O objetivo central da dissertação é o de estudar a atuação e a mobilização dos interesses organizados nacionais no cenário internacional, um tema ainda incipiente de estudos na ciência política brasileira. Para tanto, analisaremos o processo de internacionalização conduzido pela maior associação representativa do setor sucroalcooleiro: a União da Indústria da Cana de Açúcar (UNICA). Desde 2006, a UNICA vem empreendendo um importante processo de atuação no exterior com a abertura de escritórios especializados em Washington (2007) e Bruxelas (2008), além da celebração de um convênio com a agência governamental Apex-Brasil (também em 2008). Nesse sentido, acreditamos que estas iniciativas estão ligadas a uma presença crescente da agroindústria canavieira do Brasil no mundo, a qual tem demandado cada vez mais ações de representação e defesa de interesses no plano internacional. Neste estudo adotaremos uma perspectiva teórica ancorada na literatura acerca da análise dos grupos de interesse, principalmente em suas abordagens de foreign lobbying, que compreendem os mecanismos de penetração nos mercados-alvo e de atuação desses grupos nas instituições políticas destes respectivos estados, encarregadas da regulação desta atividade. Ademais, faremos uso, de maneira subsidiária, da literatura que discute os fundamentos e desdobramentos atuais do mercado de etanol de cana no Brasil e no mundo. Esta análise possibilitará um mapeamento das atividades da organização, permitindo a aferição de um conhecimento mais acurado para nossa pesquisa acerca de tal objeto. Para tanto, o trabalho será conduzido essencialmente por meio do exame de marcos regulatórios do setor no Brasil e nos principais mercados de etanol, notícias, artigos acadêmicos e não-acadêmicos, documentos internos da UNICA acerca do processo e declarações dos principais atores do processo. / The objective of the thesis is to study the performance and mobilization of national organized interests on the international arena, a still incipient theme in Brazilian political science studies. Thus, we will analyze the internalization process conducted by the largest representative association of the sugarcane sector: UNICA Union of Sugarcane Industry. Since 2006, UNICA has been undertaking a great process of performance abroad with the opening of specialized offices in Washington (2007) and Brussels (2008) in addition to the signature of an agreement with Apex-Brasil (also in 2008). We therefore believe that these initiatives are linked to an increased presence of agribusiness Brazils sugarcane in the world, which has increasingly demanded representation and advocacy actions toward the international level. In this study, we will adopt a theoretical perspective grounded in the literature about interest groups analysis, specifically in foreign lobbying approach which seeks to understand the mechanisms of penetration in target markets and the performance of those groups in these states political institutions, engaged on this activities regulation. Furthermore, we will utilize, on a subsidiary way, the literature that discusses the sugarcane ethanol fundaments and current market developments in Brazil and all over the world. This analysis will allow mapping the organization activities in the last years, leading us to a more accurate knowledge about our object research. For this intent, the work will be conducted primarily by through the examination of: i) regulatory frameworks governing the sugarcane sector in Brazil and in the main markets, ii) news, iii) academic articles and books, iv) non-academic literature, v) UNICA documents and organization officers declarations.

O presente estudo trata acerca do Tráfico de Seres Humanos. Analisando a realidade por trás desse mercado ilícito através de seu desenvolvimento histórico, sua evolução passada até os dias de hoje; sua territorialidade e geografia, demonstrando que o tema é um problema de territorialização, com fluxos e fontes bem definidas; seu mercado e economia, para entender seu processo operacional. Objetivo será então o aprofundamento do tema para entender seu funcionamento geral e a desmistificação de problemáticas que giram em torno do assunto. / The study focuses on Trafficking in Human Beings. Looking at the reality behind this illicit market through its historical development, the evolution until today; its territoriality and geography, demonstrating that theme is a territorial problem, with well-defined streams and sources; its market and economy, to understand the operational process. Then the main goal will be to deepen the theme to understanding the general functioning and the demystification of issues that revolve around the subject.

Orientadores: José Antônio Brum, Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T08:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PinheiroNeto_Joao_M.pdf: 16027257 bytes, checksum: ff0a08fdba027bd6f2bc28198e34d482 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação de mestrado estudamos a dinâmica e estrutura de redes complexas. Começamos com uma revisão da literatura de redes complexas, apresentando as métricas de rede e modelos de conectividade mais comuns. Estudamos então em detalhe a dinâmica do modelo das Random Threshold Networks (RTN). Desenvolvemos uma nova aproximação de campo médio para a dinâmica de RTNs, consideravelmente mais simples que aproximações anteriores. Esta nova aproximação é útil de um ponto de vista prático, pois permite a geração de RTNs onde a atividade média da rede é controlável. Fazemos então uma revisão da literatura de redes adaptativas, apresentando alguns modelos de redes adaptativas com características interessantes. Por fim, desenvolvemos dois modelos de redes adaptativas inspirados pela evolução da estrutura neuronal no cérebro. O primeiro modelo utiliza regras simples e uma evolução baseada na remoção de links para controlar a atividade sobre a rede. A inspiração é a remoção de neurônios e conexões neuronais após a infância. Este modelo também consegue controlar a atividade de grupos individuais dentro de uma mesma rede. Exploramos uma variante deste modelo em um espaço bidimensional, onde conseguimos gerar redes modulares e small-world. O segundo modelo utiliza inputs externos para controlar a evolução da topologia da rede. A inspiração neste caso é o desenvolvimento das conexões neuronais durante a infância, que é influenciado por interações com o ambiente. O modelo gera avalanches finitas de atividade, e é capaz de gerar topologias especificas e modulares utilizando regras simples / Abstract: In this Masters Dissertation we study the structure and dynamics of complex networks. We start with a revision of the literature of complex networks, presenting the most common network metrics and models of network connectivity. We then study in detail the dynamics of the Random Threshold Network (RTN) model. We develop a new mean-field approximation for the RTN dynamics that is considerably more simple than previous results. This new approximation is useful from a practical standpoint, since it allows the generation of RTNs where the average activity of the network is controlled. We then review the literature of Adaptive Networks, explaining some of the adaptive models with interesting characteristics. At last, we develop two models of adaptive networks inspired by the evolution of neuronal structure in the brain. The first model uses simple rules and a link-removing evolution to control the activity on the network. The inspiration is the removal of neurons and neuronal connections after infancy. This model can also control the activity of individual groups within the same network. We explore a variant of this model in a bi-dimensional space, where we are able to generate modular and small-world networks. The second model uses external inputs to control the topological evolution of the network. The inspiration in this case is the development of neuronal connections during the infancy, which is influenced by interactions with the environment. The model generates finite avalanches of activity, and is capable of generating specific and modular topologies using simple rules / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Depuis la chute du régime des Duvalier en 1986, Haïti se veut un État démocratique dans lequel les pratiques du développement territorial insistent sur l’implication et la participation des acteurs locaux. Les principes de la décentralisation sont alors proclamés impliquant une volonté de l’État haïtien de transférer des compétences et des moyens aux collectivités territoriales, dans le cadre de services publics de proximité. Deux phénomènes allaient marquer la société haïtienne à partir de cette date. Le premier est l’ouverture du pays aux échanges commerciaux (à l’échelle internationale) et le second revoie à la prolifération des ONG et de petits projets locaux dits de développement. Ces deux phénomènes traduisent, dans un sens large, la mise en projet du territoire haïtien à partir de ce que l’on appelle « le système aide-projet international ».Cette thèse poursuit deux grands objectifs conduisant à deux modèles différents, mais interreliés. Le premier objectif est de s’interroger sur les fondements de la dépendance politico-économique d’Haïti (dans une large mesure tous les PMA) dans le contexte d’aide publique au développement. Il s’agit de prendre en compte les dynamiques internes de son système de production (basé sur l’aide-projet) à partir des choix de politiques publiques de développement appliqués. Le second objectif s’intéresse aux disparités, à la fois spatiales et socioéconomiques, qui caractérisent le système aide-projet lui-même. Pour les étudier, la démarche s’interroge sur les externalités générées par le système tout en mettant l’accent sur les liens de proximités (géographique et organisée) des projets par rapport aux acteurs territoriaux.Les questions spatiales partent du postulat que les acteurs ou les territoires sont affectés par ce qui se passe dans son environnement et davantage dans son voisinage. Dans ce cas, leur proximité impose des comportements qui sont proportionnels avec la variabilité des facteurs. Autrement dit, chaque territoire (communal), accueillant un nombre de projets locaux, diminue les chances d’un autre territoire de les accueillir si l’on maintient le principe d’affectation dans le système aide-projet. Cela implique que les projets ont tendance à se concentrer en un petit nombre de territoires communaux alors que leur volume d’activité est très faible ailleurs. De ce fait, les populations locales ont tendance à immigrer vers les territoires ou lieux privilégiés, ce qui accentue les disparités territoriales et entraîne l’élargissement des bidonvilles. De la même manière, les acteurs locaux se spécialisent et deviennent plus efficaces pour attirer des projets (ou des ONG) en offrant une image pitoyable : la misère remplace la pauvreté.Si la prolifération des ONG, dans un pays comme Haïti, a progressé de manière régulière depuis 1986, le décollage économique n’a pas véritablement suivi. L’approche spatiale du système aide-projet apporte de nouvelles réflexions et de nouvelles hypothèses, sur les effets de distribution de l’aide par rapport au renforcement des liens de proximités (géographique et organisée) entre les acteurs locaux et leurs territoires. Elle montre que les ONG sont mobiles sur le territoire national et les projets locaux vont se regrouper lorsqu’un territoire communal expose son état de misère et offre aux ONG une bonne publicité sur le plan d’image. Dans les cas contraires, les projets seront dispersés. Il s’agit là d’un apport considérable dans l’analyse des effets (directs ou indirects) de distribution des projets locaux par rapport à la problématique du sous-développement en Haïti. Alors, on peut raisonner en matière de rendements du système aide-projet par rapport à cette problématique de développement territorialisé. / Since the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986, Haiti has intended to be a democratic State in which the practices of territorial development put the emphasis on the involvement of the local actors. The principles of decentralization are therefore proclaimed, thus implying a will from the Haitian government to devolve powers and means to local authorities as part of community public services. Two phenomena have characterized the Haitian society from that date onward. The first phenomenon is the opening of the country to commercial trade – at international level – and the second one refers to the proliferation of NGOs and small local projects defined as development projects. These two phenomena reflect, by and large, the project-planning mentality at work on the Haitian territory on the basis of what is called “the international aid-project system.” This thesis aims at two main objectives leading to two different yet interconnected models. The first objective is to investigate on the foundations of Haiti’s political and economic dependence – and, to a larger extent, that of all the LDCs – in the context of the Official Development Assistance. It means taking into account the internal dynamics of its production system – based on the aid-project – on the ground of implemented choices made in terms of public policies for development. The second objective focuses on both geographic and socio-economic disparities which characterize the aid-project system itself. In order to study them, the approach is to investigate on the externalities generated by the system while highlighting the (geographic and organized) ties between projects and local actors.The geographic questions come from the assumption that actors or territories are affected by what goes on in their environment and even more so in their neighborhood. In this case, their proximity requires behaviors which are proportional to the variability of the factors. In other words, each (communal) territory that hosts a number of local projects reduces the opportunities for another territory to host them if the principle of assigning in the aid-project system is kept. It implies that projects have a tendency to concentrate in a small number of communal territories whereas their volume of activity is low elsewhere. Hence, local populations tend to migrate toward privileged territories or places, which aggravates territorial disparities and causes slums to grow. In a similar way, local actors specialize and become more efficient for attracting projects – or NGOs – by offering a pitiful image: misery replaces poverty.Though NGOs’ proliferation has steadily increased in a country like Haiti since 1986, economic “take-off” has not really ensued. The geographic approach to the aid-project system brings about new thinking and new assumptions on the effects of aid distribution with respect to the reinforcement of – geographic and organized – ties between actors and their territories. It indicates that NGOs are mobile on the national territory and local projects will come together whenever a communal territory displays its condition of misery and provides the NGOs with good publicity in terms of image. In other cases, projects will be scattered. This constitutes a considerable contribution to the analysis of – direct or indirect – effects of the distribution of local projects regarding the issue of underdevelopment in Haiti. It is, then, possible to reason in terms of performance of the aid-project system in relation to this issue of territorialized development.

This diploma thesis deals with the institute of Cooperating defendant. In particular, it focuses on its relation to the basic principles governing the Czech criminal proceedings, as well as selected aspects of its legal regulations. The institute of cooperating defendant has been in legal force since January 2010. Its legal regulation may be found in the legal provision 178a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Criminal Code contains substantive legal provisions defining the consequences related to the attainment of the cooperating defendant designation. Such consequences especially include the exceptional reduction of the length of imprisonment or even complete waiver of any sort of punishment. The institute is typically used as a tool to fight organized crime. The institute has its roots in the common law legal system from which a lot of European countries have been importing many other legal institutes, especially in the last three decades, to speed up criminal proccedings, help solve the lack of evidence and fight against organized crime which poses a threat to the society as well as the democratic state. The import of legal institutes that are otherwise typical for the common law system, however, poses many obstacles, especially because the criminal proceedings of the continental legal...

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Trots att rasten utgör en stor del av grundskoleelevers skoldag så finns inga tydliga nationella riktlinjer för vad rasten faktisk ska innehålla. Undersökningens syfte var att studera hur skolpersonal anser att organiserade rastaktiviteter i grundskolan kan främja elevers sociala utveckling och fysiska aktivitet. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av en webbenkät i vilken totalt trettio respondenter deltog. Dessa var fördelade på nitton fritidspedagoger, åtta lärare samt två vikarier/annat. Undersökningen har visat att organiserade rastaktiviteter på olika sätt kan främja social utveckling och fysik aktivitet. Den sociala utvecklingen främst genom gemenskap, vuxennärvaro och demokratiskt förhållningsätt. Den fysiska aktiviteten främst genom rörelseglädje, varierande aktivitetsutbud samt frivilligt deltagande. / Despite the fact that recess is a substantial part of childrens’ day in elementary school, there are no national guidelines regarding recess or what it should contain. The aim of the study was to examine educators’ views on how organized activities during recess can further social development and physical activity among schoolchildren. A web survey was used and a total of thirty respondents participated. The study indicated that organized activities during recess can further social development and physical activity in numerous ways. The social development mainly through kinship, adult presence and democratic approach. The physical activity mainly through joy of movement, a varied range of activities and voluntary participation.

No description available.

This research will be undertaken in the field of both criminal and civil law with particular focus on international interventions in the fight against organized criminal activities, assets forfeitsure in South Africa in general and its treatment of victims of the underlying forfeitsure crimes ("the victims") in assert forfeitsure, more specifically.

Syfte - Att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur kulturskillnader påverkar arbetet med scrum, med specifikt fokus på psykologisk säkerhet. Metod – En kvalitativ fallstudie med induktiv ansats har gjorts där semistrukturerade intervjuer tillsammans med observationer har använts för att samla in data. Tillsammans med litteratur har sedan en innehållsanalys gjorts.  Resultat – Studien har identifierat tre dimensioner som är viktiga att beakta vid arbetet med scrum. Dessa dimensioner är Inställningen till människan, Hanteringen av människan och Beteenden av människan, och belyser hur kulturskillnader skapar olika förutsättningar för psykologisk säkerhet i scrum-team. Vidare kan dessa insikter leda till ett förbättrat arbete med scrum och i förlängningen skapa mer innovativa och konkurrenskraftiga scrum-team och organisationer.  Teoretiska implikationer – Studien bidrar till litteraturen om psykologisk säkerhet med en empirisk förankrad teori som visar hur kulturskillnader skapar olika konsekvenser för psykologisk säkerhet. Mer specifikt visar den hur dessa kulturskillnader hänger samman och påverkar varandra. Ett andra bidrag som den här studien gör är att skapa djupare förståelse för hur implementering av scrum och agil övergång med fördel bör ske i en ny kultur, som karaktäriseras av hög maktdistans, osäkerhetsundvikande och kollektivism. Praktiska implikationer – Studiens resultat visar att de identifierade kulturskillnaderna hänger ihop vilket innebär att samtliga behöver adresseras för att skapa ett psykologiskt säkert scrum-team i en ny kultur. Psykologisk säkerhet är en förutsättning för självorganiserade team, så som scrum-team, och därmed är studiens resultat av intresse för gruppchefer på samtliga företag som arbetar med scrum, både i olika nationella kontexter och med multinationella team samt i globala virtuella team. / Purpose – To create a deeper knowledge for how cultural differences influences the work with scrum, with specific focus on psychological safety. Method – A qualitative case study with an inductive approach have been carried out where semi-structured interviews together with observations have been used to collect data. Together with literature a content analysis was then preformed. Result – The study has identified three dimensions that are important to consider when working with scrum. These dimensions are Attitude to the human, Managing the human and Behaviors of the human, and these show how cultural differences creates different basis for psychological safety in scrum teams. Moreover, these insights can lead to improved work with scrum and in turn create more innovative and competitive scrum teams and organizations. Theoretical implications – The study contributes to the literature about psychological safety with empirical theory that shows how cultural differences creates different consequences for psychological safety. More specifically, it shows how these differences in culture are related to one another and affects each other. Another contribution of this study is that the result creates a deeper understanding of how the implementation of scrum and agile transitioning best can be done in a new culture, specifically that is characterized by high power distance, uncertainty avoidance and collectivism. Practical implications – The study shows that the identified differences in culture are related to each other, which means that all needs to be addressed to create a psychological safe scrum team in a new culture. Psychological safety is a prerequisite for self-organized teams, such as scrum teams, and thus the result is of interest for group managers in all companies and organizations working with scrum, both in different cultural contexts and with multinational teams as well as in global virtual teams.