Why do middle class kids go to middle class schools? It all began with the story of a father’s dream. It was sometime in April in 2008 and I was in the midst of my undergraduate fieldwork. I had been exploring the resurgence in the ‘Gorkhaland’ movement across the hills of Darjeeling in North Eastern India. I had been interviewing various people who had been engaging in hunger strikes in pursuit of the cause. In the process of these interviews and in my general experiences during this time, I was struck by the constant rhetoric that they fought not for themselves or their own futures but for the futures of their children and generations to come. I was staying in the small town of Sukhia about 20 km outside of Darjeeling town. On that particular April day I had found myself temporarily housebound in the home of my host family, in the wake of a sudden tumultuous downpour. The weather it seemed was conspiring against my research, forcing me to postpone another interview. I sat in the kitchen waiting for the weather to pass, sharing an afternoon cup of tea with a side of sliced bread and jam, with Prabin, a member of my host family. Prabin worked in the office of the District Magistrate and thus was a man with a keen eye on local politics. As such, he had volunteered himself to be my unofficial research assistant. It had been a quiet Saturday about the house, as Prabin’s wife Binita and their 3-year-old son, Pranayan, were out shopping in the market. Prabin’s mother and father were visiting other family nearby, and Prabin’s younger brother, Pramod, had travelled into town to collect some supplies for his school. There was no sign of the rain letting up soon so Prabin and I continued to chat. Prabin’s son had recently started school and we were discussing his son’s apparent indifference towards schooling. ‘Everyday he cries! He doesn’t like school very much’. Prabin was convinced that his son would stop crying once he had learned the value of school. I had been working as an English teacher in a small private school and had seen first-hand how parents like Prabin acknowledged the importance of schooling choice, even as their children began their schooling journeys at around 2 years old. Prabin was keen to reinforce the idea that his son’s present school, a small building only 5 minutes’ walk up the road, was just the beginning. Prabin told me that he wanted his son to get a ‘good education’ in contrast to his own schooling experience, which he described as ‘simple’. Prabin told me that he dreamed of his son going to England and making enough money to support the whole family. Prabin knew that if his son was going to fulfil his dream then he would need to succeed at school, but not just any school. ‘I want my son to go to St. Joseph’s School; this is the best school in Darjeeling’. I was aware that there were many schools in Darjeeling, both in the town itself and in the surrounding areas, all of which professed to offer a high level of English medium education, so I was keen to know what made St Joseph’s such a certain choice. ‘Have you been there?’ he challenged me, as if to say that anyone who would lay eyes upon this place would know what he was talking about. ‘We will go there someday; it is a very nice place’. He was keen to emphasize how ‘nice’ this school was even if he had only seen the building from the road. ‘Others schools can teach English but [St. Joseph’s] is more than that. They play all the sport[s], they have good Rector, they have nice student[s], good discipline, this is the right place for my son’. Prabin emphasized that he dreamed of a good life for his son and in order to get there he first had to go to the right school. This was the first time I had even heard of St. Joseph’s School, but it provided a provocative insight into perceptions of the roles of schooling in India today. Prabin’s dream outlined a particular future for his son, which depended upon a foundation within a specific kind of schooling. I was immediately drawn to how he had mapped out a prospective educational trajectory, which leaned on certain intangible aspects of schooling that were perceived to subsequently guide his son towards a certain livelihood. St. Joseph’s had been singled out, as it offered something that others were perceived not to have. Perhaps most importantly of all, Prabin had never been to the school which he dreamed of. His ideas of St Joseph’s were ultimately imagined through an amalgam of stories that he had heard from work colleagues, interspersed with his own fleeting encounters in passing the school building. The imagined view of the school was integral in shaping Prabin’s actions. He was planning for his son’s future around a dream. Prabin’s perspective reflected a wider trend within literature pertaining to the Indian middle class, indicating a certain preference for a particular kind of schooling as being a necessary prerequisite for a specific, ultimately idealised, future livelihood. Donner (2006) identified a similar kind of career mapping amongst middle class Bengali families in Calcutta. The families, particularly the parents themselves, sought to admit their children to particular pre-schools, which were seen as the foundations of a scholastic career. Admission to future primary and secondary education hinged on the previous stage and as such, investment in each stage of the schooling process was vital in establishing the necessary trajectory for their child to progress on to specific occupations that would offer the necessary array of capital - financial, social and cultural – that would lead to a middle class life. What I became interested in was the concept that shapes this process. Why do middle class Indians choose certain schools and not others? What is the apparently intangible quality that leads parents like Prabin to desire St. Joseph’s over all the others? What is it about schools like St. Joseph’s that make them stand out from the range of available schools? It was with these questions that I headed off to St. Joseph’s for some answers.

This diploma thesis deals with the particularly vulnerable victims of crime and their protection within criminal proceedings. The situation of victim protection is one of the emerging trends in the area of criminal law and because it is a topic that has just recently been addressed by the legal order, there is a room for its assessment and an analysis of problematic areas of concerning legislation. The aim of this thesis is to clarify current legislation regarding the legal position and protection of particularly vulnerable victims of crime that is set out in Act no. 45/2013 Coll., on Victims of Crime. The text is divided into five chapters that are further divided into sub-chapters and the research was done mainly through legislation, explanatory memorandums and concerning comments, specific legal literature and legal journal articles. The first chapter is concerning the historical development, leading to the current legislation regarding the protection of victims of crime within the Czech legal order as well as the international legal order. The second chapter defines important terms for this thesis (victim and particularly vulnerable victim) as stated in the current legislation. It also shortly describes the term criminal proceedings and its specifications in the context of the legal position of...

När en person drabbas av en kronisksjukdom förändras hela livssituationen för den drabbade och deras familj. Syftetmed denna studie var att beskriva makars upplevelser i samband med beslut ompartners flytt till särskilt boende för personer med demenssjukdom. Studienbaseras på tretton intervjuer som analyserades med manifest kvalitativinnehållsanalys. Resultatet strukturerades i sju underkategorier och fyrakategorier. Dessa beskriver hur anhöriga, oberoende av kön, upplevde att tabeslutet om att flytta sin make/maka till särskilt boende för personer meddemenssjukdom som känslomässigt påfrestande. Studien visade även på behovet avstöd vid beslutstagandet. Slutsatsen blir att sjuksköterskan och andraprofessioner behöver kunskap och utbildning för att kunna stödja makar vidbeslutstagandet. / When a person is suffering from achronic disease, often the whole life situation is changing for both the personand the family. The purpose of this study was to describe spouses experienceswhen their partner with dementia was placed in sheltered housing for peoplewith dementia. The study is based on thirteen interviews that were analyzed with amethod for manifest qualitative content analysis. The result was structured inseven subcategories and four categories. The results from the interviews showthat relatives of either sex experienced that to make the decision to move his/ her spouse for special housing for people with dementia were emotionally stressful.The study also showed the need for aid inthe decision-taking. The conclusion is that nurses andother professionals need knowledge and training to support the spouses in thedecision-taking

Syftet med denna studie var att skapa förståelse för komplexiteten av att beskriva arbetsplatsrelaterat hot respektive våld mot poliser som arbetar i särskilt utsatta områden, med utgångspunkt i den begreppsmässiga problematiken. Genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem poliser som arbetar i särskilt utsatta områden fann vi att det råder en begreppsförvirring avseende arbetsplatsrelaterat hot respektive våld. Det framkom att hot var mer svårdefinierat än våld samtidigt som det var möjligt att identifiera en ambivalens som påvisade att inget av begreppen erhöll en självklar definition. Definitionen baserades dels på vilka uttryck och handlingar som inkluderades respektive exkluderades, dels på vem som sätter gränserna för hot respektive våld. Definitionen baserades även på vem som utför handlingarna. Studiens viktigaste slutsats var att det inte med säkerhet bör gå att dra slutsatser kring omfattning och karaktär utan att ta hänsyn till den begreppsmässiga problematiken som råder avseende arbetsplatsrelaterat hot respektive våld i särskilt utsatta områden. / The purpose of this study was to create an understanding regarding the complexity of describing workplace violence against police officers who work in particularly vulnerable areas, based on the definitional problem. Through semi-structured interviews with five police officers who work in particularly vulnerable areas, we found that there is a definitional confusion regarding workplace violence. It emerged that threats were more difficult to define than violence, while it was possible to identify an ambivalence that showed that none of the concepts received a definite definition. The definition was based partly on which expressions and actions were included and excluded, respectively, on who sets the boundaries regarding threat and violence, but was also based on who is performing the actions. The main conclusion of the study was that it may not be possible to draw conclusions about range and character with certainty, without taking into account the definitional problem that prevails regarding workplace violence in particularly vulnerable areas.

This study was done for ABB’s work for the phasing out of lead in their soft soldering processes and aims to identify possible lead-free substitutes, due to the RoHs directive and the Reach regulation and the fact that lead is a particularly dangerous chemical. The company’s current solder was defined as SnPb. A literature study has been made where information has been reported regarding lead-free alternatives; SnZn, SnAgCu, SnAg, SnCu, SnBi, SnSb and SnIn. Based on the literature review five lead-free solder were ordered and examined to see if these are possible substitutes for the specific soldering processes. The lead free alternative melting points were measured and the solder technicians ranked the lead-free alternatives in comparison with the reference SnPb to decide which alternative was the most fitting. The literature study and the practical tests show which solder are the best for the company from an economic, social and environmental perspective. The conclusion was that the solder SnCu was the option that fitted the company's soldering processes. To clarify that the solder was a better option than SnPb, the substitution had to be seen from an overall perspective, this could for example, be done by a life cycle analysis.

The theme of my thesis is "The concept of an average consumer in the Czech and European law." The concept of a consumer and its evolution is explained in the first chapter. In the Czech legislation, I focused on the consumer in terms of private and public law. The notion of the consumer is explained from the perspective of the Czech law, the French legislation and, ultimately, the European legislation. Furthermore the French Consumer Code is discussed and its advantages and disadvantages in a light of the German model of consumer law, which is included in the Czech legislation. Finally, I have studied the impact of the European case law on the development of the concept of the consumer and possible proposals for consumer law de lege ferenda. In the second part, the attention is paid to the average consumer. The work deals with its origins in the Czech, German and European case law. Thesis describes a development from an empirical approach, when sociological surveys were used in assessing the impact of business practices, to the normative concept of an average consumer, which is applied consistently with regard to the decision-making practice of the Court of Justice of the EU. The average consumer is a legal construct, an exemplary consumer, from which is expected a certain degree of attention,...

Abstract - Islamist radicalization – A study of particular exposed areas  Islamist radicalization has emerged in Sweden over the past decade, mainly because of the terrorist attacks in Stockholm in 2010 and 2017, but also because of a strife of individuals who have been radicalized in Sweden and joined various terror networks around the world.  It is only in recent years that Swedish authorities have seriously addressed the problems that radicalization entails. Sweden has since then developed a national strategy with the aim of preventing and counteracting increasing radicalization, especially in vulnerable suburban areas. The authorities concerned have subsequently published a number of different writs with the aim of preventing and counteracting Islamist radicalization in exclusion areas. Since the phenomenon may be considered relatively new from a Swedish perspective, research in the area is limited. It is above all the Swedish National Defense College with its Center for Asymmetric Threats and Terrorism Studies that has driven Swedish research in the field.  This study aims to investigate the radicalization that takes place in particularly exposed areas with a focus on structural factors and their impact, which contributes to the need that Swedish authorities and expertise in the field demanded.  By conducting a qualitative analysis of previous theories in the field of Islamist radicalization, an analysis tool has been designed to indicate whether a specific area is at risk of suffering from islamist radicalization. This analysis tool consists of four structural factors and two criteria. The analysis tool has subsequently been applied through a multiple-case study on four districts in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö.  The result of the multiple-case study confirms the importance of the structural factors for individuals in these areas to be more susceptible to the influence of radical elements. In this investigation, these elements are the criteria’s stated in the analysis tool.  The analysis tool designed can probably be further developed by adding qualitative research methods to capture individual factors, which also affect the conditions for radicalization in an area. / Sammanfattning – Islamistisk radikalisering – En studie av särskilt utsatta områden  Islamistisk radikalisering har aktualiserats i Sverige under det senaste decenniet, framförallt på grund av terrordåden i Stockholm 2010 och 2017, men också på grund av en strid ström av individer som radikaliserats i Sverige och anslutit sig till olika terrornätverk världen över.  Det är först under de senaste åren som svenska myndigheter på allvar adresserat den problematik som radikaliseringen innebär. Sverige har sedan dess utvecklat en nationell strategi i syfte att förebygga och motverka en ökande radikalisering, framförallt i utsatta förortsområden. Berörda myndigheter har därefter utkommit med en rad olika skrivelser med målsättning att förebygga och motverka islamistisk radikalisering i utanförskapsområden. Då fenomenet får anses vara relativt nytt ur ett svenskt perspektiv är forskningen på området begränsad. Det är framförallt Försvarshögskolan med sitt Centrum för asymmetriska hot och terrorismstudier som drivit den svenska forskningen på området.  Denna studie syftar till att undersöka den radikalisering som sker i särskilt utsatta områden med fokus på strukturella faktorer och deras inverkan, vilket bidrar till det behov som svenska myndigheter och expertis på området efterfrågat.  Genom att genomföra en kvalitativ analys av tidigare teorier på området islamistisk radikalisering, har ett analysverktyg utformats för att indikera huruvida ett specifikt område löper risk att drabbas av islamistisk radikalisering. Detta analysverktyg består av fyra strukturella faktorer och två kriterier. Analysverktyget har därefter tillämpats genom en flerfallstudie på fyra stadsdelar i Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö.  Resultatet av flerfallstudien bekräftar de strukturella faktorernas betydelse för att individer i dessa områden skall vara mer mottagliga för påverkan av radikala element. Dessa element utgörs i undersökningen av de kriterier som anges i analysverktyget.  Det analysverktyg som utformats kan sannolikt utvecklas ytterligare genom att addera kvalitativa undersökningsmetoder för att fånga individuella faktorer, som också påverkar förutsättningarna till radikalisering i ett område.

This study is aimed to increase the knowledge about the Swedish immigration authorities’ assessment of the asylum applications based on particularly distressing circumstances, submitted by disabled undocumented migrants. Making an attempt to explain the reasons of asylum-seekers’ health deterioration during the asylum process, this study determines the factors in migration authorities proceedings affecting such deterioration. Documents in five personal files concerning six disabled asylum-seekers, whose applications were declined, were studied by applying two observational methods: content analysis of the documents in the personal files and non-participant observations made during receptions of undocumented migrants at the Swedish Asylum Committee. The results of the study have shown that migration authorities' way of applying the principle of child’s best interests have a declarative character, while the disability perspective is completely ignored. The migrations authorities make free interpretations of the information on the countries of asylum-seekers' origin, while adaptation to Swedish conditions does not work at all as cause for residence permit. Advocates, who neglect their prior duties, have also a negative influence on the asylum process. Analyzed from the perspective of appropriate sociological concepts, the results of this study have shown that the above mentioned observations cause disabled undocumented migrants health deterioration.

Information about what it is that prevents young men from vulnerable areas from getting into a criminal way of life shines with their absence. This becomes a problem as these individuals’ risk being stigmatized and stamped. The main purpose of this essay is to find out why young adult men from the Järva area do not end up in a criminal way of life. By highlighting causes that exist, we have also chosen a sub-purpose, as we want to find out what the place Järva has meant to the young and adult men's lifes and upbringing. To achieve the study's purpose and answer to the questions, we have used a qualitative study where we interviewed five young adult men aged 22-26 and a youth leader with 10 years of experience working with youth in Järva. In the result, the young-adult men highlight how factors such as family, area, friends and long-term sustainability have had an impact on not committing criminal acts. This study aims to prove the opposite, when it comes to the negative stigma that occurs with coming from Järva. The study reveals a clear answer as to why young adults from Järva were prevented from getting into a criminal lifestyle and how the place Järva influenced their choices in life. / Information kring vad det är som gör att unga män från utsatta områden inte hamnar in i en kriminell livsstil lyser med sin frånvaro. Detta blir ett problem då dessa individer riskerar att stigmatiseras och stämplas. Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är ta reda på vad som gör att ungavuxna män från Järvaområdet inte hamnar i en kriminell livsstil. Genom att lyfta fram orsaker som existerar har vi även valt ett delsyfte, då vi vill ta reda på vad platsen Järva har haft för betydelse för de unga-vuxna männens liv och uppväxt. För att uppnå studiens syfte och svar på frågeställningarna har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade fem unga-vuxna män i åldrarna mellan 22–26 år och en ungdomsledare med 10 års erfarenhet av arbete med ungdomar i Järva. I resultatet belyser de unga-vuxna männen hur faktorer som familj, område, vänner och långsiktig hållbarhet har haft en påverkan till att inte utföra kriminella handlingar. Den negativa stigmatiseringen som uppstår med att komma från Järva, hoppas vi med denna studie bevisa motsatsen. I studien framkommer det tydliga svar om vad som gör att unga-vuxna män från Järva hindrats hamna i en kriminell livsstil samt hur platsen Järva påverkat deras val i livet.

This study is about investigating how police and social workers from the social services work together to prevent socially destructive behaviors such as crime and its consequences. The focus of the study is limited to a specific, geographical area, where both a vulnerable and a particularly vulnerable area are represented. The emphasis of the study is on the challenges and success factors regarding collaboration between mainly the police and social services, reflections on the vulnerable / particulalry vulnerable areas and its impact on the operational work.  The issues that have been addressed have included how the police and social services work to prevent crime in the area, what challenges there are regarding collaboration in preventive work och how the police and social services feel that their efforts affect crime in the area. The study is conducted based on a qualitative method where six interviews have been conducted, two with the police and four with the social services. The results have been analyzed through previous research as well as the selected theories of interaction theory and systemms theory. The results of the survey show that both social services and the police describe that secrecy legislation can be an obstacle to good cooperation, that it is also important to understand each others´s professional roles. Furthermore, the results show that the participants in the study feel that their preventive work has a good impact in a positive direction in terms of crime in the area.  Keywords: Collaboration, crime, particularly, vulnerable, police, preventive, social service, vulnerable