Praktisering av brukermedvirkning krever at sykepleierne ser på brukerne som likeverdige partnere. Det bryter med det tradisjonelle sykepleier–pasientforholdet og krever andre arbeidsmetoder og holdninger. For å kunne få til en slik endring forutsetter det at sykepleierne har nødvendig kunnskap og forståelse for brukermedvirkning og den bakenforliggende ideologien. Hensikt: Hensikten med studiet var å studere sykepleiernes teoretiske forståelse av begrepet brukermedvirkning og kartlegge hvordan sykepleierne selv opplever at de praktiserte brukermedvirkning i kommunens omsorgstjeneste. Metode: Det har blitt gjennomført en kvalitativ studie med halvstrukturerte intervjuer. Analysemetode var meningsfortettning og meningskategorisering etter beskrivelse av Kvale. Studien har 20 respondentern fra sykehjem og hjemmetjenesten i en stor norsk kommune. Resultater: Sykepleiernes kunnskap om brukermedvirkning var i stor grad situasjonsbestemt. Den ble beskrevet ut fra pasientene de selv arbeider med, situasjonene og konteksten. Det ble knyttet usikkerhet til den teoretiske forståelse av begrepet. Brukermedvirkning blir i hovedsak beskrevet som samråd og må forstås som symbolsk deltagelse der pasientenes deltar og gir uttrykker behov eller gir råd uten at de har reell innflytelse eller myndighet. Langt færre beskrev brukermedvirkning som brukerinnflytelse i form av partnerskap der pasienten gis anledning til å ta avgjørelse og oppleve kontroll.I hvilken grad brukermedvirkning praktiseres avhenger av avveininger i tjenesteutforming, institusjonelle forhold og strukturelle rammer. Sykepleiere opplevde ved håndtering av meningsforskjeller mellom pasient og pårørende en lojalitet overfor pasienten samtidig som de viser forståelse overfor pårørende. Konklusjon: Sykepleiernes forståelse av brukermedvirkning handler i stor grad om symbolsk deltagelse fordi de gis mulighet til å uttrykke ønsker men ikke fatte endelig avgjørelse. Implementering av brukermedvirkning på systemnivå og en kombinasjonen av teoretisk kunnskap og refleksjon over praksis, vil kunne styrke bevisstheten og vektleggingen av brukermedvirkning. / The practice of user participation requires nurses to regard users as equal partners. It breaks with the traditional nurse-patient relationship and demands different working methods and attitudes. Achieving such a change requires nurses to have the necessary knowledge and understanding of user participation and the ideology behind it. Objective: This study aimed to investigate nurses’ understanding and practice of user participation in the municipal care service. Method: We implemented a qualitative study by conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 respondents from nursing homes and home care services in a major Norwegian municipality.Analysis involved consolidating and categorizing the subjects’ intent, as described by Kvale. Results: The nurses’ knowledge of user participation was situational (i.e., they based their descriptions on current patients, situations, and context). Their theoretical understanding of the concept was uncertain. Most described user participation as a consultation that must be understood as symbolic participation, where the patients express their needs or give advice without having any real influence or authority. Far fewer nurses described user participation as user influence in the form of a partnership, where patients are given the opportunity to make decisions and experience control. The extent to which nurses practice user participation depends on trade-offs among services, institutional situations, and structural frameworks. When faced with differing opinions between patients and their relatives, nurses experienced loyalty toward their patients and simultaneously showed empathy for the relatives. Conclusion: Nurses’ understanding of user participation largely deals with symbolic participation because it enables patients to express desires without making any final decisions. Implementing user participation at the system level and combining theoretical knowledge and reflection in practice would strengthen awareness and focus attention on user participation / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-73-3</p>

När befolkningen i Sverige blir allt äldre kommer det bland annat leda till ett ökat sjukvårdsbehov. I genomsnitt har människor födda i länder långt från Norden sämre hälsa än personer födda inom Norden, de kan ha en annan kultur och tolka kommunikationen inom vården annorlunda. Syfte: Att beskriva faktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden av patienter och anhöriga från andra kulturer inom palliativ vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Är baserat på nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Det fanns kulturella skillnader i synen på allvarlig sjukdom och död. Inom flera kulturer är det tabubelagt att tala om döden och detta var sjuksköterskorna inom västerländsk kultur oerfarna vid, de var mer vana vid en rak och ärlig kommunikation med patienterna. Sjuksköterskorna hade kommunikationssvårigheter med patienter och närstående då de inte hade samma språk. Det var även svårt och tidskrävande att finna lämpliga tolkar som kunde hantera känsliga ämnen relaterat till palliativ vård. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor upplevde att möten med patienter och anhöriga från andra kulturer ofta var svåra om de inte pratade samma språk. Trots detta upplevde sjuksköterskorna arbetet som tillfredsställande. Det framkom att för lite tid och stress var ett av problemen samt att behovet av tolkar var stort. / Background: As the population in Sweden is getting older, it will also lead to increased health care needs. On average, the immigrants have poorer health than people born in the Nordic region, they can have an other culture and interpret the communication in care different. Aim: To describe the factors that affect the care of patients and families from other cultures in palliative care. Methods: a literature review. Results: Is based on nine scientific articles. There are cultural differences in the perception of serious illness and death. In many cultures, it is taboo to talk about death and this was the nurses of Western culture inexperienced with, they were more experienced with a straight and honest communication with the patients. The nurses had communication difficulties with patients and families as they did not have the same language. They also found it more difficult and time consuming to find suitable interpreters who could handle the sensitive issues related to palliative care. Conclusion: Nurses felt that when confronted with patients and families from other cultures it was often difficult if they were not talking the same language. Despite this, nurses experienced work as satisfaying. It appeared that lack of time and stress was one of the problems and the need for interpreters was large.

When students learn caring during clinical practice, the usual point of departure is thatcaring and learning coexist, as separate and parallel phenomena. There is, however, a needto study how caring and learning relate to one another, as well as when and how theyconverge. The aim of this dissertation is to describe how caring and learning converge inthe encounters between students and patients, in a dedicated educational unit withinpsychiatric care, as experienced by students, patients, and supervisors. Describing howsupervisory support can facilitate this is another aim. A reflective lifeworld approach basedon phenomenological philosophy has been applied. Data were collected through interviews,participant observations with follow-up interviews, and narrative diaries.The result shows that caring and learning converge in those encounters between studentsand patients which are characterized by reciprocity, wherein the patient’s narrative is thepoint of departure, complemented by the student’s listening and inquiring attitude. It ishere, that the desire for and pursuit of health and understanding, give the reciprocalinteraction power. The common desire of those involved to know, to become accustomedto the new and unfamiliar, as well as the presence of a feeling of responsibility for oneanother, create questions which in turn create opportunities wherein students and patientsare available to one another.The dissertation shows that learning in a caring context can be complex. Despite theirbeing prerequisites for one another, competition and conflicts can occur when the caringand learning perspectives are not equally attended to. When they are placed counter to oneanother, there is a risk that reciprocal interaction is hindered, which can cause loneliness forall involved. For convergence to occur most propitiously, those involved must exist in acaring and learning togetherness. Responsible and present supervisors are needed, whocreate possibilities for the perspectives to converge through maintenance and monitoring, sothat caring and learning receive equal space.A didactic concept has been developed based on the dissertation’s result, focusing on themeaning of creating forums where students’, patients’, and supervisors’ caringconsiderations and reflections can intertwine.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis focuses on issues of communication between doctor and patient. After a brief introduction of communication in general, the theoretical part focuses on the specifics of doctor-patient communication. It then deals with different factors that influence communication and selected topics connected to communication. The last chapter summarizes several studies focusing on communication training of doctors and its effect. In the empirical part, the semi-structured interviews were used to explore opinions, attitudes and experiences of doctors concerning their communication with patients. The results suggest, that doctors perceive communication with patients as an important part of their work (even though they differ in the amount of importance they attribute to communication). In accordance with this finding is the fact, that the description of a "good doctor" and "good communication" were quite similar. Almost all respondents considered the undergraduate training in communication as useless, suggesting that the main reason may be the perceived unimportance of this subject at medical school. Some of the communication barriers generally seen by the patients were also seen as important by the doctors (such as time pressure or lack of privacy while consulting with patients), important...

Objetivos: verificar se indivíduos que acessam a Internet a utilizam para consultar informações sobre saúde e doenças; se o paciente, acessando a Internet muda sua atitude de paciente e se verifica mais ativo e mais participante do processo de decisão sobre sua saúde; e se, do ponto de vista do paciente, houve mudança na atitude do profissional médico frente ao maior uso da Internet por parte desse paciente. Metodologia: pesquisa com abordagem qualiquantitativa. A técnica empregada foi a do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo – DSC, que possibilita a identificação e a construção de sujeitos e discursos coletivos distintos, por meio da análise de material individual e da extração das idéias centrais, compondo-se, com o conteúdo das idéias centrais semelhantes, discursos-síntese que expressam as representações sociais de uma coletividade. Para a coleta de dados foi publicado na Internet um questionário on-line que ficou disponível por três meses. Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados acessa a Internet com freqüência de pelo menos uma vez por semana, a utiliza para consultar informações sobre saúde e doenças, informações relacionadas a casos vivenciados por eles ou por aqueles que os afetam diretamente (familiares) e, após alguma consulta médica, para verificar, entender ou complementar as informações oferecidas por seus médicos. Parte significativa dos entrevistados considera que as informações acessadas na Internet sobre saúde e doenças são úteis, utiliza tais informações para conversar com seus médicos em consultas posteriores e demonstra mudança de atitude, para uma postura mais participativa no processo de decisão sobre sua saúde. Conclusão: identificou-se uma diversidade de discursos coletivos distintos que, analisados e organizados em tipos e escalas, auxiliam na compreensão de questões tais como o tipo de participação do paciente durante a consulta médica, o grau de autonomia do paciente, os tipos de interação entre médico e paciente e os tipos de reações produzidas pelos profissionais médicos durante tal processo. / This research aims to verify whether individuals who have access the Internet use it to consult information on health and diseases; whether accessing the Internet changes the attitude of the patient and whether he becomes more active and more participant in the decision process about his health; and whether from the standpoint of the patient there were changes in the attitude of the medical professional as a consequence of the more intense use of the Internet by this patient. Procedure: research with quali-quantitative approach. The employed technique was the Speech of Collective Citizen - DSC, which allows the identification and construction of distinctive citizens and collective speeches through the analysis of individual material and the extration of the main ideas, composing, with the content of similar central ideas, speech-synthesis which express the social representations of a collective. For the data collection an on-line inquiry was published in the Internet and it was available for three months. Results: most of the interviewed individuals had frequent access to the Internet at least once a week, use it to consult information about health, diseases and information regarding medical cases experienced by them or by other people who affect them directly (relatives), and after some medical consultation, to verify, to understand or to complement the information offered by their doctors. A significant part of the interviewed ones consider that the information accessed in the Internet about health and diseases is useful, use such information to talk to their doctors in subsequent consultations and manifest an attitude change towards a participating position in the decision process about their own health. Conclusion: there is a diversity of distinctive collective speeches that, analyzed and organized in types and scales, assist in the understanding of questions such as the type of participation of the patient during the medical consultation, the degree of autonomy of the patient, the types of interaction between doctor and patient and the types of reactions produced for the medical professionals during such process.

Thesis advisor: Dorothy Jones / The importance of the nurse-patient relationship to the overall well- being of the person has been explored extensively by nurses. What is largely missing from this knowledge developed to date is the patient's perspective. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid measure of patients' perceptions of feeling known by their nurses during an acute, surgical, hospital admission. The development of the PPFKN Scale was guided by Newman's theoretical framework of Health as Expanding Consciousness (1994) and data from a qualitative descriptive study conducted in 2003 (Somerville). The current investigation focused on the development and psychometric testing of the PPFKN Scale. The four themes that emerged from the earlier qualitative study were used to guide the development of the 85-item scale. This scale was exposed to a panel of nurse experts to establish inter-rater agreement and content validity, item understandability and readability. The revised scale was piloted with five participants who had experienced an inpatient, surgical admission to determine content validity, item readability and understandability. The revised 77-item scale was then administered to 327 surgical inpatients across seven general care units at a large academic urban medical center. A sample size of 296 completed surveys was analyzed. A four-component solution was devised using Principal Components Analysis with Varimax rotation. This four-component solution accounted for 63.3% variance, with a total scale Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.99. A component loading cut-off was set at 0.3 and items not loading at this value on the expected component were dropped. This process resulted in a reliable and valid 48 item PPFKN Scale with four components and a total scale Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.98. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo o estudo do princípio do respeito à autonomia do paciente à luz das recentes alterações trazidas pelo novo CEM Resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina nº 1.931, de 17 de setembro de 2009 , que prestigia a autonomia do paciente e propõe um novo formato para a relação médico-paciente, impondo novas posturas tanto ao médico como ao paciente, e privilegia sua autodeterminação, ao mesmo tempo em que o obriga à tomada de decisões e à assunção de responsabilidade compartilhada quanto ao processo terapêutico. O objeto do estudo é a nova relação médico-paciente sob o enfoque da autonomia do último, ressaltando-se a responsabilidade compartilhada com o médico em relação à tomada de decisões atinentes ao processo terapêutico, às escolhas terapêuticas, bem como os limites e o conteúdo do poder de decidir e sua autonomia diante da enfermidade e da terminalidade da vida. Nesta hipótese, a reflexão concentra-se nos cuidados paliativos e na adoção de diretivas prévias estatuídas pelo paciente a serem observadas pelo médico e por eventual terceiro responsável por aquele, caso ele não possa manifestar sua vontade durante cuidados paliativos ou situações que revelem iminente terminalidade. / This proposal aims to study the principle of respect for patient autonomy in light of recent changes introduced by the new CEM Resolution of the Federal Medical Council nº 1931 of September 17, 2009 which honors the patients autonomy and proposes a new format for the doctor-patient relationship, imposing new attitudes to both the patient and physician, emphasizes self-determination and, at the same time that forces decision making and the assumption of shared responsibility as to the therapeutic process. The object of the study is the new doctor-patient relationship from the perspective of this autonomy, emphasizing shared responsibility with the physician regarding decisions pertaining to the therapeutic process, the therapeutic choices, and the limits of power and content and their autonomy to decide on the terminally ill and life. In this case, reflection focuses on palliative care and the adoption of policies laid by the previous patient to be seen by the doctor and by any third party responsible for that, if he can not express his desire for palliative care or situations that reveal impending finality.

Introdução - O uso da internet entre médicos e pacientes é prática cada vez mais freqüente na Medicina. Sua introdução, entretanto, incorre em implicações éticas, legais e econômicas além de influenciar a relação médico-paciente e o processo de trabalho médico. Objetivos - Identificar o uso da internet por médicos ginecologistas e obstetras da cidade de São Paulo na prática médica, sua influencia na relação médico-paciente e suas possíveis implicações éticas, legais e econômicas. Métodos - Foram enviados 1.120 questionários para médicos ginecologistas e obstetras da cidade de São Paulo, dos quais retornaram 152, o correspondente a 13,6% da amostra ou 6,1% do total dos médicos cadastrados na SOGESP. A análise quantitativa do comportamento do médico quanto ao uso da internet foi realizada por meio de proporções, médias e cálculos de desviospadrão conforme os dados obtidos através do questionário. A comparação entre o grupo de médicos que utiliza a internet na prática médica e o grupo que não a utiliza, sua distribuição segundo local e tipo de atendimento, recursos da internet utilizados, formação ou titulação acadêmica, idade e tempo de formado foi feita através do teste de associação do qui-quadrado. Através da técnica de Cluster Analysis, foram determinados 4 grupos segundo o perfil dos profissionais relacionado ao uso desta ferramenta. Conclusões - Os ginecologistas obstetras pesquisados utilizam a internet na prática médica para própria atualização através do acesso a base de dados, para obter informações sobre saúde e doença, para comunicação com pacientes ou para oferecer serviços às mesmas com diferentes assiduidades. Entretanto, este uso é ainda parcial, talvez relacionado ao receio de interferências negativas na relação com o paciente, além de preocupações quanto à implicações legais, éticas e principalmente econômicas que a introdução desta ferramenta possa causar no desenvolvimento da profissão. / Introduction - The use of internet by patients and physicians has increased and has been increasingly integrated into clinical practice. Moreover, the internet is changing the traditional doctor-pacient relationship and adds new ethical, legal and economic concepts to its practice. Objective To identify the use of internet by gynecologists and obstetricians who work in São Paulo city, its influence on the physician-patient relationship and the ethical, legal and economic aspects of its introduction into medical practice. Methods - A postal questionnaire was sent to 1.120 gynecologists and obstetricians of São Paulo city, 152 of which were returned, which represents a return rate of 13.6% and 6.1% of all the professionals of SOGESP. The quantitative analysis of the doctors` behavior related to the use of the internet has been made by calculation of averages, proportions and standard deviations. The comparison between these doctors who have introduced internet into their practice and those who haven`t, its distribution by professional activity and office location, internet tools utilized and personal characteristics have been undertaken using the chi-squared test. Four different groups have been determined by Cluster Analysis depending on the way this technology is used. Conclusions The gynecologists and obstetricians investigated in this research project use internet in their medical practice, for the updating of data collection, to obtain new information about health care, for communication with patients or offer their medical services by the Web. Although its use has been improved doctors are afraid of possible negative consequences regarding the physician-patient relationship and legal, economic and ethical consequences that this use may bring to clinical practice.

Bakgrund: Målet med omvårdnad är att uppnå hälsa hos patienten genom ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. Många sjuksköterskor uttrycker att de vill ge god omvårdnad men begreppets innebörd förefaller skilja sig åt sjuksköterskor emellan. Att tillämpa god omvårdnad förhindras av strukturella samt organisatoriska barriärer vilket påverkar patientsäkerheten. För att diskrepansen mellan kunskapen om vad god omvårdnad innebär och kvaliteten på den omvårdnad som ges ska minska, behövs ökad kunskap om vad patienter uppfattar som god omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienternas uppfattning om vad god omvårdnad innebär inom slutenvården. Metod: Litteraturöversikten har utförts i enlighet med Fribergs metod. Sökningar utfördes i databaserna CINAHL complete, PsychINFO och PubMed, vilket resulterade i tio kvalitativa artiklar som analyserades och tematiserades och därmed utgör resultatet. Resultat: Två huvudteman och fem subteman identifierades; Ett personcentrerat vårdande med subtemana; Se mig, jag är unik, Behovet av en medmänsklig relation samt Betydelsen av sjuksköterskans närvaro. Sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt med subtemana; Compassion-en vårdande hållning samt Vikten av kompetens och information. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens metod diskuteras utifrån dess styrkor och svagheter. Resultatet diskuteras i relation till begreppen i Jean Watsons omvårdnadsteori. God omvårdnad karakteriseras enligt patienterna av en närvarande sjuksköterska vars personliga hållning präglas av compassion. Hållningen främjar en medmänsklig vårdrelation och ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. / Background: The purpose of nursing care is to achieve patient health through a person-centred approach. Many nurses claim that they want to provide good nursing care but the concept varies between nurses. Implementing good nursing care is prevented by structural and organisational barriers that affect patient safety. To reduce the discrepancy between the knowledge of what quality care means and the quality of the actual care provided, increased knowledge of what patients perceive as good nursing care is needed. Aim: The aim was to illuminate patients’ perceptions of what good nursing care signifies in an inpatient setting. Method: The literature review has been made in accordance with Fribergs method. Searches were conducted using the databases CINAHL complete, PsychINFO and PubMed, resulting in ten qualitative articles that were analyzed and thematized and thus constitute the result. Results: Two main themes and five subthemes were identified; A person-centred care with the subthemes; See me, I am unique, The need for a person to person relationship and The importance of the presence of the nurse. The nurses’ approach with the subthemes; Compassion- a caring attitude and The importance of competence and information. Discussion: The method of the literature review is discussed from its strengths and weaknesses. The result of the literature review is discussed in relation to the concepts in Jean Watsons’ nursing theory. Good nursing care is characterized according to patients by a present nurse whose personal attitude is characterized by compassion. The attitude favours a human caring relationship and a person-centred approach.