1 Abstract Master Thesis titled The future of public editors in the time of technological convergence deals with the issue and phenomena of ombudsmen and public editors as part of self-regulation of journalists. Specifically, it focuses on ombudsmen, that were established by the Czech public media - Czech Radio and Czech Tv, between the years 2016 and 2018. It compares these ombudsmen with their counterparts in other countries, where they face the progressing phasing out of this role in newsroom. This thesis will first try to establish and describe the theory of ethics and morals and their impact on the history and evolution of media ethics. This Thesis will also mention the historical role of ombudsmen in United states, Europe and other parts of the world. The role of ombudsmen in the newsroom and their relationship will then be compared to the emerging relationship of press and social media, who also serve as alternatives to mainstream media. The practical part of this thesis will focus on interviewing both ombudsmen currently working in Czech media, the executive directors who were the main push for establishing them, and two journalists from United States, who were public editors just a few years ago and who will talk about their experience with the job.

The thesis aims to specify means of consumer protection in financial services in the Czech legal system, to clarify their structure, assess efficiency and evaluate the extent to which consumer protection is provided. Main topic of interest is restricted within the purview of the financial ombudsman of the Czech Republic. The first chapter focuses on definition of instrument of consumer protection in financial services and their classification from a theoretical point of view. The next three chapters are devoted to a detailed depiction of consumer protection means in three segments of the financial market: payment system, consumer credit and collective investment. Legal provisions concerned with the Czech financial ombudsman are the matter of subject of the last chapter, which is accompanied with a brief analysis of functioning efficiency of this institution. Applied methods are interpretation of Czech legal framework, description of consumer protection instruments and basic statistical methods used for data comparison, which are the basis for general deductive implications. The paper pinpoints deficiencies of the legal provisions and its conclusions consist of suggestions in specific fields. The main output of the thesis includes an emphasis of the need of progress in financial readiness of...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus de Lisboa Gomes.pdf: 1396737 bytes, checksum: 0d0d00502d88d8639effe4022a68872f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Popular sovereignty is the defining characteristic of democracy. The principle that people are the only legitimate source of power in a democratic government, recognized as self-evident since the first liberal revolutions, was incorporated into Brazilian democracy with its introduction on the foundation stones of the 1988 Constitution. However, democracy is not a finished work. The continuous rise and death of certain values has lead to constant tensions between structures of government and society, requiring improvement and even the invention of new devices of legitimating. Therefore, the electoral process as the sole and sufficient means of democratic legitimacy is severely contested today. This is a study about the essential transformations observed in Brazilian democracy with the appearance of semi-autonomous entities of relations mediation with society, absorbing within government structures, mistrust, misunderstanding and desire of participation for the purpose of reconnecting Society and the State in an effort to build dialogue and democratic understanding. Its object of study is the network of Ombudsman of the Sao Paulo State. Through a multiple cases study, a description and analysis of this network of protection and defense of the citizenship was made in order to put into evidence its typical characteristics as well as to propose a course of strategic action for the implementing and acting of Public Ombudsman with focus on the recovery of citizenship and strengthening the role of society in the social control of the State. Initially there was a study of the major conceptions of the State based on some of the most important theorists of classical liberalism. The reform initiatives of the State in Brazil are presented in their central aspects. There are four distinct stages in the development process of democracy: direct, representative, participatory and surveillance. The concept of citizenship was discussed due to its strong relationship with the State action and we have developed the understanding of the Scandinavian Ombudsman, learning about it in its spatial and temporal context of origin. Despite the differences between the two entities, the suédoise has served as inspiration for the creation of an Ombudsman system for the state of Sao Paulo. Finally we have conducted a multiple cases study in five pubic organizations of the Sao Paulo State Government using as data interviews with Ombudsmen and managers, document analysis, records of files as well as direct observation / A soberania popular é a característica definidora da democracia. O princípio de que o povo é a única fonte legítima de poder no governo democrático, reconhecido como autoevidente desde as primeiras revoluções liberais, incorporou-se à democracia brasileira com a sua introdução entre as cláusulas pétreas da Constituição de 1988. Entretanto, a democracia não é obra acabada. A ascensão e morte contínuas de determinados valores levam a constantes tensões entre as estruturas de governo e a sociedade, exigindo o aperfeiçoamento e mesmo a invenção de novos dispositivos de legitimação. Por isso, o processo eleitoral como meio único e suficiente de legitimação democrática é, hoje, vivamente contestado. Esse é um estudo sobre as transformações essenciais observadas na democracia brasileira, com o aparecimento de entidades de mediação das relações com a sociedade, absorvendo no interior das estruturas governamentais a desconfiança, o desentendimento e o desejo de participação com o propósito de reaproximar a Sociedade e o Estado para um esforço de diálogo e construção do entendimento democrático. Seu objeto de estudo é a rede de Ouvidorias Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de um estudo de casos múltiplos, faz-se a descrição e a análise dessa rede de proteção e defesa dos direitos dos cidadãos, com o objetivo de colocar em evidência as suas características típicas e assim propor uma linha de ação estratégica para a implantação e atuação de Ouvidorias Públicas com foco na valorização da cidadania e fortalecimento do papel da sociedade no controle social do Estado. Inicialmente, realiza-se um estudo das principais concepções de Estado, tomando como base alguns dos mais importantes teóricos clássicos do liberalismo. As iniciativas de reforma do Estado no Brasil são apresentadas em seus aspectos centrais. Distinguem-se quatro estágios no processo de desenvolvimento da democracia: direta, representativa, participativa e de surveillance. Discute-se o conceito de cidadania, dada a sua forte relação com a ação do Estado e desenvolve-se a compreensão do Ombudsman Scandinave, apreendendo-o em seu contexto de origem temporal e espacial. Apesar das diferenças entre as duas entidades, a suédoise serviu de fonte de inspiração à criação do sistema paulista de Ouvidorias. Finalmente, conduziu-se um estudo de casos múltiplos em cinco organizações públicas do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, usando na coleta de dados a entrevista com Ouvidores e gestores, a análise de documentos, os registros em arquivos e a observação direta

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-13T16:14:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julyana Esteves Pires - 2014.pdf: 2008330 bytes, checksum: a3e96dc16130ce5a757da875789ee6a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2017-01-13T17:30:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julyana Esteves Pires - 2014.pdf: 2008330 bytes, checksum: a3e96dc16130ce5a757da875789ee6a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-13T17:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julyana Esteves Pires - 2014.pdf: 2008330 bytes, checksum: a3e96dc16130ce5a757da875789ee6a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-05 / In Brazil, the expansion of public policies and forms of social participation have contributed to democratization of management. During 25 years of construction and consolidation of SUS, several laws have treated social participation. Among the forms of participation, we emphasize the Ombudsman of SUS, with the ability to provide the population with a more direct participation in public administration. The ombudsman's Health System is conceptualized as a channel so that the population can communicate with managers of SUS. This form of participation is little known and used by citizens of small municipalities. Actually, the State of Goiás, has 07 ombudsmen SUS established, however, no in municipalities with less than 20,000 inhabitants. Above all, this work fulfills the main purpose of describing participation of residents in municipalities, the State of Goiás, with less than 20 thousand inhabitants in the Ombudsman of SUS, in the year 2013 This is a quantitative research from information from the database OuvidorSUS System, referring to claims recorded in the Ombudsman of the State of Goiás and the Department of Ombudsman SUS, in 2013. The variables taken into account were: date of record, type of care, classification of service, subject demand, municipality of residence, and the profile of the citizen, through knowledge of the Ombudsman, race / color, age, marital status, exclusive use of the SUS. A total of 3564 records of demands arising from the year 2013 was analyzed, 805 of these relate to claims recorded by citizens of small municipalities and the remaining 2759 records of large municipalities.The phone and internet were the means of contact used by most citizens. In small municipalities complaints and reports relating to matters Management and Family Health and the large municipalities are predominate requests and complaints about the management issues and health care. The demands were mainly recorded by individuals aged 2039 years old, mostly women, married individuals, white and mulatto. 72% of the records of small municipalities exclusively use the SUS. It was concluded that only the decentralization associated with social participation did not materialize democratization of public systems and the county reach this situation, perform actions that strengthen the local government would facilitate the process. Decentralization facilitates knowledge about the Ombudsman service, however, is not sufficient to improve participation, thus requiring actions that intensify the dissemination to the public and to seek improvements by the management. / No Brasil, a ampliação das políticas públicas e as formas de participação social têm contribuído para a democratização da gestão. No decorrer de 25 anos de construção e consolidação do SUS, várias legislações trataram da participação social. Dentre as formas de participação, destacam-se as Ouvidorias do SUS, com a capacidade de proporcionar à população uma participação mais direta na administração pública.A ouvidoria do Sistema Único de Saúde é conceituada como um canal para que a população possa se comunicar com os gestores do SUS, funcionando como intermediador entre a população que utiliza os serviços e os servidores,prestadores e gestores dos serviços. Entretanto, esta forma de participação é pouco conhecida e utilizada por cidadãos de municípios de pequeno porte. O Estado de Goiás apresenta atualmente 09 ouvidorias do SUS implantadas,contudo, nenhuma em municípios com menos de 20 mil habitantes. Diante do exposto, este trabalho cumpre o objetivo principal de descrever a participação de cidadãos residentes em municípios, do Estado de Goiás, com menos de 20 mil habitantes nos serviços de Ouvidoria do SUS, no ano de 2013. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, a partir de informações oriundas do banco de dados do Sistema OuvidorSUS, referente às demandas registradas na Ouvidoria do SUS do Estado de Goiás e no Departamento de Ouvidoria Geral do SUS, no ano de 2013. As variáveis analisadas levadas em consideração foram: data do registro, tipo do atendimento, classificação do atendimento, assunto da demanda, município de residência, perfil do cidadão, meio de conhecimento da Ouvidoria, raça/cor, faixa etária, estado civil, utilização exclusiva do SUS.Foi analisado um total de 3.564 registros de demandas decorrentes do ano de2013, destas 805 referem-se a demandas registradas por cidadãos de municípios de pequeno porte e o restante, 2.759 registros de municípios de grande porte. O telefone e a internet foram os meios de contato mais utilizados pelos cidadãos. Nos municípios de pequeno porte predominam reclamações e denúncias, referentes aos assuntos Gestão e Saúde da Família e nos municípios de grande porte são as solicitações e reclamações sobre os assuntos gestão e assistência à saúde. As demandas foram registradas principalmente por indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos, em sua maioria mulheres, com estado civil casado, de raça branca e parda.72% dos registros de municípios de pequeno porte utilizam exclusivamente o SUS. Concluiu-se que somente a descentralização associada à participação social não concretizam a democratização dos sistemas públicos e para que o município alcance esta situação, realizar ações que fortaleçam o poder local facilitariam o processo. A descentralização facilita o conhecimento sobre o serviço de Ouvidoria, entretanto, não é suficiente para melhorar a participação, necessitando assim, ações que intensifiquem a divulgação para a população e a busca de melhorias junto à gestão.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T11:26:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jonas Carlos Berquo Alarcao - 2014.pdf: 1932769 bytes, checksum: d3e510eca18999d83c98a8b3ffd75cc3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T11:27:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jonas Carlos Berquo Alarcao - 2014.pdf: 1932769 bytes, checksum: d3e510eca18999d83c98a8b3ffd75cc3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T11:27:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jonas Carlos Berquo Alarcao - 2014.pdf: 1932769 bytes, checksum: d3e510eca18999d83c98a8b3ffd75cc3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-27 / The SUS Ombudsman is a channel of qualified citizens hearing, capable of guaranteeing them the fundamental right to health, insofar as it presents to the system management instances, the needs or weaknesses identified by citizens or users. For the perfect operation of the SUS Ombudsman, it must be configured on network with software deployment demands management : SUS Ombudsman system. In Goiás state , till the beginning of 2014, the number of municipalities with the implanted system was extremely low. The state network is organized to the level of Regional Health, located in the municipalities of each region headquarters, with the existence of Ombudsman regional dialogues . In Rio Vermelho Health Region , we observed a number of issues regarding the Ombudsman work that were impeding the advance of the network to the municipal level. This study intended to raise awareness of the local health managers in the region, under the Inter-Regional Commission - CIR, on the role of the SUS Ombudsman and its importance and thereby to get achieving maximum response time to citizens, to institute the responsible staff for the Municipal Ombudsman Health and to deploy SUS Ombudman System in 100% of the municipalities in the region. For this, we used an Intervention Project, based on the assumptions of action research. The intervention was structured in the form of an action plan and implemented through strategies developed by the Department of Rio Vermelho Goiás Health Region in partnership with the Management of the Ombudsman, both organs of the State Office of Health. As results, we have obtained: a. pact of maximum response to ombudsman demands directed to municipalities, the setting of the responsible ones by Municipal Ombudsman in 16 municipalities in Rio Vermelho Region and the expansion of the network state Ombudsman with the implementation of SUS Ombudsman system in 15 municipalities. We have noted that in a Health Region, it is fundamental the integration of Regional Health with municipalities under their geographical jurisdiction, in particular, within the CIR space, since this integration when directed to building or strengthening the process regionalization of health always results in advances in the Regional System. Using the space of CIR to discuss the strengthening of the Ombudsman allowed us to comprehend the need for it in a network structure and to include municipalities on network. As the new structure and workflow established in the region, it will be possible to achieve new breakthroughs in the management of the Ombudsman demands such as: to reduce further the response time, to decrease the number of unanswered demands and to use the information in the management system, both in regional and municipal levels / A Ouvidoria do SUS é um canal de escuta qualificada dos cidadãos capaz de garantir a eles o direito fundamental à saúde, na medida em que apresenta às instâncias de gestão do sistema as necessidades ou fraquezas apontadas pelos cidadãos/usuários. Para o perfeito funcionamento da Ouvidoria do SUS ela deve ser configurada em Rede com a implantação do software de gestão das demandas: sistema OuvidorSUS. No Estado de Goiás, até o início de 2014, o número de municípios com o sistema implantado era extremamente reduzido. A rede estadual está organizada até o nível das Regionais de Saúde, localizadas nos municípios sede de cada Região, com a existência de interlocuções regionais de Ouvidoria. Na Região de Saúde Rio Vermelho, observou-se uma série de problemas em torno do trabalho da Ouvidoria do SUS que estavam impedindo o avanço da rede à esfera municipal. O presente trabalho objetivou sensibilizar os gestores municipais de saúde da região, no âmbito da Comissão Intergestores Regional – CIR, quanto ao papel e a importância da Ouvidoria do SUS e com isso conseguir pactuar prazo máximo de resposta aos cidadãos, instituir os responsáveis pela Ouvidoria Municipal de Saúde e implantar o Sistema OuvidorSUS em 100% dos municípios da Região. Para tanto, utilizou-se de um Projeto de Intervenção, fundamentado nos pressupostos da pesquisa-ação. A intervenção foi estruturada em forma de plano de ação e operacionalizada através de estratégias desenvolvidas pela Gerência da Regional de Saúde Rio Vermelho-Goiás em parceria com a Gerência de Ouvidoria, ambos órgãos da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Como resultados obteve-se: a pactuação do prazo máximo de resposta às demandas de ouvidoria encaminhadas aos municípios, a configuração dos responsáveis pelas Ouvidorias Municipais de 16 municípios da Região Rio Vermelho e a expansão da rede estadual de Ouvidoria com a implantação do sistema OuvidorSUS em 15 municípios. Notou-se que em uma Região de Saúde é fundamental a integração da Regional de Saúde com os municípios sob sua jurisdição geográfica, em especial, dentro do espaço da CIR, uma vez que essa integração quando orientada no sentido de construção ou fortalecimento do processo de regionalização da saúde sempre resultará em avanços do Sistema Regional. Utilizar o espaço da CIR para a discussão do fortalecimento da Ouvidoria possibilitou a compreensão da necessidade de estrutura-la em rede e incluir os municípios nessa rede. Como a nova estrutura e fluxo de trabalho estabelecido na Região será possível atingir novos avanços na gestão das demandas de Ouvidoria tais como: reduzir ainda mais o prazo de resposta, diminuir o número de demandas não respondidas e utilizar as informações do sistema na gestão do sistema regional e municipal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus de Lisboa Gomes.pdf: 1396737 bytes, checksum: 0d0d00502d88d8639effe4022a68872f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Popular sovereignty is the defining characteristic of democracy. The principle that people are the only legitimate source of power in a democratic government, recognized as self-evident since the first liberal revolutions, was incorporated into Brazilian democracy with its introduction on the foundation stones of the 1988 Constitution. However, democracy is not a finished work. The continuous rise and death of certain values has lead to constant tensions between structures of government and society, requiring improvement and even the invention of new devices of legitimating. Therefore, the electoral process as the sole and sufficient means of democratic legitimacy is severely contested today. This is a study about the essential transformations observed in Brazilian democracy with the appearance of semi-autonomous entities of relations mediation with society, absorbing within government structures, mistrust, misunderstanding and desire of participation for the purpose of reconnecting Society and the State in an effort to build dialogue and democratic understanding. Its object of study is the network of Ombudsman of the Sao Paulo State. Through a multiple cases study, a description and analysis of this network of protection and defense of the citizenship was made in order to put into evidence its typical characteristics as well as to propose a course of strategic action for the implementing and acting of Public Ombudsman with focus on the recovery of citizenship and strengthening the role of society in the social control of the State. Initially there was a study of the major conceptions of the State based on some of the most important theorists of classical liberalism. The reform initiatives of the State in Brazil are presented in their central aspects. There are four distinct stages in the development process of democracy: direct, representative, participatory and surveillance. The concept of citizenship was discussed due to its strong relationship with the State action and we have developed the understanding of the Scandinavian Ombudsman, learning about it in its spatial and temporal context of origin. Despite the differences between the two entities, the suédoise has served as inspiration for the creation of an Ombudsman system for the state of Sao Paulo. Finally we have conducted a multiple cases study in five pubic organizations of the Sao Paulo State Government using as data interviews with Ombudsmen and managers, document analysis, records of files as well as direct observation / A soberania popular é a característica definidora da democracia. O princípio de que o povo é a única fonte legítima de poder no governo democrático, reconhecido como autoevidente desde as primeiras revoluções liberais, incorporou-se à democracia brasileira com a sua introdução entre as cláusulas pétreas da Constituição de 1988. Entretanto, a democracia não é obra acabada. A ascensão e morte contínuas de determinados valores levam a constantes tensões entre as estruturas de governo e a sociedade, exigindo o aperfeiçoamento e mesmo a invenção de novos dispositivos de legitimação. Por isso, o processo eleitoral como meio único e suficiente de legitimação democrática é, hoje, vivamente contestado. Esse é um estudo sobre as transformações essenciais observadas na democracia brasileira, com o aparecimento de entidades de mediação das relações com a sociedade, absorvendo no interior das estruturas governamentais a desconfiança, o desentendimento e o desejo de participação com o propósito de reaproximar a Sociedade e o Estado para um esforço de diálogo e construção do entendimento democrático. Seu objeto de estudo é a rede de Ouvidorias Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de um estudo de casos múltiplos, faz-se a descrição e a análise dessa rede de proteção e defesa dos direitos dos cidadãos, com o objetivo de colocar em evidência as suas características típicas e assim propor uma linha de ação estratégica para a implantação e atuação de Ouvidorias Públicas com foco na valorização da cidadania e fortalecimento do papel da sociedade no controle social do Estado. Inicialmente, realiza-se um estudo das principais concepções de Estado, tomando como base alguns dos mais importantes teóricos clássicos do liberalismo. As iniciativas de reforma do Estado no Brasil são apresentadas em seus aspectos centrais. Distinguem-se quatro estágios no processo de desenvolvimento da democracia: direta, representativa, participativa e de surveillance. Discute-se o conceito de cidadania, dada a sua forte relação com a ação do Estado e desenvolve-se a compreensão do Ombudsman Scandinave, apreendendo-o em seu contexto de origem temporal e espacial. Apesar das diferenças entre as duas entidades, a suédoise serviu de fonte de inspiração à criação do sistema paulista de Ouvidorias. Finalmente, conduziu-se um estudo de casos múltiplos em cinco organizações públicas do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, usando na coleta de dados a entrevista com Ouvidores e gestores, a análise de documentos, os registros em arquivos e a observação direta

本文的研究範圍，主要是民國三十六年行憲後第一屆監察院（包括資深監察委員、增額監察委員）與憲政改革後第二屆監察院（至民國八十四年底的運作為止）的比較研究。探討的主要項目包括如下： 　　（一）監察院改制之探討：監察院之改制在憲政改革之過程中，是變化最大、爭議最多的課題之一。首先，討論的重點在於探討監察權在政治制度中的重要性及功能，並剖析行憲後監察院在組織上及職權運作上所產生的缺失，最後則就各界對監察院改制之各種方案加以分析。 　　（二）監察院的性質、定位之演變與分析：一般外界皆認為監察院之改制，使監察院之性質與地位產生重大的改變。因此，為求正本清源之目的，首先將我國古代監察制度之性質，做一歷史性的略述。其次，探討中山先生之監察權主張與設計，以窺探中山先生之原意。最後，就行憲後之監察院性質與監察院改制後之定位，予以比較探討，以對改制後之監察院的性質與定位，進一步的加以釐清，以正本清源，解決不必要的爭議。 　　（三）監察委員產生方式之演變：監察院乃以監察委員為主要的組成分子，監察委員的優勝劣敗將對整個監察愈產生重大的影響，其關乎整個監察制度的成功與否。在憲改過程中，監察委員應如何產生，一直是大眾所關注的焦點。因此，對於整個的監察委員產生方式的歷史眼進，實有探究之必要。 　　（四）監察權靜態設計分析與動態運作檢視：首先，對監察權之靜態設計予以概述，其次就監察院改制前後監察權行使之成效，進行比較分析，以對監察院改制後之動態運作加以檢視。 　　（五）監察院改制後之檢討：檢討重點包括監察委員產生方式改變後，所產生的問題，進而就現行監察權運作上優缺點，加以檢討並提出建議。

<p>Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a&nbsp / crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country&rsquo / s anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency.</p>

<p>Corruption is a serious problem which has many negative impacts on sustainable economic development globally. The clandestine nature of corruption makes it difficult to detect. Hence, efforts to combat corruption successfully demand comprehensive anti-corruption legislation, strong powers, as well as special investigative techniques and strategies. An effective anti-corruption regime requires a comprehensive anti-corruption legal framework which not only punishes all forms of corruption but also capacitates anti-corruption institutions. A strong anti-corruption agency is a&nbsp / crucial requirement and a necessary part of a country&rsquo / s anti-corruption strategy. The failure or the success of an anti-corruption agency depends on a variety of factors, such as powers and means to detect, investigate and prosecute corruption and related offences. The lack of trained staff, as well as the lack of adequate material resources, also affects the effectiveness of an anti-corruption agency. The anti-corruption agencies covered by this research are not empowered or resourced sufficiently, which may result in their ineffectiveness. This paper provides a set of recommendations in respect of the powers and strategies needed for a successful anti-corruption agency.</p>

The dissertation aims to develop an understanding of the outcomes and limitations of formal and informal control of the Swedish state, and of the positions and strategies of the social agents involved in this field. The dissertation contributes with new perspectives on controls directed at the state, comparing various control organs (the Parliamentary Ombudsman, the Chancellor of Justice, the United Nations, the European Court of Human Rights and NGOs) and focusing on a wide range of wrongs and harms by the Swedish state. Paper I explores incidents for which the Swedish state and its agencies have been judged to be responsible by formal control organs. Paper II analyzes the accounts used by state representatives in judgments from formal control organs on issues related to migration. Paper III examines the characteristics of those who hold the state accountable via the European Court. Paper IV explores how formal and informal control organs frame problems in relation to the Swedish state’s treatment of residence permit applicants. The studies demonstrate that formal domestic control organs mainly direct criticisms at state agencies that focus on particular and procedural issues. International bodies of formal and particularly informal control publish criticisms of the state that focus on general and systemic issues. The dissertation highlights how control organs offer limited access to accountability, and how controls of the state may be perceived as both ineffective and counterproductive. Another conclusion is that the positions and strategies of the agents in this field are dependent on their specific capital (resources, knowledge and support). Control of the state is understood as a field of struggle for recognition and legitimacy, in which accusations are denied by representatives of the state and control organs balance their criticism in order to maintain credibility. Both informal control organs and those who hold the state accountable must adjust to the rules of the game or risk being defined out. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>