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La presente investigación se enfocó en determinar cómo la aplicación mixta del injusto organizacional y personal en la criminalidad organizada contribuiría a imputar a sus miembros inactivos, por lo que se abordaron discordancias normativas respecto a la sanción en casos de organizaciones criminales, las cuales aplican sanciones tanto a nivel organizacional como personal. Asimismo, el estudio se centró en desarrollar la figura de imputación subjetiva sistémica, con el objetivo de aplicar de manera conjunta el injusto organizacional y el injusto personal en delitos de criminalidad organizada, con el propósito de prevenir la impunidad de los miembros inactivos que contribuyen al funcionamiento delictivo de la organización. Finalmente se aplicó un enfoque metodológico cualitativo para lograr estos objetivos, permitiendo una comprensión más profunda de las complejidades involucradas en la imputación de este tipo de delitos. / The present investigation focused on determining how the mixed application of organizational and personal injustice in organized crime would contribute to charging its inactive members, so normative discrepancies were addressed regarding the sanction in cases of criminal organizations, which apply sanctions both at an organizational and personal level. Likewise, the study focused on developing the figure of systemic subjective imputation, with the objective of jointly applying organizational injustice and personal injustice in organized crime crimes, with the purpose of preventing impunity for inactive members who contribute to the crime. criminal operation of the organization. Finally, a qualitative methodological approach was applied to achieve these objectives, allowing a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in the imputation of this type of crimes.

Syftet med studien är att förstå hur tjänstemän inom offentlig förvaltning kan möjliggöra organiserad brottslighet. Genom att analysera fyra svenska rättsfall undersöker studien på vilket sätt offentliga tjänstemän blir till möjliggörare för organiserad brottslighet, samt vilka organisatoriska och relationella aspekter kan underlätta att tjänstemän blir till möjliggörare. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metodik med abduktiv ansats för att undersöka möjliggörare av organiserad brottslighet inom offentlig förvaltning. Datainsamlingsmetoden är i form av dokumentanalys som har en tematisk analysansats. Studiens empiriska underlag baseras på juridiska aktbilagor, såsom domar- och förundersökningsprotokoll. Resultatet analyseras med teoretiska utgångspunkter av byråkrati, gräsrotsbyråkrati, tillitsnätverk och strukturella hål. Studiens resultat visar att offentliga tjänstemän blir möjliggörare genom att använda sitt handlingsutrymme för att ge tillgång till sekretessbelagda uppgifter till kriminellt belastade individer. Studien indikerar att tjänstemän utvecklar personliga relationer med kriminella, vilket leder till att de använder sitt handlingsutrymme på sätt som gynnar organiserad brottslighet, och därmed bortser organisatoriska riktlinjer. Studiens resultat tyder på att tjänstemän med stort handlingsutrymme och minimal övervakning är mer benägna att engagera sig i oetiska handlingar som gynnar organiserad brottslighet. Vidare framhävs det att bristande efterlevnad av organisatoriska regler och policies, kombinerat med starka personliga relationer till kriminellt belastade personer. / The purpose of the study is to understand how public officials within public administration can facilitate organized crime. By analyzing four Swedish legal cases, the study examines how public officials become enablers of organized crime, and which organizational and relational aspects facilitate this transformation. The study employs a qualitative methodology with an abductive approach to investigate enablers of organized crime within public administration. Data collection is performed through document analysis using a thematic analysis approach. The empirical basis of the study is built on legal appendices, such as court rulings and investigative protocols. The results are analyzed based on theoretical frameworks of bureaucracy, street-level bureaucracy, trust networks, and structural holes. The findings show that public officials become enablers by using their discretionary power to provide access to confidential information to criminally charged individuals. The study indicates that officials develop personal relationships with criminals, leading them to use their discretionary power in ways that benefit organized crime, thereby disregarding organizational guidelines. The results suggest that officials with extensive discretionary power and minimal oversight are more likely to engage in unethical actions that support organized crime. Additionally, it is highlighted that a lack of adherence to organizational rules and policies, combined with strong personal relationships with criminally charged individuals, facilitates this behavior.

Criminality related to organized crime and criminal networks, with gun violence, bombings, drug trafficking and money laundering, is a growing problem in Sweden. Many of these crimes are made possible through the network's links to legitimate businesses and the use of enablers - a field of research which has been historically underwhelming - but that is now starting to spark the interest of researchers and politicians alike. This thesis explores the phenomenon of these enablers in organized crime and criminal networks. The data consisted of a large sample of Swedish court documents that contain the verdicts derived from the encrypted chat services Anom, Encrochat and SkyECC. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the connections between individuals involved in organized crime and legitimate businesses. The results showed that 42 percent of the analysed cases contained enablers. A majority of the crimes that involved one or more enablers also involved narcotics, and that the legitimate businesses linked to the enablers were companies operating in professions such as the transportation sector, auto shops, exchange offices, law enforcement, storage or moving. Professional drivers were the most frequently prosecuted persons in the convictions, followed by business owners. Common themes for how the enablers presented in the material were related to the drug trafficking process and storing process. The results tell us that the use of enablers seem to be a relatively common aspect of organized crime operations and that it is, as previous research suggests, likely a problem that will only grow.

The aim of this study was to explore to what extent consumers are aware of the negative forms of digital nudging in e-commerce contexts and to explore consumers’ opinions regarding the ethical dilemmas that this kind of design may cause. This aim resulted in two research questions. The first research question aimed to find out how consumers view nudging as a phenomenon in the context of e-commerce. The other research question aimed to find out what possible risks the participants see for their own and other consumers self-determination associated to nudging techniques on e-commerce websites. The theoretical framework in this study consisted of theories about organized immaturity and autonomy. To answer the research questions semi-structured interviews were conducted with six participants. The semi-structured interviews consisted of three parts, one part for background, one part for RQ1 and one part for RQ2. The interviews were later analysed using thematic analysis. The result of this study shows that the participants both see negatively and positively on nudging in an e-commerce context. They do not like when nudging is aggressive, but when it is not aggressive, they believe it can be helpful. The ethical dilemmas that the participants associate with nudging is that it can be manipulative and exploit the weakest in the society. In conclusion it is stated that the participants are more worried about others than themselves. Future research could compare nudging on different e-commerce platforms to observe how participants are affected by nudging.

Since the advent of the new democratic order established under the 1996 Constitution, South Africa has been plagued with many new challenges .One of the facts that our new democratic state could not ignore was the rapid increase in both national and international, organized criminal activity .The South African Legislature realizing the desire to combat serious criminal activities, introduced into South African Law, the Prevention of Organized Crime Act 121 of 1998. The Act recognizes that conventional criminal penalties are inadequate as measures of deterrence when organized crime leaders are able to retain the considerable gains derived from organized crime, even on those occasions when they are brought to justice. It strives to strip sophisticated criminals of the proceeds of their criminal conduct. The Courts, in applying this legislation, has also created a new field of law that had until the advent of the Act, not existed in South African Law, namely organized crime law. A field, distinct from the ordinary principles of criminal law. The bulk of jurisprudence created over the past decade or more, however seems to be threatened to be undone by the recent judgment concerning the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Act. The confirmation of this judgment is being considered by the Constitutional Court and the purpose of this thesis is to argue against the confirmation of this judgment / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M.

A considerable amount of research has been done regarding the hijacking of passenger vehicles. Little however, has been written on the hijacking of trucks with freight. The purpose of the research was to describe the nature, occurrence and extent of the hijacking of trucks with freight, the persons involved (this includes the victims and the offenders) and the impact these crimes have on the crime scene in South Africa. The research also aimed to develop a criminological model for prevention, based on the modus operandi of the offenders. Based on the theories explaining violent and economic crimes (e.g. anomie, differential association and sub-culture), an attempt was also made to explain the hijacking of trucks with freight. / Criminology / M.A.

La collusion est une pratique anticoncurrentielle qui a pour but la coopération de personnes morales afin d’atteindre un but commun tel que le profit. Cette méthode se retrouve dans le milieu de la construction notamment par la rotation de contrat, par la fixation de prix ou le débalancement de bordereaux. Bien que la collusion dans la construction soit souvent associée au crime organisé, cette étude propose l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du marché par le crime organisant et non le crime organisé. Ainsi, l’industrie de la construction serait influencée par une organisation en mouvance et en développement constant pouvant s’organiser tout en organisant d’autres noyaux. En analysant le marché de l’industrie de la construction, cette étude a pu relever qu’il était possible à l’aide d’outils quantitatifs tels que l’analyse de classification d’identifier des irrégularités au sein du marché, au fil des années. Des entrevues passées auprès d’acteurs du domaine de la construction sont venues confirmer l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du marché par le crime organisant et non le crime organisé. L’analyse qualitative se penchait ainsi sur les motivations des acteurs à entreprendre des pratiques anticoncurrentielles et sur la compréhension de l’émergence de la collusion dans la construction. La discussion identifie les opportunités criminelles, de même que les problématiques survenant dans le milieu de la construction et pouvant influencer l’émergence de la collusion. Ces problématiques concernent les contributions aux partis politiques, le truquage des devis et bordereaux par les firmes de consultants, l’impunité des autorités, l’historicité des entrepreneurs, l’idéologie de marché et les problématiques liées au cautionnement. Enfin, des solutions adaptées à la réalité de l’industrie de la construction en tenant compte des facteurs de risque ont été identifiées. / In its definition, collusion is an uncompetitive practice where individuals cooperate for a specific goal, mainly for profit. Different methods have been documented in the construction industry such as rotation of contracts, fixing prices, or unbalanced payment slips. Collusion has often been associated with organised crime; however, this study will offer the idea that the market is not controlled by organised crime but rather an organising crime group. The construction industry would be influenced by a constant evolving and expanding organisation that can organise itself and other smaller groups. The analysis of the economic market in the industry sector, through the use of quantitative methods such as the classification analysis, permits this study to identify the influence of a particular group of recurring enterprises over the years. The interviews, done with actors of the industry, support the idea that the industry sector is controlled by organising crime and not organised crime. The qualitative analysis focuses on the motivational factors of these individuals in determining their participation in uncompetitive practices and their own comprehension of the emergence of collusion in the construction sector. The discussion identifies the different criminal opportunities and challenges that arise in construction and offers a correlation to the emergence of collusion. Specifically, these challenges are the problematic contributions to political parties, the rigging of cost estimates and payment slips by consulting firms, the impunity of authorities, the historicity of entrepreneurs, the ideology of the market and the problems linked to the use of bank guarantees. Lastly, solutions tailored to the reality of the construction industry and its risk factors are presented.

Les membranes d'alumine nano-poreuses suscitent depuis quelques années un grand intérêt dans la synthèse de nano-objets. Ces membranes présentent des pores très verticaux naturellement organisés en un réseau hexagonal (structure en nid d'abeilles). Le diamètre des pores peut varier entre 20 et 200nm espacés de 60 à 540nm et l'épaisseur de la membrane peut varier de 100nm à plusieurs centaines de µm. Durant ces travaux de thèse, deux approches ont été envisagées pour synthétiser des nano-structures. La première consiste à utiliser ces membranes comme nano-réservoirs. La couche barrière formée au fond de la membrane dont l'épaisseur est environ égale au diamètre des pores est diminuée à 10nm par voie chimique. Puis des dépôts de divers matériaux (Au, Co, Si) ont été réalisés dans des membranes avec des pores de 180nm et 40nm préalablement dégazées. Ces objets 3D ont été fabriqués sous ultra-vide (10-10 mbar), concfinés à l'intérieur des nano-réservoirs, transparents aux électrons. Les études en TEM permettent d'avoir accès à la morphologie des nanoparticules, qui se révèlent être cristallines, selon plusieurs directions cristallographiques. En vue plane, perpendiculairement à l'interface, pour ceux déposés au fond du nano-réservoir et en vue transverse pour ceux déposés sur les parois. Il a par ailleurs été possible de réaliser des études de recuits in-situ en température (RT à 1000° C) dansle TEM pour des particules d'or. La seconde approche repose sur l'utilisation des membranes ouvertes comme masque pour l'évaporation. Cette technique permet de dupliquer le motif de la membrane sur le substrat préalablement nettoyé pour former un réseau de nanoparticules correspondant au matériau déposé. Nous avons réalisé de manière reproductible, sous ultravide,des réseaux de plots d'or à l'aide de membranes dont le diamètre des pores est de 180 nm / The nanoporous alumina membrane rise in recent years a great interest in the synthesis of nanoobjects. These membranes have pores naturally very vertical organized in a hexagonal lattice(honeycomb structure). The pore diameter may vary between 20 and 200nm spaced 60 to 540nmand the thickness of the membrane can vary from 100nm several hundred microns. During this thesis work, two approaches have been explored to synthesize nano-structures. The first is touse these membranes as nano-tanks. The barrier layer formed at the bottom of the membrane whose thickness is about equal to the diameter of pores is reduced to 10nm by chemical etching. Then deposits from materials (Au, Co, Si) were performed in membranes with pores of 180nmand 40nm previously degassed. These 3D objects have been produced under ultra-high vacuum(10-10 mbar), confined within nano-tanks, transparent to electrons. TEM studies allow accessto the morphology of nanoparticles, which are proving to be crystallin, according to several crystallographic directions. In plane view perpendicular to the interface for those deposited atthe bottom of the nano-tank and cross-sectional view for those deposited on the walls. It has also been possible to perform studies of in-situ annealing (RT to 1000° C) in TEM of Au particles. The second approach relies on the use of membranes opened as an evaporation mask. This technique allows to duplicate the pattern of the membrane to the substrate previously cleaned, to form a network of nanoparticles corresponding to the material deposited. We have achieved reproducible, gold dot arrays, under UHV conditions using membranes with a pore size of 180 nm.

Le conflit armé en Colombie est le troisième conflit le plus long du monde, après le problème entre la Palestine et l’Israël et celui entre l’Inde et le Pakistan. La violence organisée qui caractérise ce conflit a des conséquences sur le plan individuel (souffrance psychologique, etc.) et sur le plan collectif (démobilisation sociale par la terreur, modification de la pensée critique, augmentation de la violence commune). Cette violence a poussé des milliers de Colombiens à l’exil. Certaines de ces personnes arrivent au Québec en tant que réfugiés. La présente étude décrit et analyse les effets de la violence organisée subie en Colombie par ces personnes. Elle fait le lien entre ces conséquences et le processus d’intégration des refugiés colombiens dans une région du Québec, la Haute-Yamaska. Le principal objectif de ce mémoire est de répondre à cette question : selon l’expérience des immigrants réfugiés colombiens victimes de violence organisée, quels sont les effets de cette violence sur leur vie actuelle au Québec? Douze récits d’expériences ont été recueillis et analysés à partir d’entrevues semi dirigées auprès des refugiés colombiens. Les résultats de cette étude montrent la nécessité, pour les réfugiés, d’un travail d’élaboration autour de leur propre identité à travers l’expérience vécue; la présence du retrait et de l’isolement comme mécanismes de protection qui se manifestent en terre d’accueil; la reproduction, par un groupe minoritaire, de certains des comportements qui sont jugés violents en terre d’accueil et qui dans le contexte de la terre d’origine avaient un autre sens. Cette différence de sens est accompagnée d’une tolérance différente à la violence dans un groupe de réfugiés et la société d’accueil. L’attitude personnelle positive face aux difficultés ainsi que le soutien du réseau familial ou des nouveaux amis sont des facilitateurs de l’intégration. Finalement, on constate que les effets d’un deuil prolongé freinent l’investissement affectif et personnel en terre d’accueil. / The armed conflict in Colombia is the third longest conflict in the world after the problem between Palestine and Israel and the one between India and Pakistan. Organized violence that characterizes this conflict has consequences at the individual level (psychological distress, etc.) and the collective (social demobilization by terror, modification of critical thinking, increased common violence).This kind of violence has forced thousands of Colombians into exile. Some of these people come to Quebec as refugees. This study describes and analyzes the effects of organized violence suffered by these persons in Colombia. It links these consequences and the integration of Colombian refugees in a region of Quebec, Haute-Yamaska. The main objective of this master’s thesis is to answer this question: According to the experiences of refugee Colombian victims of organized violence, what are the effects of this experience on their lives today in Quebec? Twelve stories were collected and analyzed based on interviews with Colombian refugees. The results of this study show that refugees need to work out their own identity trough these particular experiences; the presence of withdrawal and isolation as protective mechanisms that occur in their host country; the reproduction, for a minority, of some behaviors that are considered violent in their host country but, in the context of their land of origin, had another meaning. This difference is accompanied by a different tolerance for violence for refugees and the host society. A personal positive attitude in face of difficulties and the support of a family network or friends are enablers of integration. Finally, the effects of a long-term bereavement slow emotional and personal investment in the new country. / RESUMEN DE LA INVESTIGACION El conflicto armado en Colombia es el tercero más largo del mundo después del problema entre Palestina e Israel y entre la India y Pakistán. La violencia organizada que caracteriza este conflicto causa consecuencias a nivel individual (problemas psicológicos, etc.) y colectivo (inmovilización social por terror, modificación del pensamiento crítico, aumento de la violencia común). Esa violencia ha obligado a miles de colombianos a partir al exilio. Algunas de estas personas llegan a Quebec como refugiados. Este estudio describe y analiza los efectos de la violencia organizada que sufren estas personas en Colombia y sus consecuencias sobre su integración en una región de Quebec, la Haute Yamaska. El principal objetivo de esta tesis de maestría es de responder a la siguiente pregunta: según la experiencia de los refugiados colombianos ¿Cuáles son los efectos de la violencia organizada en sus vidas hoy en Quebec? Doce relatos fueron recogidos y analizados a partir de entrevistas semidirigidas con refugiados colombianos. Los resultados de este estudio muestran diversos procesos de integración donde se observa la necesidad, para los refugiados, de un trabajo de elaboración de la propia identidad a través la experiencia vivida; la retirada y el aislamiento como mecanismos de protección que se reproducen en el país de acogida; la reproducción de conductas violentas que no son percibidas de la misma manera en Colombia y Quebec, teniendo diferente sentido en ambos contextos, los límites de tolerancia a la violencia son diferentes; la actitud personal positiva y una red de apoyo de familiares o amigos son facilitadores de la integración; finalmente los efectos del duelo no resuelto hacen mas lenta la implicación personal y afectiva en el nuevo país.