The mixed method design examined the impact of a 6-week pedometer based 10,000 moderate-vigorous steps a day employee workplace wellness challenge on aerobic fitness, chronic disease markers, and self-reported physical activity. The study used prompts to both educate and facilitate the intervention. Pre and post-test data analyzed self-report physical activity and sedentary time, sub max aerobic walking levels, and anthropometric measures. Participants logged their step count across the intervention and were challenged to increase their steps throughout. Participants were on average unable to achieve the goal step count and thus no statistically significance was found between pre-post tests. Qualitatively, three themes emerged from discussions with participants about their experiences: awareness of physical activity (PA) levels, demands of both work and family, and the frequency and content of the information given as prompts. The combination of prompts and the pedometer created an awareness of PA levels among participants but failed to fully motivate them to hit their target step count. / Graduate / 0354 / karadelaney_04@hotmail.com

Bakgrund: Kontorsarbetare spenderar stor del av arbetet i stillasittande. Fysisk inaktivitet kan bidra till både smärta och stress vilket lyfter risken för kontorsarbetares fysiskt inaktiva arbetsform. Fysisk aktivitet har tvärtom visat förbättring av smärta och stress vilket fysioterapeuter arbetar med för att behandla dessa besvär. Syfte: Att genom en litteraturöversikt granska randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT) och sammanställa effekten av fysisk aktivitet hos kontorsarbetare som upplever smärta eller stress. Metod: En litteraturöversikt påbörjades med sökning i PubMed efter RCT:s och sökresultatet granskades utefter urvalskriterier. Kvarstående studier granskades med PEDro gällande risk för snedvridning, sedan sammanvägdes resultatet vars tillförlitlighet bedömdes med GRADEstud. Resultat: Åtta studier återstod efter urvalsprocessen. Alla studier hade smärta som utfallsmått medan ingen inkluderade stress. Sju studier ansågs ha låg risk för snedvridning. Av dessa sju visade sex av studierna på signifikant förbättring gällande smärta hos interventionsgrupperna jämfört med kontrollgrupperna. Bedömning av tillförlitlighet delades in i tre grupper. Två studier med generell styrketräning ansågs ha mycket låg tillförlitlighet främst på grund av brist i samstämmighet. Tre studier med nack-/skulderspecifik träning hade måttligt hög tillförlitlighet samt två studier med muskulär uthållighetsträning hade hög tillförlitlighet. Konklusion: Det går inte utifrån den här litteraturöversikten att säga vilken form av fysisk aktivitet som ger bäst effekt på smärta eller stress hos kontorsarbetare. Det går dock att säga att fysisk aktivitet i jämförelse med ingen fysisk aktivitet har i de flesta fall positiva effekter på smärta. / Background: Office workers spend most of their work in sedentary positions. Physical inactivity could contribute to pain and stress which increases the risk of physical inactivity in office workers. Physical activity on the other hand has shown improvement regarding pain and stress, which is also what physical therapists use to treat these symptoms. Objective: Through a literature review examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to summarize the effect of physical activity regarding pain and stress in office workers. Method: A litterature review was initiated with a search in PubMed and the search result was examined using the included selection process. Approved studies were examined with PEDro to assess their risk of bias, to later summarize the evidence and judge its reliability using GRADEstud. Result: Eight studies remained after the selection process. All studies included pain as an outcome while none of the studies included stress. Seven studies had a low risk of bias in which six of these studies proved a significant improvement regarding pain in the intervention group compared to the control group. The reliability assessment was divided into three groups. Two studies with general strength training had a low reliability, three studies with neck- and shoulder-specific exercise had moderately high reliability and the two studies with muscular endurance training had a high reliability. Conclusion: This literature review can’t prove which form of physical activity that has the best effect regarding pain or stress. However, physical activity compared to none proved to have significant improvements regarding pain in most cases.

Prenant pour exemple la figure littéraire de l‟employé de bureau, notre étude se propose de saisir les particularités synchroniques et le cheminement diachronique d‟une esthétique de l‟impotence qui aurait notamment émergé avec la tentation flaubertienne du « livre sur rien », pour se développer ensuite dans une large part du roman français de la première moitié du XXe siècle et trouver, enfin, son aboutissement dans l‟oeuvre de Samuel Beckett. La figure du copiste permet en cela de dessiner un paysage littéraire dans lequel s‟inscrivent, à côté d‟écrivains célèbres, de nombreux auteurs oubliés malgré l‟importance qu‟ils eurent en leur temps / This thesis takes the typical character of the office worker as an example to try and show the synchronic particularities and the diachronic development of an aesthetics of impotence. The aesthetics of impotence may have more particularly emerged from the Flaubertian dream of the novel “about nothing” and developed afterward in a large part of the French literature in the first half of C20 to finally find its achievement in Samuel Beckett‟s work. The figure of the office worker allows to sketch a litterary landscape in which one can find many different authors : the most famous alongside the ones who have been long forgotten despite the importance they had in their days

Introdução: A prevalência de disfunção musculoesquelética entre trabalhadores usuários de computador (TUC) pode variar entre 10 a 62% e os lugares mais acometidos são os membros superiores, pescoço, cabeça e a coluna vertebral. As queixas musculoesqueléticas nesses trabalhadores apresentam etiologia multifatorial e dentre as principais causas é possível citar aspectos posturais e fatores psicossociais. O Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) é uma das poucas ferramentas existentes na literatura para avaliar aspectos ergonômicos e psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho com uso do computador. A dor cervical é a queixa musculoesquelética mais comum em trabalhadores de escritório usuários de computador. A coexistência entre dor cervical e disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é comumente citada na literatura. A adoção da postura em anteriorização da cabeça para uso do computador pode estar associada ao aparecimento de sintomas orofaciais e cervicais. A posição sentada é a mais adotada nos ambientes de trabalho especialmente quando este envolve o uso de computador, entretanto, a manutenção dessa posição por tempo prolongado pode acarretar a adoção de posturas inadequadas e intensificar a sobrecarga nas estruturas do sistema musculoesquelético. Desta forma, a manutenção da postura sentada pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento de alterações de postura corporal, DTM e disfunção cervical. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar associações entre dor cervical, DTM e alterações na postura estática em trabalhadores de escritório usuários de computador com e sem relato de dor cervical crônica. Material e Métodos: A amostra desse estudo foi selecionada a partir da aplicação do Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire que contempla 7 domínios (posto de trabalho, postura corporal, controle do trabalho, demanda de trabalho, pausas, ambiente de trabalho e suporte social), preenchidos por trabalhadores usuários de computador. Participaram deste estudo 52 mulheres trabalhadoras de escritório usuárias de computador em dois grupos: Grupo com dor cervical crônica e incapacidade (GD, n=26 - 36.50 anos - IC95%: 33.40-36.60; 66.37 kg - IC 95%: 62.48-70.26 e 1.62 m - IC95%: 1.60-1.65) e Grupo sem relato de dor cervical (GS, n=26 - 33.81 anos - IC 95%: 33.66-36.95, 71.75 kg - IC95%: 65.90-77.60 e 1.64 m - IC95%: 1.62-1.67). Como critérios de inclusão as funcionárias deveriam exercer a mesma função há pelo menos 12 meses (GD, 110 meses - IC95%: 73-147 /GS, 91 meses - IC95%:63-119) e utilizar o computador ao menos 4 horas por dia durante a jornada de trabalho (GD, 7.46 horas/dia - IC95%: 7.10-7.83 /GS, 7.58 horas/dia - IC95%: 7.23-7.92). No grupo com dor cervical crônica as trabalhadoras deveriam apresentar relato positivo de dor crônica cervical e se enquadrarem nos seguintes critérios: a) dor cervical há pelo menos 3 meses; b) dor de intensidade 3 na maioria dos dias em uma escala numérica de dor (END) (0 a 10, sendo 0 = sem dor e 10 = pior dor possível) e c) limitação funcional, pelo menos leve, no Índice de incapacidade relacionada ao pescoço (NDI): 10-28% (5-14 pontos) - incapacidade leve; 30-48% (15- 24 pontos) - incapacidade moderada; 50-68% (25 35 pontos) - incapacidade severa;72% ou mais (36 pontos ou mais) incapacidade completa. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas para diagnóstico da DTM por meio do Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), avaliação da dor cervical e mastigatória através da palpação manual e algometria por pressão para obtenção do limiar de dor por pressão (LDP) de estruturas crânio-cervicais, bem como avaliação da postura corporal estática dessas trabalhadoras usando a fotogrametria. Os dados demonstraram distribuição normal de acordo com o teste Shapiro Wilks. O teste-t de student para amostras independentes (p<0.05) foi utilizado para comparar a pontuação máxima de cada domínio do MUEQ-Br entre os grupos sem e com dor cervical crônica. Para verificar diferenças entre os valores médios de LDP e palpação muscular entre os grupos de trabalhadores sem dor e com dor cervical crônica e para verificar diferenças entre os ângulos posturais foi utilizado também o teste-t de Student. Para análise das associações entre as variáveis disfunção temporomandibular, incapacidade relacionada à disfunção cervical, cervicalgia e aspectos do trabalho (domínios do MUEQ) foi utilizada a análise de regressão linear múltipla. Para verificação de diferenças entre valores de porcentagem foi utilizado o teste de Qui-quadrado (p<0.05). O pacote estatístico utilizado foi o SPSS versão 22. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que ao compararmos os domínios do MUEQ-Br, o grupo com dor cervical crônica obteve maior pontuação no domínio postura corporal (GD, 12.58 - IC95%: 11.21-13.94/ GS, 9.42 - IC95%: 8-10.84) e no item queixas (GD, 17.46- IC95%: 14.17-20.75/ GS, 8.58 - IC95%: 6.14-11.02), bem como na pontuação total do questionário (GD, 40.08 - IC95%: 35.01-45.15/ GS, 33.31 - IC95%: 28.99-37.63). Os voluntários com dor cervical apresentaram maior porcentagem de diagnósticos de DTM quando comparados com o grupo sem dor (42.30% vs. 23.07%, p<0.05). O grupo com dor apresentou maior intensidade de dor na palpação manual dos músculos cervicais, trapézio (ponto médio) lado direito (GD, 4.03 - IC95%: 3.02-5.06/ GS, 1.46 - IC95%: 0.69-2.23) e suboccipitais direito (GD, 2.58 - IC95%: 1.64-3.51/ GS, 1.0 - IC95%: 0.42-1.58) e esquerdo (GD, 2.15 - IC95%: 1.21-3.09/ GS, 1.0 - IC95%: 0.46-1.54), porém os valores do LDP não foram significativos para nenhum dos músculos avaliados entre os grupos com e sem dor cervical crônica. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na avaliação postural entre os grupos para os ângulos analisados no plano frontal face e vista anterior e para os ângulos analisados no plano sagital. Na análise de associação entre as variáveis, foi observado que quando a incapacidade foi considerada variável dependente em relação à cervicalgia, total da pontuação do MUEQ-Br (aspectos de trabalho) e DTM, foi observado um R2 = 0.93 e todos os preditores mostraram-se significativos no modelo. Nossos resultados demonstram que a incapacidade cervical é influenciada pela DTM, dor no pescoço e aspectos físicos e psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho com uso do computador. Os trabalhadores com dor cervical apresentaram maior porcentagem de diagnósticos de DTM quando comparados com o grupo de trabalhadores sem dor, bem como a intensidade da dor à palpação dos músculos cervicais mostrou-se significativamente maior nos trabalhadores usuários de computador com dor cervical. Assim, é possível sugerir uma associação entre relato de dor cervical, incapacidade cervical e DTM no contexto de trabalho envolvendo o computador em mulheres com dor relato de dor cervical crônica. / Introduction: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among computer office workers (COW) can vary between 10-62% and the most affected regions affected are the upper extremities, neck, head and spine. Musculoskeletal complaints in these workers have a multifactorial etiology and the main causes are postural aspects and psychosocial factors. The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) is one of the few tools available in the literature to evaluate ergonomic and psychosocial aspects of work related to computer use. Neck pain is the most common musculoskeletal complaints in COW. Coexistence between neck pain and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) are commonly cited in the literature. The adoption of forward head posture for computer use may be linked to the onset of orofacial symptoms. The sitting position is the most widely adopted in the workplace especially when it involves the use of computer, however, to maintain this position for long periods, the adoption of awkward postures could be necessary, increasing the strain on the musculoskeletal system structures. Thus, maintenance of sitting posture may be related to the development of changes in body posture, TMD and neck disorders. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine associations between neck pain, TMD and changes in static body posture on COW with and without chronic neck pain. Material and Methods: The sample of this study was selected from the application of the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire which includes seven domains (work station, body posture, job control, job demands, break time, work environment and social support). The study included 52 women which work using computer into two groups: Group with chronic neck pain and disability (NPG, n = 26 - 36.50 years confidence interval 95% (CI): 33.40-36.60; 66.37 kg -CI: 62.48-70.26 and 1.62m - 95% CI: 1.60-1.65) and group without neck pain (WONPG, n = 26 - 33.81 years - CI: 33.66-36.95, 71.75 kg - CI: 65.90-77.60 m and 1.64 - CI: 1.62-1.67). As criteria inclusion, the employees should exercise the same function for at least 12 months (NPG, 110 months - CI: 73-147 / WONPG, 91 months - CI: 63-119) and use the computer for at least 4 hours day during the work day (NPG, 7:46 hours / day - CI: 7.10-7.83 / WONPG, 7:58 hours/day - CI: 7.23-7.92). In the group with chronic neck pain workers should present a positive report of chronic neck pain and falling within the criteria: a) neck pain for at least 3 months; b) pain intensity 3 on most days on a numerical pain scale (NPS) (0-10, where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain) and c) Neck pain related disability at least mild in the Neck Disability Index (NDI): 10-28% (5-14 points) - mild disability; 30-48% (15- 24 points) - moderate disability; 50-68% (25 - 35 points) - severe disability, 72% or more (36 or more points) - Complete. Clinical assessments for diagnosis of TMD was conducted using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), evaluation of masticatory and neck pain through manual palpation and algometry pressure to obtain the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of craniocervical structures as well as evaluation of the static body posture by the use of photogrammetry. The data showed normal distribution according to the Shapiro Wilks test. The Student\'s t-test for independent samples (p <0.05) was used to compare the maximum score for each domain MUEQ-Br between the groups with and without chronic neck pain. Differences between the mean values of LDP and muscle tenderness between groups of workers without pain and chronic neck pain and to check for differences between the postural angles were verified by student t-test. For analysis of associations between TMD, disability related to neck pain, neck pain and \"aspects of the job\" (domains of MUEQ) a multivariate regression analysis was used. Differences between the percentage values were verified using chi-square test (p <0.05). The statistical package used was SPSS version 22. Results: The results showed that when comparing the domains of MUEQ-Br, the group with chronic neck pain scored highest in the area posture (NPG, 12.58 points - CI: 11.21-13.94 / WONPG, 9.42 - CI: 8-10.84) and complaints item (NPG, 17.46 - CI: 14.17-20.75 / WONPG, 8.58 - CI: 6.14 -11.02), and the total score of the questionnaire (NPG, 40.08 - CI: 35.01-45.15 / WONPG, 33.31 points - CI: 28.99-37.63). The volunteers with neck pain showed a higher percentage of diagnoses of TMD when compared with the group without pain (42.30% vs. 23:07%, p <0.05). The group with pain had higher pain intensity on manual palpation of the neck muscles, trapezius (midpoint) right (NPG, 4.03 - CI: 3.02-5.06 / WONPG, 1.46 - CI: 0.69-2.23) and right suboccipital (WONPG, 2.58 NPS - CI: 1.64-3.51 / WONP, 1.0 - CI: 0.42-1.58) and left (NPG, 2.15 - CI: 1.21-3.09 / WONP, 1.0 - CI: 0.46 -1.54) but the values of the LDP were not significant for any of the muscles tested between the groups with and without chronic neck pain. Also no significant differences were found in postural assessment between groups for the analyzed angles in the frontal plane face and anterior views and angles analyzed in the sagittal plane. The analysis of association between the variables, it was observed that when disability was considered the dependent variable in relation to the neck pain, total score MUEQ-Br (aspects of work) and TMD, we observed a strong association (R2 = 0.93) and all predictors showed significant in the model. Our results demonstrate that cervical disability is influenced by the TMD, neck pain and physical and psychosocial aspects of the computer work. Workers with neck pain showed a higher percentage of diagnoses of TMD when compared with the group of workers without neck pain, and the pain intensity on palpation of the neck muscles was significantly higher in computer workers with neck pain. Thus, it is possible to suggest an association between reporting of neck pain, neck related disability and TMD in the context of work involving the computer in women reporting chronic neck pain.

Introdução: A prevalência de disfunção musculoesquelética entre trabalhadores usuários de computador (TUC) pode variar entre 10 a 62% e os lugares mais acometidos são os membros superiores, pescoço, cabeça e a coluna vertebral. As queixas musculoesqueléticas nesses trabalhadores apresentam etiologia multifatorial e dentre as principais causas é possível citar aspectos posturais e fatores psicossociais. O Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) é uma das poucas ferramentas existentes na literatura para avaliar aspectos ergonômicos e psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho com uso do computador. A dor cervical é a queixa musculoesquelética mais comum em trabalhadores de escritório usuários de computador. A coexistência entre dor cervical e disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é comumente citada na literatura. A adoção da postura em anteriorização da cabeça para uso do computador pode estar associada ao aparecimento de sintomas orofaciais e cervicais. A posição sentada é a mais adotada nos ambientes de trabalho especialmente quando este envolve o uso de computador, entretanto, a manutenção dessa posição por tempo prolongado pode acarretar a adoção de posturas inadequadas e intensificar a sobrecarga nas estruturas do sistema musculoesquelético. Desta forma, a manutenção da postura sentada pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento de alterações de postura corporal, DTM e disfunção cervical. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar associações entre dor cervical, DTM e alterações na postura estática em trabalhadores de escritório usuários de computador com e sem relato de dor cervical crônica. Material e Métodos: A amostra desse estudo foi selecionada a partir da aplicação do Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire que contempla 7 domínios (posto de trabalho, postura corporal, controle do trabalho, demanda de trabalho, pausas, ambiente de trabalho e suporte social), preenchidos por trabalhadores usuários de computador. Participaram deste estudo 52 mulheres trabalhadoras de escritório usuárias de computador em dois grupos: Grupo com dor cervical crônica e incapacidade (GD, n=26 - 36.50 anos - IC95%: 33.40-36.60; 66.37 kg - IC 95%: 62.48-70.26 e 1.62 m - IC95%: 1.60-1.65) e Grupo sem relato de dor cervical (GS, n=26 - 33.81 anos - IC 95%: 33.66-36.95, 71.75 kg - IC95%: 65.90-77.60 e 1.64 m - IC95%: 1.62-1.67). Como critérios de inclusão as funcionárias deveriam exercer a mesma função há pelo menos 12 meses (GD, 110 meses - IC95%: 73-147 /GS, 91 meses - IC95%:63-119) e utilizar o computador ao menos 4 horas por dia durante a jornada de trabalho (GD, 7.46 horas/dia - IC95%: 7.10-7.83 /GS, 7.58 horas/dia - IC95%: 7.23-7.92). No grupo com dor cervical crônica as trabalhadoras deveriam apresentar relato positivo de dor crônica cervical e se enquadrarem nos seguintes critérios: a) dor cervical há pelo menos 3 meses; b) dor de intensidade 3 na maioria dos dias em uma escala numérica de dor (END) (0 a 10, sendo 0 = sem dor e 10 = pior dor possível) e c) limitação funcional, pelo menos leve, no Índice de incapacidade relacionada ao pescoço (NDI): 10-28% (5-14 pontos) - incapacidade leve; 30-48% (15- 24 pontos) - incapacidade moderada; 50-68% (25 35 pontos) - incapacidade severa;72% ou mais (36 pontos ou mais) incapacidade completa. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas para diagnóstico da DTM por meio do Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), avaliação da dor cervical e mastigatória através da palpação manual e algometria por pressão para obtenção do limiar de dor por pressão (LDP) de estruturas crânio-cervicais, bem como avaliação da postura corporal estática dessas trabalhadoras usando a fotogrametria. Os dados demonstraram distribuição normal de acordo com o teste Shapiro Wilks. O teste-t de student para amostras independentes (p<0.05) foi utilizado para comparar a pontuação máxima de cada domínio do MUEQ-Br entre os grupos sem e com dor cervical crônica. Para verificar diferenças entre os valores médios de LDP e palpação muscular entre os grupos de trabalhadores sem dor e com dor cervical crônica e para verificar diferenças entre os ângulos posturais foi utilizado também o teste-t de Student. Para análise das associações entre as variáveis disfunção temporomandibular, incapacidade relacionada à disfunção cervical, cervicalgia e aspectos do trabalho (domínios do MUEQ) foi utilizada a análise de regressão linear múltipla. Para verificação de diferenças entre valores de porcentagem foi utilizado o teste de Qui-quadrado (p<0.05). O pacote estatístico utilizado foi o SPSS versão 22. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que ao compararmos os domínios do MUEQ-Br, o grupo com dor cervical crônica obteve maior pontuação no domínio postura corporal (GD, 12.58 - IC95%: 11.21-13.94/ GS, 9.42 - IC95%: 8-10.84) e no item queixas (GD, 17.46- IC95%: 14.17-20.75/ GS, 8.58 - IC95%: 6.14-11.02), bem como na pontuação total do questionário (GD, 40.08 - IC95%: 35.01-45.15/ GS, 33.31 - IC95%: 28.99-37.63). Os voluntários com dor cervical apresentaram maior porcentagem de diagnósticos de DTM quando comparados com o grupo sem dor (42.30% vs. 23.07%, p<0.05). O grupo com dor apresentou maior intensidade de dor na palpação manual dos músculos cervicais, trapézio (ponto médio) lado direito (GD, 4.03 - IC95%: 3.02-5.06/ GS, 1.46 - IC95%: 0.69-2.23) e suboccipitais direito (GD, 2.58 - IC95%: 1.64-3.51/ GS, 1.0 - IC95%: 0.42-1.58) e esquerdo (GD, 2.15 - IC95%: 1.21-3.09/ GS, 1.0 - IC95%: 0.46-1.54), porém os valores do LDP não foram significativos para nenhum dos músculos avaliados entre os grupos com e sem dor cervical crônica. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na avaliação postural entre os grupos para os ângulos analisados no plano frontal face e vista anterior e para os ângulos analisados no plano sagital. Na análise de associação entre as variáveis, foi observado que quando a incapacidade foi considerada variável dependente em relação à cervicalgia, total da pontuação do MUEQ-Br (aspectos de trabalho) e DTM, foi observado um R2 = 0.93 e todos os preditores mostraram-se significativos no modelo. Nossos resultados demonstram que a incapacidade cervical é influenciada pela DTM, dor no pescoço e aspectos físicos e psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho com uso do computador. Os trabalhadores com dor cervical apresentaram maior porcentagem de diagnósticos de DTM quando comparados com o grupo de trabalhadores sem dor, bem como a intensidade da dor à palpação dos músculos cervicais mostrou-se significativamente maior nos trabalhadores usuários de computador com dor cervical. Assim, é possível sugerir uma associação entre relato de dor cervical, incapacidade cervical e DTM no contexto de trabalho envolvendo o computador em mulheres com dor relato de dor cervical crônica. / Introduction: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among computer office workers (COW) can vary between 10-62% and the most affected regions affected are the upper extremities, neck, head and spine. Musculoskeletal complaints in these workers have a multifactorial etiology and the main causes are postural aspects and psychosocial factors. The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) is one of the few tools available in the literature to evaluate ergonomic and psychosocial aspects of work related to computer use. Neck pain is the most common musculoskeletal complaints in COW. Coexistence between neck pain and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) are commonly cited in the literature. The adoption of forward head posture for computer use may be linked to the onset of orofacial symptoms. The sitting position is the most widely adopted in the workplace especially when it involves the use of computer, however, to maintain this position for long periods, the adoption of awkward postures could be necessary, increasing the strain on the musculoskeletal system structures. Thus, maintenance of sitting posture may be related to the development of changes in body posture, TMD and neck disorders. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine associations between neck pain, TMD and changes in static body posture on COW with and without chronic neck pain. Material and Methods: The sample of this study was selected from the application of the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire which includes seven domains (work station, body posture, job control, job demands, break time, work environment and social support). The study included 52 women which work using computer into two groups: Group with chronic neck pain and disability (NPG, n = 26 - 36.50 years confidence interval 95% (CI): 33.40-36.60; 66.37 kg -CI: 62.48-70.26 and 1.62m - 95% CI: 1.60-1.65) and group without neck pain (WONPG, n = 26 - 33.81 years - CI: 33.66-36.95, 71.75 kg - CI: 65.90-77.60 m and 1.64 - CI: 1.62-1.67). As criteria inclusion, the employees should exercise the same function for at least 12 months (NPG, 110 months - CI: 73-147 / WONPG, 91 months - CI: 63-119) and use the computer for at least 4 hours day during the work day (NPG, 7:46 hours / day - CI: 7.10-7.83 / WONPG, 7:58 hours/day - CI: 7.23-7.92). In the group with chronic neck pain workers should present a positive report of chronic neck pain and falling within the criteria: a) neck pain for at least 3 months; b) pain intensity 3 on most days on a numerical pain scale (NPS) (0-10, where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain) and c) Neck pain related disability at least mild in the Neck Disability Index (NDI): 10-28% (5-14 points) - mild disability; 30-48% (15- 24 points) - moderate disability; 50-68% (25 - 35 points) - severe disability, 72% or more (36 or more points) - Complete. Clinical assessments for diagnosis of TMD was conducted using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), evaluation of masticatory and neck pain through manual palpation and algometry pressure to obtain the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of craniocervical structures as well as evaluation of the static body posture by the use of photogrammetry. The data showed normal distribution according to the Shapiro Wilks test. The Student\'s t-test for independent samples (p <0.05) was used to compare the maximum score for each domain MUEQ-Br between the groups with and without chronic neck pain. Differences between the mean values of LDP and muscle tenderness between groups of workers without pain and chronic neck pain and to check for differences between the postural angles were verified by student t-test. For analysis of associations between TMD, disability related to neck pain, neck pain and \"aspects of the job\" (domains of MUEQ) a multivariate regression analysis was used. Differences between the percentage values were verified using chi-square test (p <0.05). The statistical package used was SPSS version 22. Results: The results showed that when comparing the domains of MUEQ-Br, the group with chronic neck pain scored highest in the area posture (NPG, 12.58 points - CI: 11.21-13.94 / WONPG, 9.42 - CI: 8-10.84) and complaints item (NPG, 17.46 - CI: 14.17-20.75 / WONPG, 8.58 - CI: 6.14 -11.02), and the total score of the questionnaire (NPG, 40.08 - CI: 35.01-45.15 / WONPG, 33.31 points - CI: 28.99-37.63). The volunteers with neck pain showed a higher percentage of diagnoses of TMD when compared with the group without pain (42.30% vs. 23:07%, p <0.05). The group with pain had higher pain intensity on manual palpation of the neck muscles, trapezius (midpoint) right (NPG, 4.03 - CI: 3.02-5.06 / WONPG, 1.46 - CI: 0.69-2.23) and right suboccipital (WONPG, 2.58 NPS - CI: 1.64-3.51 / WONP, 1.0 - CI: 0.42-1.58) and left (NPG, 2.15 - CI: 1.21-3.09 / WONP, 1.0 - CI: 0.46 -1.54) but the values of the LDP were not significant for any of the muscles tested between the groups with and without chronic neck pain. Also no significant differences were found in postural assessment between groups for the analyzed angles in the frontal plane face and anterior views and angles analyzed in the sagittal plane. The analysis of association between the variables, it was observed that when disability was considered the dependent variable in relation to the neck pain, total score MUEQ-Br (aspects of work) and TMD, we observed a strong association (R2 = 0.93) and all predictors showed significant in the model. Our results demonstrate that cervical disability is influenced by the TMD, neck pain and physical and psychosocial aspects of the computer work. Workers with neck pain showed a higher percentage of diagnoses of TMD when compared with the group of workers without neck pain, and the pain intensity on palpation of the neck muscles was significantly higher in computer workers with neck pain. Thus, it is possible to suggest an association between reporting of neck pain, neck related disability and TMD in the context of work involving the computer in women reporting chronic neck pain.

Background: Several studies show that sedentary is harmful to humans. Despite this, the degree of sedentary increases and 75% of the total time of sedentary is at the workplace. A common way to reduce sedentary is to introduce sit-stand workstations. Studies show that this gives good effects during working hours but few have studied what those providing for effects after working hours. Objective: Study office workers to see if there is a difference in the frequency and duration of physical activity and estimation of physical problems after a working day if they were sedentary or varied its working position by using a sit-stand workstation. Method: 20 office workers measured the frequency and duration of physical activity and estimated physical problems through a diary and a questionnaire after work. Results: No significant differences were detected. Conclusions: It is not possible to draw any general conclusions from this study as the sample is small and measurement methods are only subjective. More studies are needed where you look at what happens after working hours in the future to ensure the pros and cons of sit-stand worskstations. / Bakgrund: De senaste åren har det kommit ett flertal studier som visar att stillasittande är skadligt för människan. Trots detta ökar graden av stillasittande och 75 % av den totala tiden av stillasittande sker på arbetsplatsen där kontorsarbetare är de som rapporterar högst andel stillasittande. Mot bakgrund av detta är därför arbetsplatsen ett bra forum att arbeta med hälsofrämjande insatser för att minska tiden av stillasittande. Ett vanligt sätt för att minska stillasittandet är att införa höj- och sänkbara skrivbord. Flertal studier visar att detta ger goda effekter under arbetstid. Ett område som dock är mindre forskat på är vad möjligheten att kunna variera sin arbetsposition med ett höj- och sänkbart bord har för effekter för individen efter arbetstid. Syfte: Att studera kontorsanställda för att se om det föreligger en skillnad i frekvens och duration av fysisk aktivitet samt skattning av fysiska besvär efter en arbetsdag. Detta beroende på om de varierat sin arbetsposition regelbundet genom användning av ett höj-och sänkbart skrivbord jämfört med om de intagit en sittande arbetsposition. Metod: Kvasiexperimentell studie med inompersonsdesign. 20 kontorsanställda fick mäta frekvens och duration av fysisk aktivitet samt skatta fysisk besvärsförekomst via dagbok och enkätformulär efter arbetsdagen. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det inte förelåg några signifikanta skillnader mellan om försökspersonen suttit eller varierat arbetsposition. De tendenser som kunnat påvisas är små men tyder på en något minskad frekvens och ökad duration av fysisk aktivitet efter att ha varierat arbetsposition. Skattning av fysisk besvärsförekomst var oförändrad. Slutsatser: Det går inte att dra några generella slutsatser av denna studie då urvalet är litet och mätmetoderna endast subjektiva. Fler studier behövs där man tittar på vad som händer efter arbetstid för att i framtiden kunna säkerställa för- och nackdelar med höj- och sänkbara skrivbord.

Aim: The dual aims of this descriptive cross-sectional study were: 1) to assess the prevalence of eye-and visual symptoms among a population of office workers and; 2) to analyse if these symptoms were associated with self-assessed productivity. Method: A questionnaire consisting of the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Scale and the Work Limitations Questionnaire was provided to each employee. Descriptive statistics on the number of individuals classified as eye-and visual symptom cases was computed. Multiple logistic regressions analyses were performed on the individual eye-and visual symptom scores as independent variables with the self-assessed productivity limitation scores as the dependent variable. Main result: Out of 127 office workers, 76 answered the questionnaire (60% response rate). The estimated prevalence’s of eye- and visual symptoms were 73% (95% CI: 61−83%) for Computer Vision Syndrome and 32% (95% CI: 21−43%) for Convergence Insufficiency-related symptoms. The multiple regression analyses revealed strong positive associations between eye/visual symptoms and productivity limitations for both Computer Vision Syndrome scores (p&lt;0.001, r2=0,22) and Convergence Insufficiency-related symptoms scores (p&lt;0.001, r2=0,39). Conclusions: Symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome and Convergence Insufficiency were both prevalent, the former more so than the later. These symptoms were both strongly associated with limitations in self-assessed productivity. More research efforts are warranted to replicate and explore these work and health associations. / Syfte: Det första syftet i studien var att uppskatta prevalensen av Computer Vision Syndrome och symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens i en population av kontorsarbetare. Det andra syftet var att analysera om det fanns ett samband mellan dessa symtom och självskattad produktivitetsförlust eller inte. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätstudie med tvärsnittsdesign genomfördes med följande enkätinstrument: Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Scale and Work Limitations Questionnaire. Deskriptiv statistik beräknades för prevalenserna av antalet fall som var drabbade av respektive arbetshälsoproblem. Två separata multipla regressionsanalyser genomfördes dessutom. Huvudresultat: 76 kontorsarbetare svarade på enkäten (60 % svarsfrekvens). Den uppskattade prevalensen av Computer Vision Syndrome var 73% (95% CI: 61−83%) och av symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens var 32% (95% CI: 21−43%). De multipla regressionsanalyserna visade statistiskt signifikanta (p &lt; 0,001) samband mellan både Computer Vision Syndrome och symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens, med självskattad produktivitetsförlust. Ju mer synsymtom en person skattade, desto högre var den självskattade produktivitetsförlusten. Slutsats: Nästan tre fjärdedelar av kontorsarbetarna hade Computer Vision Syndrome och en tredjedel uppgav symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens. Detta är ett arbetshälsoproblem för de drabbade kontorsarbetarna som behöver åtgärdas, både för de möjliga arbetshälsovinsterna för arbetstagarna och för de möjliga produktivitetsvinsterna för företagen. Större studier behövs för att bekräfta och vidare analysera sambanden mellan synhälsa och arbetsproduktivitet.

Bakgrund: Cirka 30% av Sveriges befolkning har svårt att uppfylla Folkhälsomyndighetens riktlinjer för fysisk aktivitet. En majoritet av våra liv spenderas sittande och detta beteende har ökat dramatiskt, eftersom många av dagens jobb utförs på kontor, där stillasittande beteende är vanligt. Dessutom har stillasittande beteende en negativ inverkan på befolkningens hälsa, på grund av den starka korrelationen mellan en stillasittande livsstil och icke-smittsamma sjukdomar. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att sammanfatta tidigare litteratur om hur en kontorsarbetares arbetsdag kan effektiviseras ur en fysiologisk synvinkel, för att möta Folkhälsomyndighetens och FYSS rekommendationer gällande fysisk aktivitet. Metod: Designen av denna studie genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Databaserna som användes var PubMed och SportDiscus. Forskarna använde sedan en metaanalys för att analysera det insamlade materialet. Resultat: Resultatet delades upp i tre underrubriker; tidigare forskning som fokuserat på förbättrat maximalt syreupptag, tidigare forskning som fokuserat på kroppssammansättning och tidigare forskning som fokuserat på båda. Resultaten från tidigare studier beskrivs enkelt i tabell 2 och 3. Diskussion: När det gäller studiens design, hade metaanalysen både styrkor och begränsningar. En tydlig styrka i studien var syftet med studien, som presenterades i ett tydligt och fokuserat förhållningssätt, samt den systematiska designen som gjorde att exakt litteratur kunde genereras. Å andra sidan fanns det en begränsning i författarnas vetenskapliga erfarenhet av att utföra en metaanalys som kan ha påverkat resultaten. När det gäller resultaten, visade litteraturen en genomsnittlig ökning av VO₂max på 11% under en, i genomsnitt, 24-veckorsperiod samt en statistisk ökning av andra fysiologiska hälsoparametrar. Dessutom kan riktlinjer skapas för att underlätta denna positiva respons från fysisk aktivitet. Slutsats: Riktlinjer skapades från metaanalysen, där frekvensen av 4 träningspass per vecka var effektiv, när intensiteten på träningspasset sattes till ett RPE på 14. Den duration som krävs för att nå den effektiva dosen var 42 minuters fysisk aktivitet och typen av fysisk aktivitet bör huvudsakligen vara aerob fysisk aktivitet. Dessutom verkar muskelstärkande fysisk aktivitet ha en positiv inverkan på att förbättra fysiologiska parametrar. Emellertid bör ytterligare kvantitativ forskning utföras för att undersöka effektiviteten av dessa riktlinjer.     Nyckelord: Fysisk aktivitet, kontorsarbetare, kardiovaskulära sjukdomar, hälsa och metaanalys. / Background: Approximately 30% of the Swedish population has difficulties meeting the Swedish Public Health Authority's (Folkhälsomyndigheten) guidelines regarding physical activity. Most of our lives are spent seated and this behavior has dramatically increased, since many of today's jobs are done in offices, where sedentary behavior is common. Moreover, sedentary behavior has a negative impact on the health of the population, due to the strong correlation between a sedentary lifestyle and non-communicable diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the current literature regarding how an office worker's workday can be streamlined from a physiological standpoint, to meet the Swedish Public Health Agency and FYSS recommendations regarding physical activity. Method: The design of this study was conducted as a systematic literature review. The databases used were PubMed and SportDiscus. The researchers then used a meta-analysis to analyze the collected material. Result: The result was divided into three subheadings; previous research that focused on improved maximal oxygen uptake, previous research that focused on body composition, and previous research that focused on both. The findings from previous studies are simply described in table 2 and 3. Discussion: Regarding the design of the study, did the meta-analysis have both strengths and limitations. A clear strength of the study was the aim of the study, which was presented in a clear and focused approach, as well as the systematic design that allowed precise literature to be generated. On the other hand, there was a limitation in the design of the scientific experience of the scientist in executing a meta-analysis which may have affected the results. Regarding the results, did the literature show an average increase in VO₂max of 11% in a, on average, 24-week period, as well as a statistical increase in other physiological health parameters. Furthermore, could guidelines be created to facilitate this positive response from physical activity.  Conclusion: Guidelines were created from the meta-analysis, where the frequency of 4 training sessions per week was effective, when the intensity of the training session was set at an RPE of 14. The duration required to reach the effective dose was at 42 minutes of physical activity, and the type of physical activity should mainly be aerobic physical activity. Moreover, does resistance training seem to have a positive impact in improving physiological parameters. However, further quantitative research is needed to examine the effectiveness of these guidelines.   Keywords: Physical Activity, Office Worker, Cardiovascular Diseases, Health, Meta-Analysis.

Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Aims: To assess the effect of a chair and computer screen height adjustment on the neck and upper back musculoskeletal symptoms in an office worker. Methods: An N=1 study was conducted using the ABC design. Ethics approval was obtained for the study and the participant provided informed written consent. The participant was assessed over three four week phases as she performed her habitual computer work. The outcome measures assessed during the three phases were the pain intensity and perceived sitting comfort. The three phases were named the baseline, intervention and wash-out phases. During the baseline phase, the outcome measures were obtained at the participant‟s habitual work station. The intervention phase involved a vertical adjustment of the chair and computer screen height. The wash-out phase allowed the participant to adjust the chair and computer screen height to their choice. A follow-up interview was conducted with the participant three months after completion of the study. The mean values and the ranges of the pain intensity and perceived comfort were obtained and compared. The data collected was captured on a Microsoft Excel 2010 spread sheet, where after the data was tabulated and presented graphically. Results: The mean pain intensity of the participant increased slightly during the intervention phase in comparison to the baseline phase, but remained stable during the wash-out phase. The mean perceived sitting comfort deteriorated initially during the intervention phase, but improved later during the intervention phase and showed greater improvement during the wash out phase. The perceived sitting comfort showed more improvement than the pain intensity during the washout phase. Both the pain intensity and perceived sitting comfort showed improvement at the three months follow up assessment, post completion of the study. Conclusion: The vertical height adjustment of the chair and the VDT did not improve the participant‟s pain intensity and perceived sitting comfort when compared to the participant‟s habitual workstation parameters. The findings do not favour the horizontal viewing angle. The findings of this study however support the use of „slightly below horizontal‟ viewing angle as being conducive to reduce the pain intensity and improve the sitting comfort of an office worker. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelstelling: Om die effek te bepaal van die hoogte aanpassing van die stoel en rekenaarskerm op die nek en bo-rug muskuloskeletale simptome van 'n kantoorwerker. Metodes: „n N=1 studie was uitgevoer deur gebruik te maak van die ABC ontwerp. Etiese goedkeuring was verkry vir die studie en die deelnemer het ingeligte skriftelike toestemming verleen. Die deelnemer was ge-evalueer oor drie vier week-lange fases terwyl sy haar gewone rekenaarwerk verrig het. Die uitkomsmetings ge-evalueer tydens die drie fases was pyn intensiteit en waargenome sitgemak. Die drie fases was genoem die basislyn, intervensie en uitwas fases. Gedurende die basislyn fase was die uitkomsmetings by die deelnemer se gewone werkstasie ingevorder. Die intervensie fase het 'n vertikale aanpassing van die stoel en rekenaarskerm behels. Die uitwas fase het die deelnemer toegelaat om haar stoel en rekenaarskerm se hoogte aan te pas volgens haar keuse. 'n Opvolg onderhoud was gevoer met die deelnemer drie maande na die voltooiing van die studie. Die resultate was vasgelê op 'n Microsoft Excel 2010 data bladsy, waarna die data getabuleer en grafies uitgebeeld is. Resultate: Die gemiddelde pyn intensiteit van die deelnermer het effens toegeneem tydens die intervensie fase in vergelyking met die basislyn fase, maar het stabiel gebly tydens die uitwas fase. Die gemiddelde waargenome sitgemak het aanvanklik verswak tydens die intervensie fase, maar het later verbeter tydens die intervensie fase en het aangehou verbeter tydens die uitwas fase. Die waargenome sitgemak het groter verbetering getoon as die pyn intensiteit tydens die uitwas fase. Beide pyn intensiteit en waargenome sitgemak het verbetering getoon by die drie maande opvolg evaluasie, na voltooiing van die studie. Gevolgtrekking. Die vertikale hoogte aanpassing van die stoel en rekenaarskerm het nie die deelnemer se pyn intensiteit en waargenome sitgemak in vergelyking met die deelnemer se gewone werkstasie parameters verbeter nie. Hierdie bevindinge is nie ten voordeel van die horisontale kykhoek nie. Nietemin, ondersteun die bevindinge van hierdie studie die gebruik van die "effens onder die horisontale" kykhoek as bevorderend om die pyn intensiteit te verminder en die sitgemak van 'n kantoorwerker te verbeter.