealt with in historiography, its theorising has never been fully and thoroughly achieved. This thesis aimt at providing a definition that will be read as the result of a law-challenging will combined with the awareness of looming threats, the ability to build up strategy beyond a normative framework together with the ability to undermine existing power. The concept has been tested and validated through 1940-1944 daily police reports that were written in then German-occupied Nancy. The aim is to study how transgression becomes and overwhelming phenomenon so that it almost looks like conventional normality. First, the study of the way deviance was implemented gives us information about war-time provincial society and about physical changes in urban landscape. Transgression thus reveals its multifaceted aspects in political disobedience, opinions, violence, economics, morals, transport, identity and behaviour. There we’ll follow the markers of collaboration with the nazis, resistance, deportation, survival behaviour as well as psyche and mental representations. Last the transgressor will be analysed on a human scale in order to build up a sociology of crime, draw up the typical profile of deviant people and make you closer to notable figures of resistants fighters, those entitled « Righteous among the nations » and meet conventional yet critical citizens. Those 1550 days in German-occupied Nancy give the opportunity to steep yourself into times when ab-normality was the rule. The view through the prism of transgression should allow us to better understand the strategies implemented by society to fit with the situation

Cette thèse a pour but de mettre en scène le sens et l'évolution de la quête identitaire qui partirait d'une perte initiale, voir l'absence de tout (la non-vie) inaugurant alors un besoin urgent de se (re)trouver. Cette quête paradoxale est à l'origine d'un mouvement à la fois centripète et centrifuge. Ce mouvement se manifeste par le biais du désir de construire une identité et parallèlement un souhait d'effacer à jamais toute identité. L'analyse se fonde et se développe sur une logique dialectique qui donne forme à la conscience de soi suite à un long apprentissage romanesque. En examinant les fondements mêmes de cette crispation identitaire d'un point de vue historique nous tentons de répondre à cette question : en quoi l'identité se révèle-t-elle inaccessible dans la première trilogie de l'écrivain ? Tant que la thèse porte sur la quête identitaire tiraillée entre fiction et histoire on se demande si la notion de l'identité que Modiano soulève correspond à une identité conflictuelle et problématique selon le point de vue des sciences humaines. Nous avons concentré notre étude sur ce parcours tourmenté des narrateurs placés dans un paysage fictif menaçant où se réunit les composantes d'une géographie romanesque exclusivement parisienne. Au sein de l'ambiguïté de l'Histoire et des désordres de la mémoire, l'écriture constitue le seul moyen efficace pour forger une identité narrative au narrateur modianesque afin de combattre contre l'anéantissement et la non existence. Même si le narrateur n'arrive pas à se retrouver, par l'écriture, et grâce à la mémoire des autres, il lui arrive néanmoins d'approcher son identité par ce qu'on appelle l'écriture asymptotique comme une seul garant de l'identité. A partir de l'aspect fragmentaire de l'écriture, on passe à la question liée au développement du narrateur. Ce dernier reflète l'identité de l'écrivain qui prend forme progressivement en remontant le temps. Enfin, il est possible de dire que le protagoniste est sorti de l'époque des désordres, qui lui était une fatalité depuis longtemps, pour atteindre la lucidité la plus grande dans sa quête identitaire à travers l'écriture. / This thesis’ aim is to expose the meaning and evolution of a search for identity which stems from an original loss, or the absence of all things (absence of life) which provokes an urgent need to find oneself. This paradoxical quest initiates a movement that is both centripetal and centrifugal. That movement is apparent through the desire of building an identity as well as through the will to permanently erase all identity. The study draws and dwells upon a dialectical logic which shapes the conscience of the self throughout a long fictional initiation. While analysing the roots of that identity tension from a historical standpoint, we aim at answering the following question: to what extent identity proves unattainable in Modiano’s first trilogy ? Since the thesis explores a search for identity torn between fiction and history, we ask if the question of identity as posed by the author points to conflictual and problematic identity on scientific grounds.We built our study around the turbulent journey of narrators situated in a fictional and threatening context where components of an all-Parisian fictional geography come together. In front of history’s ambiguities and memory’s disorders, writing proves the only means capable of giving Modiano’s narrators a writer’s identity, thus enabling them to fight annihilation and non-existence. Though narrators do not succeed in finding themselves through writing and through other people’s memory, they sometimes manage to get closer to their identity through asymptotic writing which warrants somewhat identity. From the fragmentary nature of the texts, we explore the evolution of narrators. The latter reflect the author’s identity which progressively takes shape as they go back in time. Last, it can be said that the protagonist manages to get out of the disorderly times, which for a long period seemed inevitable, and thus attains a greater lucidity in his literary search for identity.

L'étude des relations internationales contemporaines montre l'implication croissante de la communauté internationale et plus particulièrement des organisations internationales dans la vie interne des états. Au nom de la nécessité d'atténuer les menaces à la sécurité et à la paix internationales, le bouclier, que représentait jadis la souveraineté étatique, se fissure peu à peu et les domaines réservés aux états s'étiolent. Instituées pour préserver la paix mais confrontées à de nouvelles formes de conflits, les Nations Unies ont adapté leurs actions afin d'assurer la protection des populations. La consolidation de la paix est devenue omniprésente et pour ce faire l'ONU opte parfois pour l'administration directe de territoires. L'administration internationale de territoires n'est cependant pas un phénomène créé par les Nations Unies, puisqu'il existe un régime de l'occupation. Dans le sillage de ces occupations, a été créé un régime censé favoriser le retour de la paix. D'abord étatique, la gestion internationale des territoires a évolué. Elle s'est peu à peu institutionnalisée. Il existe des règles dédiées à la gestion d'un territoire par une autorité qui n'en émane pas : il s'agit du droit de l'occupation. Il convenait dès lors dans notre étude de s'interroger sur ces règles et d'envisager la possibilité de les appliquer aux missions de consolidation de la paix, dès lors qu'elles participent à l'administration d'un territoire et tiennent en leur pouvoir la population civile. Nous nous sommes de plus attachés à porter un regard global sur l'institutionnalisation de ce processus, tout en gardant à l'esprit les règles qui gouvernent l'occupation des territoires / Study of contemporary international relations shows the increasing involvement of the international community and especially the international organizations in states'internal affairs. On behalf of the need to mitigate the threats to security and to international peace, the shield, which once represented the state sovereignty is gradually cracked and areas reserved to the states wither. Instituted to preserve peace but confronted with new forms of conflict, the United Nations have adapted their actions to protect the population. We first experienced the maintenance of peace missions and then operations to enforce peace have emerged. Finally, peacebuilding has become ubiquitous and the United Nations sometimes opts for the direct administration of territories. The international administration of territory however is not a phenomenon created by the United Nations, since there is an occupation regime. In the wake of these occupations, was established a regime supposed to promote the return of peace. First from states, the administration of territories has evolved. It has gradually institutionalized. There are rules dedicated to the administration of a territory by an authority which does not emanate: it is the law of occupation. It was therefore appropriate in this study to question these rules and consider the possibility of applying them to peacebuilding missions, if they participate in the administration of a territory and have in their power the civilian population. We are more committed to bring a global perspective on the institutionalization of the process, keeping in mind the rules governing the occupation of the territories

L'euphorie du marché de l'art sous l'Occupation est aussi le reflet d'un afflux de marchandises issues des spoliations artistiques des personnes de confessions juives ou de tout opposant du IIIe Reich. Le nœud d'exploration de la présente thèse se place volontairement sur cette question. Elle propose une analyse des paradigmes d'un marché de l'art en période de guerre sous contrôle d'État collaborationniste. / The euphoria of the art market under the Nazi Occupation is also a reflection of an influx of goods resulting from the artistic spoliations of the Jewish community along with any opponent of the Third Reich. The main concern of this thesis deliberately places itself on this question. It proposes an analysis of the paradigms of an art market during a war period under the control of a collaborationist State.

Inledning och Bakgrund: Vid arbete tillsammans med personer som drabbats av stroke är det vanligt att arbetsterapeuter använder sig av både funktionsbedömningar och av aktivitetsbaserade bedömningar. Flera studier belyser vikten av att sätta mål tillsammans med patienten, men det finns faktorer som hindrar eller möjliggör att målformulering utförs.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter på strokeenheter i Sverige arbetar med utredning och målformulering tillsammans med personer som drabbats av stroke. Metod: Designen är en beskrivande, kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Avsiktligt urval användes för att rekrytera deltagare. Datainsamling utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer av nio arbetsterapeuter. Dataanalys utfördes genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet kunde sammanfattas i den övergripande huvudkategorin Aktivitetsförmåga bedöms med olika tillvägagångssätt. Den bestod av fyra kategorier: Lära känna patienten, Funktions- eller aktivitetsbedömning?, Hinner inte sätta mål, MEN... samt Kliniskt resonemang.  Slutsats: Genom angreppsättet True top-down får arbetsterapeuten verktyg att skapa sig en bättre helhetsbild av den strokedrabbade personens aktivitetsförmåga. Motor and Process Skills Rating Form kan erbjuda ett stöd i att beskriva och dokumentera vad som observerats i en aktivitetsbedömning. För att målformulering ska utföras i större utsträckning på strokeenheter, behöver rutiner utarbetas. / Introduction: When working with individuals suffering from stroke, it is common that occupational therapists use both function-based and occupation-based assessments. Several studies highlight the importance of goal-setting together with the patient, but there are factors that either prevent or enable goal-setting to be carried out. Aim: The aim was to describe how occupational therapists at stroke units in Sweden work with evaluation and goal setting together with persons who has suffered a stroke. Method: The study was performed using a descriptive, qualitative interview design with an inductive approach.  Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with nine occupational therapists. The collected data was analysed in line with qualitative content method.   Results: The results was summarized in the overarching main category Occupational capacity is assessed using different approaches. The main category contained four categories: Getting to know the patient, Function- or activity assessment?, Not having the time for goal-setting, BUT... and Clinical reasoning.   Conclusions: Through the True top-down approach, the occupational therapist gets tools to create a better overall picture of the occupational capacity of the stroke patient. The Motor and Process Skills Rating Form can offer support in describing and documenting an observation. An elaborate process and routines need to be carried out to enable goal-setting in a greater extent at stroke units in Sweden.

The purpose of this study was to seek an understanding of the problem of low morale among Catholic priests based on the principles of Individual Psychology. The relationship of Adlerian life-style and social interest to job satisfaction among 210 pastors randomly selected from 13 of the 14 Catholic dioceses in Texas was investigated. The Life-style Personality Inventory (LSPI) was used to measure the Adlerian life-style. The Social Interest Scale (SIS) was used to measure the Adlerian concept of social interest. The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) was used to measure job satisfaction.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa investigou a migraÃÃo realizada por agricultores moradores de fazendas, sÃtios e povoaÃÃes situadas na regiÃo do SertÃo Norte do Estado do Cearà atà a cidade de Sobral entre as dÃcadas de 1950 e 1980, objetivando conhecer, segundo suas percepÃÃes, os motivos deste movimento e as possibilidades para a permanÃncia nesta cidade. Realizou, para isto, vinte e sete entrevistas que se diferenciaram entre si conforme a situaÃÃo exigia, e as analisou escolhendo algumas que melhor representavam as questÃes propostas. Utilizou tambÃm fontes escritas (relatÃrios governamentais, registros pessoais de uma empresa, leis, artigos de um jornal), textos literÃrios e fontes iconogrÃficas (fotografias, mapas). Concluiu que os deslocamentos e os modos como se estabeleceram em Sobral podem ser vistos como aÃÃes polÃticas de resistÃncia, na busca por alterarem suas posiÃÃes sociais e culturais ligadas à convivÃncia com a propriedade privada da terra, secas, desemprego, dissensÃes familiares e sociais. / Esta pesquisa investigou a migraÃÃo realizada por agricultores moradores de fazendas, sÃtios e povoaÃÃes situadas na regiÃo do SertÃo Norte do Estado do Cearà atà a cidade de Sobral entre as dÃcadas de 1950 e 1980, objetivando conhecer, segundo suas percepÃÃes, os motivos deste movimento e as possibilidades para a permanÃncia nesta cidade. Realizou, para isto, vinte e sete entrevistas que se diferenciaram entre si conforme a situaÃÃo exigia, e as analisou escolhendo algumas que melhor representavam as questÃes propostas. Utilizou tambÃm fontes escritas (relatÃrios governamentais, registros pessoais de uma empresa, leis, artigos de um jornal), textos literÃrios e fontes iconogrÃficas (fotografias, mapas). Concluiu que os deslocamentos e os modos como se estabeleceram em Sobral podem ser vistos como aÃÃes polÃticas de resistÃncia, na busca por alterarem suas posiÃÃes sociais e culturais ligadas à convivÃncia com a propriedade privada da terra, secas, desemprego, dissensÃes familiares e sociais. / Esta pesquisa investigou a migraÃÃo realizada por agricultores moradores de fazendas, sÃtios e povoaÃÃes situadas na regiÃo do SertÃo Norte do Estado do Cearà atà a cidade de Sobral entre as dÃcadas de 1950 e 1980, objetivando conhecer, segundo suas percepÃÃes, os motivos deste movimento e as possibilidades para a permanÃncia nesta cidade. Realizou, para isto, vinte e sete entrevistas que se diferenciaram entre si conforme a situaÃÃo exigia, e as analisou escolhendo algumas que melhor representavam as questÃes propostas. Utilizou tambÃm fontes escritas (relatÃrios governamentais, registros pessoais de uma empresa, leis, artigos de um jornal), textos literÃrios e fontes iconogrÃficas (fotografias, mapas). Concluiu que os deslocamentos e os modos como se estabeleceram em Sobral podem ser vistos como aÃÃes polÃticas de resistÃncia, na busca por alterarem suas posiÃÃes sociais e culturais ligadas à convivÃncia com a propriedade privada da terra, secas, desemprego, dissensÃes familiares e sociais. / This research investigated the migration performed by residents of farms and villages located in the region of the Interior of Cearà state, north to the city of Sobral, between the decades of 1950 and 1980, with the intent to find out their reasons, according to their own perceptions, for this move and the possibilities for staying in that city. In order to accomplish that, twenty-seven interviews were conducted, which differed among themselves as the situation demanded; afterwards, they were analyse dand some, the best that represented the issues proposed, were chosen. The research also made use of written sources (governmental reports, a company personnel records, laws, and newspaper articles), literary texts and iconographic sources (photographs, maps). The investigation concluded that the migrations and the ways in which people settled in Sobral could be seen as political acts of resistance, in the pursuit for changing their social and cultural status related to the coexistence of the private land, droughts, unemployment, social and family dissensions. Keywords: Migration. / This research investigated the migration performed by residents of farms and villages located in the region of the Interior of Cearà state, north to the city of Sobral, between the decades of 1950 and 1980, with the intent to find out their reasons, according to their own perceptions, for this move and the possibilities for staying in that city. In order to accomplish that, twenty-seven interviews were conducted, which differed among themselves as the situation demanded; afterwards, they were analyse dand some, the best that represented the issues proposed, were chosen. The research also made use of written sources (governmental reports, a company personnel records, laws, and newspaper articles), literary texts and iconographic sources (photographs, maps). The investigation concluded that the migrations and the ways in which people settled in Sobral could be seen as political acts of resistance, in the pursuit for changing their social and cultural status related to the coexistence of the private land, droughts, unemployment, social and family dissensions. Keywords: Migration. / This research investigated the migration performed by residents of farms and villages located in the region of the Interior of Cearà state, north to the city of Sobral, between the decades of 1950 and 1980, with the intent to find out their reasons, according to their own perceptions, for this move and the possibilities for staying in that city. In order to accomplish that, twenty-seven interviews were conducted, which differed among themselves as the situation demanded; afterwards, they were analyse dand some, the best that represented the issues proposed, were chosen. The research also made use of written sources (governmental reports, a company personnel records, laws, and newspaper articles), literary texts and iconographic sources (photographs, maps). The investigation concluded that the migrations and the ways in which people settled in Sobral could be seen as political acts of resistance, in the pursuit for changing their social and cultural status related to the coexistence of the private land, droughts, unemployment, social and family dissensions. Keywords: Migration.

Datoranvändningen har ökat i samhället och datorspelandet har överrepresenterats av unga killar. Datorspelandet har relaterats till både hälsoproblem och positiva effekter. Studien utgick ifrån den subjektiva upplevelsen av aktivitetsbalans eftersom den är viktig för hälsan och inom arbetsterapin. Syftet var att beskriva självupplevd aktivitetsbalans hos killar (i åldern 16-20 år) som spelade datorspel. En kvantitativ enkätstudie gjordes på 58 datorspelande killar. Datainsamlingen gjordes med Occupational Balance Questionnaire. Urvalet var ett bekvämlighetsurval, deltagarna i studien studerade på gymnasieskolor. Deltagarna skattade i genomsnitt hög aktivitetsbalans. Resultatet visade en relation mellan antal timmar vid datorspel och självskattad aktivitetsbalans. Några deltagare upplevde att datorspelandet tog tid från andra saker de ville göra, exempelvis sömn, skolarbete och viktigare saker prioriterades bort. Samhällets normer kan ha påverkat att en del deltagare ansåg att det fanns viktigare saker de borde göra. Datorspelandet upplevdes meningsfullt och var en av flera aspekter som inverkade på deltagarnas aktivitetsbalans. Studien bekräftade arbetsterapeutens roll att se aktivitet i sitt sammanhang, ha en holistisk syn på människan och främja meningsfulla aktiviteter för individen. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att öka förståelsen för hur datorspelandet påverkar ungdomars aktivitetsbalans och hälsa. / Computer use has increased in society and young guys played the most computer games. Computer gaming has been related to both health problems and positive effects. The subjective experience of occupational balance is important for the health and within occupational therapy. The aim was to describe self-perceived occupational balance among guys (16-20 years) who played computer games. A quantitative survey was made among 58 computer gaming guys. Data collection was made through Occupational Balance Questionnaire. The sample was made with regard to convenience and the participants studied at high schools. They rated average high occupational balance. There was a correlation between the time playing computer games and self-rated occupational balance. Some of the participants experienced that playing computer games took time away from other things they wanted to do, for example sleep, school work and more important things were lesser prioritized. Societal norms may have influenced the participants to see computer gaming as unimportant. Computer gaming was meaningful and one of several aspects that influenced the occupational balance. The study confirmed the occupational therapists role to apply a holistic perspective and promote meaningful occupations. Further research would increase the understanding how computer gaming affects youths’ occupational balance and health.