Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis is based in an ethnografic research developed throughout twelve months with people who participate in two distinct genres of gyms in Santa Maria (RS): Outdoors Gym and Fitness Gym. This work has as its objective to analyze the activities done by people who exercise in both modalities as technologies of the self, from the concept discussed by Michel Foucault. Based on observations in the field, evident differences were found in the way the physical activities are done. Among the practitioners in the Outdoors Gym, the exercises are performed to treat an existing illness or to prevent a future illness, in this genre, physical activities are performed while talking and pleasantry exchanging, without the help of physical education professionals, which highlights sociability as a significant aspect of the use of this gym to these people. On the other hand, in Fitness Gyms, the physical activities are performed aiming to obtain a greater physical conditioning and body muscle, reflecting aesthetics concern. Physical exercise is done through professional body expertise knowledge, in which people do a series of training with the aim to maximize results in the gym. Therefore, research has identified the use of two models of gym, encouraged by different agents, as a way to influence personal behavior. / Esta dissertação fundamenta-se numa pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida durante dozes meses com pessoas que fazem uso de duas modalidades distintas de academias em Santa Maria (RS): Academia ao Ar Livre e Academia de Ginástica e Musculação. O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, as atividades exercidas por pessoas que realizam atividades físicas nas duas modalidades de academia como técnicas de si, partindo do conceito discutido por Michel Foucault. Com base nas observações em campo foram constatadas diferenças evidentes nos modos como as atividades físicas são realizadas. Entre as praticantes da Academia ao Ar Livre os exercícios físicos são efetuados para tratar de uma doença existente ou para prevenir uma futura enfermidade, nesta modalidade às atividades físicas são realizadas em meio a conversas e brincadeiras, sem o auxílio de profissionais da educação física, o que ressalta a sociabilidade como um aspecto significativo para o uso da academia para estas pessoas. Por outro lado, na Academia de Ginástica e Musculação as atividades físicas são realizadas visando obter maior condicionamento físico e musculatura corporal, refletindo preocupação com a estética. Os exercícios físicos são realizados através dos conhecimentos de profissionais da expertise do corpo, no qual as pessoas realizam séries de treinos com a finalidade de maximizar os resultados esperados com o uso da academia. Portanto, a pesquisa identificou que a utilização dos dois modelos de academias é incentivada por diferentes agentes, de modo a influenciar nas condutas das pessoas.

Este trabalho traz reflexões sobre atividades educativas ao ar livre, desenvolvidas em parques, áreas verdes e assemelhados. Procurou-se, inicialmente, situar tais práticas frente ao debate associado à educação ambiental; em seguida, após breve histórico sobre a utilização de atividades de campo em educação formal, construiu-se, a partir de escolas públicas de municípios da região de Campinas - SP, um quadro atual de tais atividades. Com esse objetivo, foi aberta uma frente de obtenção de dados que incluiu consulta aos planos de gestão das escolas, aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevistas. O quadro obtido revela, quantitativamente, que aquela modalidade de trabalho pedagógico é pouco empregada e atinge apenas uma minoria de alunos. Destacam-se, entre as dificuldades explicitadas, as relacionadas com os custos envolvidos na organização das atividades e com o baixo poder aquisitivo dos alunos. Perseguir alternativas pragmáticas, como a disponibilização de locais próximos às escolas e que admitam o livre acesso, parece um desafio necessário, como também é a geração de instâncias coletivas capazes de articular a plena utilização de tais espaços. Entre os locais preferidos pelas escolas destacam-se os zoológicos, instituições que se caracterizam pela manutenção de animais em cativeiro. Tal preferência remete tanto à reflexão sobre o papel educativo desses locais quanto à possibilidade de melhor considerar a fauna em liberdade, em detrimento da cativa, enquanto uma opção às atividades educativas ao ar livre. A escolha de locais onde grupos conspícuos da fauna sejam mais perceptíveis seria muito conveniente para atividades direcionadas a crianças e jovens estudantes do ensino básico. Dessa forma, o conhecimento da dinâmica que envolve a utilização educativa de um ambiente úmido local, considerado por sua avifauna conspícua, foi outra dimensão conferida ao presente trabalho. Formada a partir da represa de Americana ou reservatório de Salto Grande, não obstante ser alvo de consenso sobre diferentes níveis de degradação ambiental, a avifauna que freqüenta o local fez com que fosse denominada \"Minipantanal de Paulínia\" - SP. Quanto às atividades educativas nele desenvolvidas, percebeu-se que apresentam limitações de diferentes ordens, tanto qualitativas quanto quantitativas. Procurou-se deixar uma contribuição concreta sobre o conhecimento desse ambiente e da sua dinâmica, especialmente sobre sua avifauna, pois, embora sendo o elemento positivo mais destacado pelos visitantes e educadores que atuam no local, o conhecimento demonstrado sobre ele foi muito restrito. Um levantamento de campo permitiu identificar a ocorrência de 144 espécies de aves, bem como detectar o potencial relativo de oportunidades de contatos com as mesmas. / This work brings reflexions about and development of educational activities in parks, green areas and similars. First of all, in it, the goal is to set educational practices activities outdoors towards the discussions associated to environmental education. Follow it, after a brief historical about the use of outdoors activities with formal education, it was created an updated program of these activities in public schools of cities from Campinas metropolitan area - SP. For it, it was opened a data comission, which included: consulting to management plans of the school, applying questionnaires and making interviews. The obtained program reveals that this kind of pedagogical work is less applied, reaching just a minority of students and occurring in a punctual way. Among the difficulties showed above, those related to expenses involved in the organization of activities and low (poor) financial conditions of the students are emphasized. Persuading pragmatic alternatives like close places available, that allows free access, seems like a necessary challenge, as it\'s the creation of instant groups able to articulate and get a better structure for using such spaces. Among the schools\' favorite places, there are zoos, institutions that take care of animals in bondages. Such preference refers to the possibility of considering better the fauna in freedom, in captive detriment, while an option to educational activities outdoors. To activities with children and teenagers fromelementary school, it would be then, convenient choosing places where visible groups from fauna can be more perceptive. This way, to know the dynamic which involves a local humid environment, which shelters the very visible birds and keeps educational activities, was another dimension conferred to this work. The referred humid area forms from the dam of Americana or Salto Grande\'s reservatory, whose consensus points it like environmentally damaged. Meantime, the presence of the birds gave them the title of mini rainforest of Paulinia - SP. Looking from the educational prism, it was tried to understand what is developed there, such as leaving a concrete contribution about the knowledge of this environment specially about the birds. Although it is the most emphasized positive element by the visitors, it is not well-known. So it was made, an area survey, that allowed to identify the occurrence of 144 species. About the educational activities, it was realized that they show limitations of different orders, as qualitative as quantitative.

This study aims to examine outdoor play as a phenomenon in a selection of Swedish preschools; the purpose, the teaching that occurs and to explore the term “teaching” through a new materialist lens. We employ a thematic analysis which focuses on issues such as the environment, staff attitudes, materials available together with curriculum aspirations. Through interviews, case studies and blueprints over two schoolyards we have painted a picture that is more complex than at first glance. A new materials interpretation offers a view that there are more aspects at play than simply staffing levels or the availability of an adequate schoolyard. Other agents that shape the outdoor experience include non-human elements such as materials, the environment, discourses and organizational structures as well as phenomena like the weather. The outdoors doesn’t just offer a range of pedagogical opportunities, it also offers vital opportunities for both staff and children to enjoy restoration; a break for both mind and body. Finally, we review and re-interpret the term “teaching” through a new materials perspective. With the inclusion of materials as potential producers of knowledge we broaden this term to acknowledge the importance of children’s interactions with their environment. We posit that this allows children to elevate their own learning experiences to equal or more than the value of learning facilitated by an adult.

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Introduktion: Människan har historiskt sett levt i och med naturen. Industrialiseringen har orsakat ett mer distanserat och bortkopplat liv till naturen och människans biologi är fortfarande anpassat för ett liv som jägare och samlare. Dagens folksjukdomar har gått från smittsamma till mer livsstilsrelaterade. Sjukskrivningar i psykisk ohälsa har stadigt ökat i Sverige, vilket bidrar till stora individuella och samhälleliga kostnader. Människor är mer stillasittande än någonsin och möter inte rekommendationer om fysisk aktivitet. Sammantagen tidigare forskning visar på naturens positiva hälsoeffekter för både fysisk- och mental hälsa. Då forskning om naturen och dess positiva hälsoeffekter i en svensk kontext är begränsad, är det av folkhälsovetenskaplig relevans för ytterligare studier. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om tiden spenderad i natur och grönområden påverkar det upplevda välmåendet hos vuxna (18–65 år). Hypotesen var att desto mer vistelsetid i natur och grönområde, desto bättre är det upplevda välmåendet. Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ enkätstudie med tvärsnittsdesign. Data samlades in med en digital enkät med sammanlagt 22 frågor (n=93). Data analyserades sedan i programmet IBM SPSS Statistics. Resultat: En stegring i upplevt välmående i alla hälsovariabler gick att utläsa med ökad utevistelsetid i natur. Det gick även att se en stegring med tid spenderad i grönområde och den upplevda fysisk hälsa men inte för de övriga hälsovariablerna. Dock visade inte resultaten på statistisk signifikans. Slutsats: Resultaten av den här studien bekräftar tidigare forskningsfynd. Studien visade på ett svagt dos-responssamband mellan tid spenderad i natur och grönområde och ökat upplevt välmående. / Introduction: Humans have historically lived in and with nature. Industrialization has caused a more distant and disconnected life from nature and human biology is still adapted for a life as a hunter and gatherer. Sick leave due to mental illness has steadily increased in Sweden. People are more sedentary than ever and do not meet physical activity recommendations. Previous research shows nature's positive health effects for both physical and mental health. As research on nature and its positive health effects in a Swedish context is limited. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate whether the time spent in nature and greenspaces affects the perceived well-being of adults (18–65 years). The hypothesis was that the more time spent in nature and greenspaces, the better the perceived well-being. Methods: The study was a quantitative survey study with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using a digital survey with a total of 22 questions (n=93). The data were then analyzed in the program IBM SPSS Statistics. Results: An increase in perceived well-being in all health variables could be inferred with increased time spent outside in nature. It was also possible to see an increase in time spent in greenspaces and the perceived physical health, but not for the other health variables. However, the results did not show statistical significance. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm previous research findings. The study showed a weak dose-response relationship between time spent in nature and greenspaces and increased perceived well-being.

Heat-related illnesses and deaths are significant public health problems. Extreme heat is the No.1 deadliest form of weather on average in 1990-2019 in the US according to the National Weather Service. Measurements and forecasts made at regional weather stations are a common data source of Heatwave Early Warning Systems. However, regional weather stations provide inaccurate estimates of the heat index that people experience in different microclimates. Introducing a direct measurement of heat index experienced by individuals via wearable sensors will allow more accurate exposure assessment and identification of factors associated with dangerous exposures to extreme heat. The goal of this dissertation is to characterize the individually experienced heat index exposure via wearable sensors in an urban and a rural location in summer in a southern part of the United States. In the first study, 51 outdoor workers in Birmingham, Alabama wore a small thermometer attached to their shoe. Their occupational Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT), a comprehensive heat exposure index, was estimated from either temperature from the shoe thermometers or nearby weather stations. In the second and third studies, 88 urban participants and 89 rural participants completed a seven-day intervention where they performed normal activity on Days 1-2 and spent an additional 30 minutes outdoors daily on Days 3-7. Participants wore a small thermometer attached to the shoe and a pedometer at their waist to track steps. Neighborhood hygrometers/thermometers were deployed close to participants' homes to measure neighborhood level heat indexes. In the fourth study, we conducted a phone survey including 101 participants in the same urban and rural locations to examine how their heat-health behaviors changed due to COVID-19 and high profiles of police brutality cases in Summer 2020 compared to previous summers. The results demonstrated that (1) a wearable thermometer on the shoe was a feasible way to measure individually experienced temperatures; (2) among outdoor workers, WBGT from shoe thermometer temperatures estimated more hours in dangerous exposure categories and recommended more protective work-rest schedules compared to WBGT from weather station temperatures; (3) neighborhood level heat indexes improved the prediction of individually experienced heat indexes compared to weather station data alone; (4) rural participants experienced higher heat index exposures than urban participants, after accounting for ambient conditions; (5) spending a small amount of additional time outdoors was a feasible and effective intervention where participants walked more steps and had lower individually experienced heat indexes during the intervention days compared to baseline days; (6) a significantly lower percent of participants reported they would use public cooling centers in Summer 2020 compared to previous summers. Taken together, the results of these studies identified methods for more accurate heat exposure assessment and its application in monitoring heat-safety while promoting physical activity via time spent outdoors in the summer. Future work could incorporate physiological response monitoring linked to simultaneous individually experienced heat exposure to further characterize exposure-response relationships across different populations. Additionally, a longer intervention and more advanced wearable devices such Fitbit, Apple Watches could be used to monitor sustainability of the intervention and intervention benefits beyond short term increases in physical activity, respectively. / Doctor of Philosophy / Extreme high temperatures/humidity can bring dangerous adverse effects in people. Extreme heat is on average the deadliest form of weather in 1990-2019 in the US estimated by National Weather Service. Heatwave Early Warning Systems are introduced to closely monitor extreme heat events, estimate the magnitude of health consequences due to extreme heat, send warning messages to vulnerable populations, and trigger response plans to reduce the dangerous health effects of heat. Heatwave Early Warning Systems generally rely on the measurement and forecasts from regional weather stations. However, the temperature/humidity measurements made at weather stations can be different from the temperature/humidity people experience. People can live far away from weather stations and they move through indoor and outdoor locations, where weather station measurements will not represent temperatures experienced, particularly in climate-controlled indoor settings. Therefore, we recruited participants in an urban and a rural location and had each participant wear a small thermometer clipped to their shoe to directly measure the temperature they experienced as they went about their normal activities. In the first study, 51 outdoor workers wore this small thermometer on their shoe at work. We calculated a comprehensive heat exposure index from either the shoe thermometer temperatures or nearby weather station temperatures. In the second and third studies, 88 urban participants and 89 rural participants completed a seven-day intervention where they performed normal activities on Days 1-2 and spent an additional 30 minutes outdoors daily on Days 3-7. Participants wore the small thermometer clipped to the shoe and a pedometer at their waist to track how many steps they walked. We placed temperature/humidity sensors close to participants' homes to take measurements at a neighborhood level. In the fourth study, we conducted a phone survey including 101 participants in the same urban and rural locations to examine whether they had different cooling methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic and high profiles of police brutality cases in Summer 2020 compared to previous summers. The results demonstrated that (1) a small thermometer clipped on the shoe was a feasible way to measure temperatures at the individual level; (3) among outdoor workers, the comprehensive heat exposure index using temperatures from the shoe thermometers estimated more hours when outdoor workers were at a risk of dangerous exposure to extreme heat, and it recommended more rest time for workers to cool off compared to using weather station temperatures alone; (3) neighborhood level temperature/humidity was more representative of the temperatures recorded from thermometers on the shoe compared to nearby weather stations; (4) rural participants experienced higher temperature/humidity than urban participants, even when their nearby weather station temperature measurements were the same; (5) spending a small amount of additional time outdoors is a feasible and effective intervention where participants walked more steps and experienced lower temperature/humidity during the intervention days compared to baseline days; (6) a smaller number of participants reported they would use public cooling centers/spaces (e.g., air-conditioned library, air-conditioned churches, waterparks) to cool down due to fear of contracting COVID-19 and safety concerns brought by the high profiles of police brutality cases in Summer 2020 compared to previous summers. Taken together, the results of these studies showed that the wearable thermometers clipped on the shoe could provide more accurate assessment of temperatures experienced by participants compared to weather stations. This method could be used in future outdoor time interventions to monitor and ensure participants safely spend time outdoors while minimizing the risk of heat-related illness. In future work, more advanced sensors (e.g., Fitbit, Apple Watch) can be worn by participants to measure physiological responses across different temperatures experienced. Additionally, a longer intervention time can be used to test if participants would continue to spend additional time outdoors.

O projeto propõe-se a analisar o modo como os signos teatrais se organizam e se estruturam no processo de constituição de sentido do espetáculo de teatro de rua O vendedor de palavras, encenado pelo Grupo Mototóti no Parque da Redenção em Porto Alegre. O seu objetivo é observar o funcionamento do código teatral como conceito catalisador dos diversos elementos que constroem material e concretamente a obra cênica, refletindo a partir de estudos realizados por Anne Übersfeld, Patrice Pavis e Erika Fischer-Lichte, além de outros autores do campo da semiótica teatral. O debate acerca da teatralidade acontece no registro da presente pesquisa como parte de uma metodologia que inclui a análise dos diversos signos, a reflexão proveniente do modelo actancial greimasiano e o estudo do personagem. / This project aims at analysing how the theatrical signs are organized and structured in the process which leads to the creation of meaning in the outdoors presentation of the play O vendedor de palavras (The Seller of Words) by the Mototóti Group at Redenção Park in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is also its aim to observe the function of the theatrical code as a catalyst concept of the several elements that materially and concretely create a scenic work, theoretically based on studies by Anne Übersfeld, Patrice Pavis, and Erika Fischer-Lichte, as well as other authors who work in the field of the theatrical semiotics. The methodology used in the present research for the debate about the theatricality includes the analysis of the diverse signs, reflections from A. J. Greimas's actancial model and the study of character.

O projeto propõe-se a analisar o modo como os signos teatrais se organizam e se estruturam no processo de constituição de sentido do espetáculo de teatro de rua O vendedor de palavras, encenado pelo Grupo Mototóti no Parque da Redenção em Porto Alegre. O seu objetivo é observar o funcionamento do código teatral como conceito catalisador dos diversos elementos que constroem material e concretamente a obra cênica, refletindo a partir de estudos realizados por Anne Übersfeld, Patrice Pavis e Erika Fischer-Lichte, além de outros autores do campo da semiótica teatral. O debate acerca da teatralidade acontece no registro da presente pesquisa como parte de uma metodologia que inclui a análise dos diversos signos, a reflexão proveniente do modelo actancial greimasiano e o estudo do personagem. / This project aims at analysing how the theatrical signs are organized and structured in the process which leads to the creation of meaning in the outdoors presentation of the play O vendedor de palavras (The Seller of Words) by the Mototóti Group at Redenção Park in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is also its aim to observe the function of the theatrical code as a catalyst concept of the several elements that materially and concretely create a scenic work, theoretically based on studies by Anne Übersfeld, Patrice Pavis, and Erika Fischer-Lichte, as well as other authors who work in the field of the theatrical semiotics. The methodology used in the present research for the debate about the theatricality includes the analysis of the diverse signs, reflections from A. J. Greimas's actancial model and the study of character.

O projeto propõe-se a analisar o modo como os signos teatrais se organizam e se estruturam no processo de constituição de sentido do espetáculo de teatro de rua O vendedor de palavras, encenado pelo Grupo Mototóti no Parque da Redenção em Porto Alegre. O seu objetivo é observar o funcionamento do código teatral como conceito catalisador dos diversos elementos que constroem material e concretamente a obra cênica, refletindo a partir de estudos realizados por Anne Übersfeld, Patrice Pavis e Erika Fischer-Lichte, além de outros autores do campo da semiótica teatral. O debate acerca da teatralidade acontece no registro da presente pesquisa como parte de uma metodologia que inclui a análise dos diversos signos, a reflexão proveniente do modelo actancial greimasiano e o estudo do personagem. / This project aims at analysing how the theatrical signs are organized and structured in the process which leads to the creation of meaning in the outdoors presentation of the play O vendedor de palavras (The Seller of Words) by the Mototóti Group at Redenção Park in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is also its aim to observe the function of the theatrical code as a catalyst concept of the several elements that materially and concretely create a scenic work, theoretically based on studies by Anne Übersfeld, Patrice Pavis, and Erika Fischer-Lichte, as well as other authors who work in the field of the theatrical semiotics. The methodology used in the present research for the debate about the theatricality includes the analysis of the diverse signs, reflections from A. J. Greimas's actancial model and the study of character.

The purpose of the study was to examine how older individuals over 80 years without dementia in a nursing home experience their daily routines, the physical living environment, meal situations and opportunities for physical activity indoors and outdoors. The method for the study was semi-structured interviews with four voluntary elderly living in a nursing home. The results were divided into three main themes which demonstrate the experiences that were raised during the interviews. Regarding physical activity and outdoor stay, the informants reported unstimulating gymnastics, helpful staff, and requests for more needlework. Regarding meal situations the respondents mentioned nice decoration in the dining room, a desire for sleep before breakfast and too large portion sizes. Regarding the living environment the informants reported a pleasant environment, good service and demented elderly who interfere. The conclusion of the study was that the older individuals generally felt well-being in the nursing home. Some experiences suggest that there was a lack of attention from the nursing staff to take account the older people’s wishes regarding for example portion sizes. The interviews also showed that the social interaction between some of the older people could have been better. / Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka hur äldre individer över 80 år utan demenssjukdom på ett äldreboende upplever de dagliga rutinerna på äldreboendet beträffande den fysiska boendemiljön, måltidssituationen samt fysisk aktivitet och utomhusvistelse. Metoden för undersökningen var semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fyra frivilliga äldre som bodde på ett äldreboende. Resultatet uppdelades i tre huvudteman som påvisade vilka upplevelser som togs upp under intervjuerna. Delar ur resultatet angående fysisk aktivitet och utomhusvistelse var ostimulerande gymnastik, hjälpsam personal samt önskemål om mer handarbete. Angående måltidssituationerna var iakttagna delar ur resultatet trevlig dekoration i matsalen, önskemål om sovmorgon före frukost och för stora portionsstorlekar. Angående boendemiljö framkom upplevelser om en trivsam miljö, bra service och dementa äldre som stör. Slutsatsen av undersökningen var att de äldre generellt upplevde situationen på äldreboendet som trivsam. En del upplevelser antydde att det saknades uppmärksamhet från personalen att beakta de äldres önskemål angående till exempel för stora portionsstorlekar. En del upplevelser från de äldre visade att den sociala interaktionen dem mellan kunde varit bättre.