The purpose of the essay is to examine and analyze if individuals are ensured anefficient protection against violations of personal integrity when using cookiesonline. This is done through both a de lege lata and a de lege ferenda perspective.To do this a technical perspective of what cookies are is applied, as well as howthey can amount to a threat to personal integrity. What personal integrity is andhow it can be protected are questions which are answered through the methodof legal dogmatics as well as the EU legal method, while the question if the protectionis sufficient is answered through the method of legal informatics. The investigation in the matter led to the result of a definition of what is tobe understood by personal integrity within the framework of the essay, whichcan be described as the right to have control over the spread of sensitive information.In addition to this it is shown in the essay that personal integrity in relationto cookies is protected through the means of collecting consent before placingcookies. The mechanism of collecting consent is in theory an appropriate wayto ensure control for the individual. Even so, practical studies in the field indicatethat the regulation does not meet compliance by the market participants sufficientlywhen collecting consent to the use of cookies. Due to this it cannot beclaimed that personal integrity is efficiently protected in practice. Since the de lege lata result show indications of lack of compliance the conclusionis that the current regulations are not sufficiently enough protecting personalintegrity of individuals. The forthcoming e-Data protection Regulationmight offer some solutions to this compliance issue, but as shown in the de legeferenda-discussion there is a need to combine regulatory solutions with technicaltools to enforce a comprehensive compliance by the market participants in practice.The combined solution will give both individuals and supervisory authoritiesthe tools necessary to protect personal integrity, while the collection of consentcan continue to be the regulatory mechanism used to protect personal integrity.

Dataskyddsförordningen, även kallad GDPR, introducerades år 2016 med spekulationer kring vilka påtagliga förändringar och upplevelser som förordningen skulle komma att ha. Dessa spekulationer är något som ej varit möjliga att konkretisera förrän nu, 2 år efter förordningen trädde i kraft, vilket möjliggör en uppföljning av förordningen för säkerställandet av dess behövlighet. Syftet med studien var således att undersöka GDPR för att se om lagstiftningen upplevs upprätthålla sitt syfte, att förstärka den personliga integriteten. Detta gjordes genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med anställda inom verksamheter som stöter på GDPR i sin personuppgiftsbehandling. Resultatet visade på att en stor del av de intervjuade menar att lagstiftningen till en viss grad, har insatser som påverkar den personliga integriteten på ett positivt sätt. Förordningen kommer dock inte utan en kostnad. Den kan upplevas som något som resulterat i en högre grad av oklarheter och ytterligare komplexitet och skyldigheter för de anställda inom myndighet- och verksamhetsvärlden. / The General Data Protection Regulation also known as GDPR, was introduced during 2016 with differing predictions on the outcome and aftermath of its implementation. It has been roughly two years since the regulation was first introduced and it is now that the evaluation process of its necessity is feasible. Hence the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate whether GDPR is perceived to fulfill its weighty goal of strengthening the integrity of personal data. This was done through interviewing employees of authorities and agencies that deal with GDPR when processing personal information. What the results of this study has shown is that a large portion of the interviewees say that the regulation has efforts that, to a degree, positively affects the integrity of personal data. This however comes at a cost. A higher degree of perceived obscurity, shallow complexity and additional duties to be carried out by the employees within their respective authority.

Detta är ett examensarbete som handlar om personlig integritet och användande utav sociala medier. Internet och sociala medier har fått en given del i vår vardag. Dessa sociala medier är gratis för användaren att använda och finansieras därför oftast via reklam som till en stor del baseras på den information användaren laddar upp på dessa tjänster när den använder dem, så kallad riktad reklam. Isbergsmodellen som Facebook bygger på innebär att man som användare inte ska märka av detta när man interagerar med tjänsten. Denna studie ämnar att undersöka om detta kan påverka användarnas personliga integritet och vad användarna anser om denna riktade reklam som baseras på information om dem. Detta studerades via en en webbenkät som distribuerats till unga vuxna inom Stockholmsområdet. Tre stycken djupare intervjuer utfördes även för att få en djupare förståelse kring användarnas beteende och resonemang. Metoden resulterade i 101 enkätsvar. Resultaten tolkas i enlighet med Alan F. Westins teorier om internetanvändarnas attityder till personlig integritet. Användarna i studien har en pragmatisk attityd till personlig integritet på internet och är därför väl medvetna om vad som försegår. Slutsatsen är därför att dessa unga vuxna i Stockholmsområdet inte löper någon risk att få sin personliga integritet kränkt vid användande av sociala nätverks-tjänster. / This thesis is about privacy and the use of social media. The internet and social media has become a given part of our everyday lives. These social media services are free to use and are therefore usually financed via advertising that to a large extent is based on the information that the users have uploaded to these services when they use them, so-called behavioral targeting. The iceberg model that Facebook is based on means that users will not notice this when they interact with the service. This study aims to investigate if this could affect the user's privacy and what the users opinion about targeted advertising is. This was studied via a survey that was distributed on the internet to young adults in the Stockholm area. Three in-depth interviews were also conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the user’s behavior and reasoning. The survey resulted in 101 responses. The results is interpreted with Alan F. Westins theories about privacy attitudes among internet users. The users in this study have a pragmatic approach to privacy on the internet. They are therefore well aware of what is going on behind the scenes. The conclusion is that these young adults in the Stockholm area don’t run any risk of having their privacy violated by using free social networking-services.

No description available.

This bachelor thesis aims at investigating how librarians at university libraries experience privacy and user data when using the digital library, and to relate their views to an era of Big Data. Protecting the library user’s privacy is part of the librarian profession and established in the ethical codes published by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). Privacy issues have also been of interest for the library- and information science over the years, some studies which have investigated the expectations of privacy by library users. The results show that library users expect the library to protect their privacy and feel safe about the library as an institution for doing so. Earlier studies, as well as my result, shows that this is a major challenge in an era of Big Data, when the digital library depends on third party suppliers and the exchange of data between libraries, suppliers, and library users.  The thesis takes on a qualitative approach. Interviews were held with five librarians using the semi-structured interview as a method. To analyse the result, the thoughts presented by Mai (2019) about personal information in an era of Big Data, and the models of privacy and information presented by Mai (2016, 2019) and Agre (1994), have been used. The result shows that the librarians view on privacy and user data correspond with the perspectives reflected in the Panopticon Model and the Capture Model. That is a traditional view on privacy and information, seeing personal information as a certain type of information that can be controlled. According to this view, violation of a user’s privacy is about not being able to fully protect that personal information. According to Mai (2016, 2019) this is not a satisfactory view on privacy in an era of Big Data. He therefore suggests the Datafication Model. Privacy should, according to Mai (ibid.), be less about the information and more about the situations where the information is being used. This view on privacy and information couldn’t be seen in the result of the study.

Regarded as the biggest change in data protection law in a generation, the General Data Protection Regulation (or simply its more renowned name: the GDPR) is due to take effect on May 25th 2018. The purpose of the GDPR is to strengthen the protection of personal information, harmonize the data protection laws in the entire European Union, and modernize privacy laws to fit today’s technologically advanced society. As good as all organizations have to conform to the new law. Libraries, as prominent bearers of information and personal data, are thus no exception to the rule. This study’s objective is to gain knowledge of Swedish public libraries’ main GDPR preparations, regarding both the practical work and the difficulties they faced during the process. The result is based on the answers from an online survey, sent to every central library in Sweden’s 290 municipalities. 182 answers were received, which generated a response rate of roughly 63 percent. The theoretical analysis derives from five of John Kotter’s eight phases, concerning difficulties in early change management. The authors of this study identify the libraries’ focal points, in relation to the change work, as mainly consisting of inventory of personal data and education in the law. Difficulties are mostly found in understanding the law and how to practice it. Nonetheless, a majority of the Swedish central libraries consider themselves fairly ready for the GDPR when May 25th arrives.

his study focuses on Google’s user agreements and how students within the field of library and information science at the University of Borås are perceiving and relating to these agreements. User agreements are designed as contracts which makes the user data available for Google, but also for the user to protect his or her personal integrity. A problem recent studies show is that few internet users read these agreements and don’t know enough about what Google collect and do with their user data. In this study the concept of surveillance capitalism is used to describe how Google has become a dominant actor on a new form of market. This market is partly formed by Google’s business model which turns user data into financial gain for the company. It is discussed in recent studies that this form of exploitation of user data is problematic and is intruding on people’s personal integrity. The theoretical framework was constructed from theories that social norms influence human behaviour which makes people sign the agreements without reading them. Technological determinism and affordance are also used to discuss how technology contributes to influence people. Surveys where distributed to examine how the students perceived Google’s user agreements. The results of the study show that the students seems to know a lot about what Google collects and how the user data is used, although they rarely read them since they perceive the agreements as complicated and too long.

De större barngrupperna och de ökade kraven på förskolepedagoger kan göra det svårare att möta varje barns omsorgsbehov. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka hur pedagoger förstår och resonerar om barns kroppsliga och personliga integritet samt vilka strategier de använder sig av för att respektera varje barns integritet. För att analysera empirin i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer har ett omsorgsetiskt perspektiv använts. I resultatet framgår det att majoriteten av pedagogerna har en liknande syn på vad personlig respektive kroppslig integritet innebär. Den personliga integriteten tolkas som rätten att få sin individuella sfär och sina gränser respekterade av andra medan den kroppsliga integriteten handlar om rätten att bestämma över sin egen kropp. För att lära barnen om integritet och gränser använder majoriteten av pedagogerna materialet “Stopp! Min kropp!”. Samtliga pedagoger beskriver även att de har särskilda strategier kring sårbara situationer såsom blöjbyten och toalettsituationer. Pedagogerna menar även att det är viktigt att vara en närvarande förebild för barnen. Dels genom att själv vara tydlig med var sina egna gränser går, dels genom att vara uppmärksam på varje barns integritet och gränser. De förklarar att strategierna för att respektera varje barns integritet fungerar bäst då man är en närvarande pedagog. Samtliga pedagoger anser att mindre barngrupper underlättar det omsorgsetiska arbetet för att respektera varje barns integritet.

Huvudmålet med detta projekt har varit att analysera området för personlig integritet vid användning av sökmotorer. Uppsatsen ger en inblick i hur sökmotorerna fungerar och visar vilka personliga data som samlas vid sökningar samt hur det påverkar sökresultat. Undersökningen bygger på tidigare forskning kring sökmotorer, användardata och begreppet ”integritet”. Metod och problembeskrivning utgår ifrån detta. För att kunna svara på forskningsfrågorna har vi skapat testfall och genomfört experiment mot tre sökmotorer i tre olika webbläsare. Vi har jämfört sökmotorernas säkerhets,- och integritetspolitik samt undersökt hur dessa påverkar sökresultatet för varje enskild sökmotor. Resultatet presenteras i form av grafer och diagram där testfall har analyserats mot varandra. Analysen av experimentet resulterar i riktlinjer för en mer privatvänlig och säker sökmotor.

Denna studie har undersökt hur användare av smarta hem-produkter i Sverige förhåller sig tillsin personliga integritet i relation till sitt användande av dessa produkter. Den har ocksåundersökt om användarvillkor är ett effektivt verktyg för att säkra ett giltigt informeratsamtycke från användare av smarta hem-produkter i Sverige. Studien vill bidra tillforskningssamhället genom att lyfta frågan om informerat samtycke i relation till IoT (Internetof Things). Det främsta syftet med studien är att förstå i vilken utsträckning konsumenter iSverige ger informerat samtycke till insamling och behandling av data i samband medanvändande av smarta hem-produkter.Studien genomfördes med en kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Denkvalitativa undersökningen bestod av 6 semistrukturerade intervjuer och den kvantitativa av enwebbenkät med 207 respondenter. Resultatet som framkom genom undersökningarna stämdetill stor del överens med tidigare forskning om personlig integritet och informerat samtycke isamband med insamling av data. En minoritet av respondenterna läser användarvillkor och dengenerella kunskapen om datainsamling visade sig vara låg i förhållande till hur mycket mångarespondenter uppger att de värderar sin personliga integritet. Flera respondenter värderar sinbekvämlighet över den personliga integriteten, vissa genom sitt agerande och andra mer explicitgenom att uttrycka att det är ett val de gjort.Slutsatserna i denna studie överensstämde med tidigare studier. Respondenterna har eninkonsekvent relation till sin personliga integritet. De upplever villkor och avtal för sina smartahem-enheter som svåra att förstå och många vet inte vad de givit sitt samtycke till. / This study has examined how users of smart home devices in Sweden relate to their personalintegrity in relation to their use of these devices. It has also examined whether end useragreements are an effective tool for securing informed consent to the collection of data fromusers of smart home devices in Sweden. The study hopes to contribute to the research societywithin its field by raising the issue of informed consent in relation to Internet of Things. Themain purpose of this study is to understand to what extent users of smart home devices inSweden provide informed consent to the collection and use of their data.The study was conducted with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Theresearcher conducted 6 semi structured interviews and a web survey with 207 respondents. Theresults collected through the surveys were consistent with several previous studies on personalintegrity and informed consent in connection with data collections. A minority of therespondents read end user agreements and the overall knowledge about data collection proved tobe low in comparison to how many respondents state that they value their personal integrity.Several respondents place a larger value on their convenience than their personal integrity, somethrough their actions and others more explicitly by expressing that it is a choice they have made.The conclusions in this study have been largely consistent with previous studies. Respondentshave an inconsistent relationship to their personal integrity. They experience major difficultieswith understanding end user agreements and privacy policies and many do not know what theyhave given their consent to in regard to their smart home devices.