Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertaPMM_DISSERT.pdf: 3172444 bytes, checksum: 159d519d0473cdce848696ecb3f8e8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Hybrid systems formed from polymers and transition metals have now their physical and chemical properties extensively investigated for use in electronic devices. In this work, Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) from the precursor of titanium tetrabutoxide and the composite system Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Titanium Dioxide (TiO2-PEG) were synthesized by sol-gel method. The PEG as acquired and TiO2 and composites powders were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Spectroscopy in the Infrared region with Fourier transform (IRFT), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). In the XRD analysis were observed in the TiO2 crystal faces of one of its polymorphs - anatase phase, crystal planes in Poly (Ethylene Glycol) with considerable intensity and in the composite systems the mixture of crystal faces of their precursors isolated and reduction of crystallinity. The TG / DTG suggested increasing the thermal instability of PEG in the composite powders as TiO2 is incorporated into the system. Spectral analysis presented in the infrared overlapping bands for the polymer and metal oxide, reducing the intensity of symmetric stretching of ligand groups in the main chain polymer and angular deformations; were observed using SEM micrographs of the morphological changes suffered by composite systems with the variation of the oxide concentration. Analyses by impedance spectroscopy indicated that the increased conductivity in composite occurs in line with the addition of the metal oxide concentration in the composite system / Sistemas h?bridos formados a partir de pol?meros e metais de transi??o atualmente t?m suas propriedades f?sicas e qu?micas extensivamente investigadas para aplica??o em dispositivos eletr?nicos. Neste trabalho, o Di?xido de Tit?nio (TiO2) a partir do precursor Tetrabut?xido de Tit?nio e o sistema comp?sito Poli (Etileno Glicol)-Di?xido de Tit?nio (PEG-TiO2) foram sintetizados pelo m?todo sol-gel. O PEG como adquirido e os p?s de TiO2 e comp?sitos obtidos foram analisados por Difra??o de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Absor??o na regi?o do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (EIV-TF), An?lise Termogravim?trica (TG), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Imped?ncia Eletroqu?mica (EIE). Nas an?lises por DRX foram observadas no TiO2, faces cristalinas de um de seus polimorfos fase anat?sio, planos cristalinos no PEG com intensidade substancial e nos sistemas comp?sitos a mistura de faces cristalinas dos seus precursores na forma isolada, bem como, redu??o da cristalinidade. As curvas TG/DTG sugeriram o aumento da instabilidade t?rmica do PEG nos p?s comp?sitos ? medida que TiO2 ? incorporado ao sistema. A an?lise espectral na regi?o do infravermelho apresentou sobreposi??o de bandas relativas ao pol?mero e ao ?xido met?lico, redu??o da intensidade de estiramentos sim?tricos dos grupos ligantes da cadeia principal polim?rica e deforma??es angulares; foram observadas atrav?s das micrografias de MEV modifica??es morfol?gicas sofridas pelos sistemas comp?sitos com a varia??o da concentra??o do ?xido. As an?lises por imped?ncia eletroqu?mica indicaram que o aumento da condutividade nos comp?sitos ocorre em conson?ncia com a adi??o da concentra??o do ?xido met?lico no sistema comp?sito

<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacije predstavljalo je ispitivanje uticaja vodnog stresa izazvanog&nbsp; sa polietilen glikolom (PEG)&nbsp; 6000 na biohemijske osobine klonova topole. Reznice tri klona topole (M-1, B-229 i PE19/66) su hidroponski gajene i izložene 100 mOsm i 200 mOsm PEG 6000&nbsp; tokom &scaron;est dana. Nakon tretmana u kontrolnim i stresiranim<br />biljkama su&nbsp; ispitane promene aktivnosti antioksidantnih enzima,&nbsp; aktivnost dva<br />enzimska markera polifenolnog metabolizma, fenolni profil, antioksidantna aktivnost, kao i sadržaj prolina i glicin betaina&nbsp; (GB). Takođe, ispitan je biohemijski odgovor kulture tkiva klona M-1 na vodni stres izazvan sa PEG 6000.</p><p>U oba eksperimenta uočeno je da je akumulacija prolina i GB u uslovima vodnog stresa izazvanog sa PEG 6000&nbsp;najvažnija strategija u otpornosti na stres i prevazilaženju vodnog deficita, tako da se&nbsp;ovi parametri mogu definisati kao najbolji indikatori otpornosti topole na su&scaron;u.</p><p>Rezultati ovog istraživanjaupotpunjavaju saznanja o povezanosti oksidativnog stresa uzrokovanog vodnim stresom sa antioksidantnim odgovorom, nivoom o&scaron;tećenja lipida i proteina, uključivanjem osmolita kao i promenama u polifenolnom profilu. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati su značajni za odabir klonova topola tolerantnih na vodni stres&nbsp; i&nbsp; za<br />po&scaron;umljavanje su&scaron;nih stani&scaron;ta, kojih će biti sve vi&scaron;e usled negativnog uticaja klimatskih promena.</p> / <p>The aim of presented doctoral thesis was investigation of the impact of water deficit caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on biochemical features of poplar clones.&nbsp; During six days, cuttings of three poplar clones (M-1, B-229 and PE 19/66) were grown in hydroponics and subjected to 100 and 200 mOsm PEG 6000. Changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, polyphenol characterization, two enzymatic markers of polyphenol metabolism, antioxidant capacity, as well as proline and glycine betaine content were investigated in stressed plants. Furthermore,&nbsp; assessment of&nbsp; biochemical response of poplar clone M-1 tissue culture to water stress induced by PEG 6000 was performed.</p><p>In both experiments, the most important strategy for stress resistance and overcoming water deficiency was accumulation of proline and glycine betaine so these parameters can be defined as the best indicators of poplar resistance to drought.</p><p>The results of this study complete&nbsp; the findings on the oxidative stress caused by water stress&nbsp; and their relationship with the antioxidant response, the level of lipid andprotein damage, accumulation of the osmolites and changes in the polyphenol profile. Also, the obtained results may be important for the selection of poplar clones resistant to water stress and for afforestation in arid sites, which appeared to be more numerous due to the effects of&nbsp; global climate change.</p>

A partição e purificação de ascorbato oxidase de abóbora (Cucurbita maxima) por extração líquido-líquido em sistema de duas fases aquosas (SDFA), pelos processos descontínuos e contínuos, utilizando coluna de discos rotativos perfurados (PRDC), foram estudadas. Foram utilizados planejamentos estatísticos para selecionar as variáveis significativas no processo descontínuo de purificação, e as variáveis estudadas foram massa molar e concentração do polietileno glicol (PEG), concentração de citrato, pH, concentração de NaCl, fator de diluição e massa total do sistema. Os melhores resultados (coeficiente de partição 1,72, recuperação 90,8% e aumento de pureza 3,12) foram obtidos nas seguintes condições: massa molar do PEG 20000 (g/mol), pH 6,0, concentração de PEG 25% (m/m) e concentração de citrato 10% (m/m). No valor de pH 6,0 e temperatura 35°C a ascorbato oxidase apresentou seus maiores valores de atividade, e manteve a estabilidade na faixa de pH 5,0 a 9,0 durante 36 horas e a temperaturas de até 40°C durante 1 hora. Experimentos também foram realizados para estimar as principais propriedades cinéticas e termodinâmicas da atividade e estabilidade da ascorbato oxidase, e esse estudo revelou que a enzima foi estável nas condições testadas. A PRDC mostrou um bom desempenho para extração da ascorbato oxidase em modo contínuo utilizando SDFA. A melhor condição operacional selecionada neste estudo foi selecionada com o auxílio de planejamentos estatísticos, sendo selecionadas as seguintes condições: massa molar do PEG 20000 (g/mol), concentração de PEG 20% (m/m), concentração de citrato 10% (m/m), velocidade de rotação dos discos de 80 rpm e velocidade da fase dispersa de 2 mL/min. Os melhores resultados em valores médios foram: coeficiente de partição 3,36, recuperação 152%, aumento de pureza 2,31, coeficiente de transferência de massa 0,045, eficiência de separação 43,7% e hold up 0,33. Os dados experimentais demonstram o potencial da aplicação do sistema de duas fases aquosas PEG/citrato para purificar a ascorbato oxidase utilizando coluna de discos rotativos perfurados. / The partition and purification of ascorbate oxidase from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) by liquid-liquid extraction in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) by discontinuous and continuous process, using perforated rotating disc contactor (PRDC) was studied. Experimental designs were used to choose the significant variables for discontinuous process, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molar mass and concentration, citrate concentration, pH, NaCl concentration, dilution factor and total mass of the system, were the variables studied. The better results (partition coefficient 1.72, recovery 90.8% and purification factor 3.12) were obtained with following conditions: PEG molar mass of 20000 g/mol, pH 6.0, PEG concentration of 25% (w/w) and citrate concentration of 10% (w/w). In the pH 6.0 and temperature of 35?C the ascorbate oxidase showed their high activity values and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 5.0 to 9.0 during 36 hours and temperatures up to 40?C for 1 hour. Experiments were also conducted to estimate the main kinetic and thermodynamic properties of ascorbate oxidase activity and stability, and this study revealed the interesting stability of this enzyme. The PRDC showed a good performance for extracting in continuous mode using aqueous two-phase systems. The best operating condition was selected in this study for the extraction of ascorbate oxidase in the PRDC, and it was obtained with PEG molar mass of 20000 g/mol, PEG concentration of 20% (w/w) and citrate concentration of 10% (w/w), the disc rotational speed of 80 rpm and dispersed phase flowrate of 2 mL/min. The results in mean values were: partition coefficient 3.36, recovery 152%, purification factor 2.31, mass transfer coefficient 0.045, separation efficiency 43.7% and Hold up 0.33. The experimental data showed the potential application of aqueous two-phase systems PEG/citrate to purification ascorbate oxidase using perforated rotating disc contactor.

No description available.

Cette étude concerne le développement de nanoparticules hybrides offrant de nouvelles stratégies pour la thérapie et le diagnostic médical. Elles sont constituées d’un cœur magnétique jouant le rôle d’agent de contraste pour l’IRM et d’inducteur de chaleur par hyperthermie, d’une couronne de polymère thermosensible permettant d’encapsuler des principes actifs et de peptides de reconnaissance biologique. Une grande partie de l’étude a consisté à étudier les processus d'adsorption de copolymères poly(éther)-b-poly(L-lysine) de composition variable sur les particules magnétiques et à comprendre le rôle de la conformation des chaînes polymère à la surface des particules sur la stabilité des colloïdes en milieu physiologique. Un agent antitumoral a été encapsulé puis libéré de façon contrôlée sous l’effet d’un champ magnétique alternatif en exploitant le caractère thermosensible des blocs polyéthers. Des séquences peptidiques ciblant les zones d’inflammation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique ont été greffées sur les copolymères. L’efficacité du ciblage a été validée par IRM et fluorescence sur un modèle animal démontrant ainsi la multifonctionnalité des nanoparticules. / This work deals with the development of hybrid nanoparticles that could offer new strategies for therapy and diagnostic. These are based on a magnetic core which can play the role of contrast agent for MRI as well as heat inductor in AC magnetic field. This inorganic core is surrounded by a thermo-responsive polymeric brush that controls the loading and the release of drugs, and can be functionalized by specific ligands ensuring the targeting specificity. A large part of this work consists in studying the adsorption mechanism of poly(ether)-b-poly(L-lysine) based block copolymers onto magnetic particle and to better understand the influence of the polymer chain conformation at particles surface on the colloidal stability under physiological conditions. An anticancer drug has been loaded and released in a controlled manner under alternative magnetic field by taking advantage from the thermosensitivity of the polyether block. Targeting peptides specific of inflammation sites at the blood brain barrier have been grafted onto copolymers. The targeting specificity has been demonstrated by MRI and fluorescence imaging in rats attesting the multifunctionality of such nanoparticles.

No description available.

Les traitements et l’imagerie des tumeurs cérébrales malignes se sont avérés jusqu’à présent très peu efficaces, en raison de la présence de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) qui freine le passage des molécules thérapeutiques mais aussi diagnostiques vers les tissus du système nerveux central (SNC). Le développement de vecteurs nanométriques chargés en agents thérapeutiques et capables de traverser la BHE pourrait être une alternative pour améliorer la bio-distribution de principes actifs et d’agent d’imagerie au cerveau. Parmi les différents types de vecteurs proposés, les nanoparticules polymériques (NP) constituées de polymères dibloc comportant un bloc de poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG) pourrait présenter une solution prometteuse pour transporter des actifs à travers la BHE. La PEGylation de la surface des NPs améliore la stabilité colloïdale des NPs. De plus, elle diminue l'adsorption non spécifique des protéines à la surface de NPs (appelée aussi opsonisation). La vitesse de clairance des NPs est ainsi ralentie et les NPs circulent plus longtemps dans le sang. Malgré l’effet bénéfique de la couche de PEG à la surface des NPs, le rôle exact des propriétés de surface liées à la longueur de la chaîne PEG sur l'interaction des NPs avec les cellules endothéliales vasculaires est mal compris. Dans une première partie de ce travail, le rôle de la longueur de PEG sur l'endocytose et la transcytose des NPs a été étudié sur des monocouches de cellules bEnd.3, un modèle in vitro de BHE. Les mécanismes de transport des NPs ont été évalués en utilisant différents inhibiteurs de l'endocytose. La quantification du taux d'endocytose et de transcytose a révélé que l'endocytose et la transcytose des NPs augmentaient avec la longueur de la chaîne de PEG. Les taux d'endocytose et de transcytose les plus élevés ont été observés pour les NPs de PLA-PEG5000 et de PLA-PEG10000. Les résultats de l’étude mécanistique démontrent que la longueur de la chaîne de PEG influence la voie d'endocytose empruntée par les NPs PEGylées à travers un modèle in vitro de BHE. Dans une seconde partie de ce travail, l'effet de la longueur du PEG sur la toxicité des NPs et les processus inflammatoires a été étudié sur deux modèles de monocouche de cellules endothéliales vasculaires, soit les cellules bEnd.3 et HUVEC. L'effet de la longueur des chaînes de PEG sur l'expression des gènes impliqués dans la réponse inflammatoire aux NPs PEGylées a été évalué par qPCR. De plus, le potentiel de génération de dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (DRO ou ROS) par les NPs a été évalué en utilisant le test cellulaire basé sur l'oxydation de la DCFH-DA. Les résultats démontrent que les NPs PEGylées induisent une augmentation légère et transitoire de l’expression des gènes des cytokines et des chimiokines inflammatoires. Cependant, la longueur des chaînes de PEG ne présente pas un effet significatif sur l'expression des gènes des cytokines et des chimiokines. De plus, nos résultats ne montrent pas l’induction de la génération de ROS par les NPs PEGylées. En résumé, la longueur de chaine de PEG influence le taux d’endocytose et de transcytose. La voie d’endocytose impliquée dans l’internalisation et la transcytose est influencée par la longueur des chaines de PEG. En revanche, les différences de longueur des chaines de PEG ne modulent pas significativement l’expression des cytokines et de chimiokines inflammatoires. Ces résultats devraient contribuer à développer des nanoformulations qui traversent plus efficacement la BHE, tout en minimisant les effets toxiques, notamment inflammatoires sur les cellules endothéliales vasculaires de la BHE. Ces perspectives devront toutefois être confirmées sur des modèles in vivo. / To date, imaging and treatment of brain tumors are proved to be very inefficient due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The (BBB) is a semipermeable barrier which prevents or restrains most therapeutic and diagnostic molecules reach the central nervous system (CNS). Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded by therapeutics molecules and diagnostic agents could represent a promising solution to help active ingredients to cross the BBB and as a consequence, their biodistribution to the brain could be improved. Polymeric NPs composed of di-block copolymers, such as poly (ethylene glycol) blocks (PEG) that bind to polyester hydrophobic chains, are considered one of the most versatile nanocarriers for transporting therapeutic molecules across the BBB. PEG on the surface of NPs improves the NPs colloidal stability. Furthermore, PEG surface coating decreases the non-specific adsorption of proteins on the surface of NPs (also called opsonization); therefore, the clearance rate of the NPs is slowed down and NPs circulation times in blood is extended. Despite the beneficial effect of the PEG coating on the surface of NPs, the exact role of the surface properties related to the PEG chain length on NPs interactions with the vascular endothelial cells is poorly understood. In first article, the role of PEG chain length on brain vascular endothelial cells endocytosis and transcytosis is investigated on monolayers of bend.3 cells as an in vitro BBB model. The NPs transport mechanisms were then investigated by using different endocytosis inhibitory processes. Our results revealed that NPs endocytosis and transcytosis rates increased with PEG chain length. Higher endocytosis and transcytosis rates were observed for PLA-PEG5000 and PLA-PEG10000 NPs. Moreover, the mechanistic studies demonstrated that the PEG chain length influenced the endocytosis pathway taken by PEGylated NPs through an in vitro model of BBB. In second article, the effect of PEG length on NPs cytotoxicity and inflammatory processes has been investigated in two vascular endothelial cell lines (bEnd.3 and HUVEC). The effect of PEG chain length coating on gene expression that are involved in the inflammation response was investigated by qPCR. Moreover, the potential Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation was evaluated with DCFH-DA probe. The results showed that PEGylated NPs induce a mild and transient activation of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes. However, the length of the PEG chains did not modulate significantly gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, our results showed that PEGylated NPs did not induce ROS generation. In summary, the chain length of PEG influences the endocytosis and transcytosis rate. The pathway of endocytosis involved in internalization and transcytosis is influenced by the length of PEG chains. In contrast, differences in the length of PEG chains did not significantly modulate the expression of cytokines and inflammatory chemokines. These results contribute to develop nanoformulations that cross the BBB more efficiently while keeping the toxic and inflammatory effects minimal, particularly on the vascular endothelial cells of the BBB. Nevertheless, these perspectives have to be confirmed on in vivo models.

The presented diploma thesis is focused on the preparation, characterization and study of membrane properties of liposomal systems which were composed of the neutral phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol, negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), polyethylenglycol bounded to phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG5000–PE) and polycation N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (TMC). The influence of individual components and their concentrations on the average particle size, zeta potential and changes in the outer and inner part of the bilayer was investigated. In this matter, methods of dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy with the application of laurdan and DPH probes were used. Based on the above-mentioned parameters, concentrations of components that most suitably influence properties of liposomes in terms of the intended application were selected for the definite complex. It was managed to prepare a liposomal complex stealth liposome–N,N,N-trimethylchitosan, which, due to the optimized composition, could have suitable attributes as a drug delivery system for inhalation administration of biologically active substances.

No description available.

Die Durchflusszytometrie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie sind zentrale Techniken zur Analyse von Zellen, Geweben und Organen. Besonders in der Immunologie werden sie zur Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Biomolekülen mittels fluoreszenzmarkierter Antikörper verwendet. Fluoreszenzmarker müssen je nach Anwendung hohe Helligkeit, geringe Größe und minimierte Löschung des Signals aufweisen. Stark markierte Konstrukte leiden jedoch oft unter Fluoreszenzlöschung oder großen Molekularmassen. Diese Arbeit untersucht verzweigtes Polyethylenglykol (PEG) als Träger für Fluorophore. PEG-Ketten wurden als räumliche Trennmittel identifiziert und an Aminodextran gekoppelt, wodurch hochgradig multimerisierte Fluorophor-PEG-Dextran-Zwischenprodukte entstanden. Diese Konjugate, gekoppelt mit Antikörpern, zeigen hohe Fluoreszenzintensität und wurden bei der Detektion von CAR SUP-T1-Zellen erfolgreich eingesetzt. PEG-basierte Reagenzien durchdringen jedoch oft die Zellmembran nicht, was für intrazelluläre Ziele und größere Gewebe wichtig ist. Sequentielle Multiplex-Analysen sind durch unvollständige Spaltung und Restsignale problematisch. Deshalb wurden synthetische Peptide als Rückgrat für die Fluorophor-Multimerisierung untersucht. Diese Konstrukte, verbunden mit Nanokörpern, zeigten erhöhte Helligkeit und Gewebepenetration in der Lichtblattmikroskopie von Mausorganen. Zudem wurde ein dualer Entfernungsmechanismus in die REAdyelease-Technologie integriert. Basierend auf Oligonukleotiden, Disulfiden oder Peptiden in Kombination mit Aminodextran konnte eine schnellere Signalreduktion ermöglicht werden. Dies wurde in der Konfokalmikroskopie an einer Pankreastumorzelllinie demonstriert. / Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy are crucial for analyzing cells and tissues, especially in immunology, where immunofluorescence is used for identifying, visualizing, and characterizing biomolecules with fluorescently labeled antibodies. These labels must meet various requirements: high brightness, small size, and the ability to be rendered non-fluorescent. However, highly labeled constructs often suffer from fluorescence self-quenching or high molecular masses, limiting their effectiveness. This work demonstrates that branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) serves as an efficient fluorophore multimerization platform for protein labeling. I explored factors critical for preventing fluorophore self-quenching in multi-fluorophore systems. Fluorescent PEGs were multimerized on an amino-dextran scaffold, generating highly multimerized fluorophore-PEG-dextran intermediates. When conjugated to antibodies, these intermediates allowed bright labeling of biomarkers on cells and tissues and were successfully used in detecting CAR SUP-T1 cells. Despite their strengths, PEG-based reagents often lack deep tissue penetration, essential for intracellular targets and 3D organ imaging. To enhance tissue penetration, I designed small peptide-based backbones for fluorophore multimerization. These constructs, coupled with nanobodies, produced homogeneous fluorescent conjugates that quickly penetrated mouse organs and enabled bright staining in light-sheet microscopy. The final part of the thesis focuses on synthesizing labels for cyclic immunofluorescence. I addressed the issue of incomplete label removal by creating erasable conjugates with two release sites. Fluorescent conjugates based on oligonucleotides, disulfides, or peptides combined with amino-dextran can be rapidly erased from labeled epitopes using a dual-release approach. This method was demonstrated in confocal microscopy and used for iterative imaging of biomarkers on a sample of a pancreatic tumor cell line.