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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Models for Ordered Categorical Pharmacodynamic Data

Zingmark, Per-Henrik January 2005 (has links)
In drug development clinical trials are designed to investigate whether a new treatment is safe and has the desired effect on the disease in the target patient population. Categorical endpoints, for example different ranking scales or grading of adverse events, are commonly used to measure effects in the trials. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are used to describe the plasma concentration of a drug over time and its relationship to the effect studied. The models are utilized both in drug development and in discussions with drug regulating authorities. Methods for incorporation of ordered categorical data in PK/PD models were studied using a non-linear mixed effects modelling approach as implemented in the software NONMEM. The traditionally used proportional odds model was used for analysis of a 6-grade sedation scale in acute stroke patients and for analysis of a T-cell receptor expression in patients with Multiple Sclerosis, where the results also were compared with an analysis of the data on a continuous scale. Modifications of the proportional odds model were developed to enable analysis of a spontaneously reported side-effect and to analyze situations where the scale used is heterogeneous or where the drug affects the different scores in the scale in a non-proportional way. The new models were compared with the proportional odds model and were shown to give better predictive performances in the analyzed situations. The results in this thesis show that categorical data obtained in clinical trials with different design and different categorical endpoints successfully can be incorporated in PK/PD models. The models developed can also be applied to analyses of other ordered categorical scales than those presented.
122

Estudo farmacognóstico comparativo de espécies medicinais de Passiflora L.: P.alata Curtis; P.caerulea L.; P.edulis Sims. forma flavicarpa Degener; P.incarnata L. e P.quadrangularis L. / Comparative pharmacognostic study of medicinal species of Passiflora L.: P.alata Curtis; P.caerulea L.; P.edulis Sims. flavicarpa Degener form; P.incarnata L. and P.quadrangularis L.

Vilma Marlene Maciel Mezo 01 August 2005 (has links)
O elevado índice de pessoas afetadas pela ansiedade tem levado os pesquisadores a buscarem novas alternativas de tratamento. A fitoterapia tem empregado medicamentos contendo algumas espécies de Passiflora, conhecidas popularmente como \"maracujá\". As folhas de P.alata oficializadas na Farmacopéia Brasileira e os órgãos aéreos de P.incarnata, inscrita em farmacopeias estrangeiras, são matéria-prima para a elaboração de diversos medicamentos fitoterápicos. No entanto, as semelhanças morfológicas entre plantas medicinais deste gênero geram erros e falsificações. Considerando este fato, constitui objetivo desta dissertação, o estudo farmacognóstico comparativo de folhas de cinco espécies medicinais: P.alata, P.caerulea, P.edulis, P.incarnata e P.quadrangularis. Embora a forma das folhas de P.alata e de P.quadrangularis seja similar, observam-se caracteres diferenciais como o número de nervuras laterais e glândulas peciolares. P.alata apresenta dois pares de glândulas e P.quadrangularis possui três pares. P.edulis e P.incarnata, espécies semelhantes morfologicamente, diferenciam-se na análise microscópica pelo tipo e frequência de tricomas; localização de estômatos. P.edulis caracteriza-se pela presença de tricomas tectores simples, pouco freqüentes e estômatos na face abaxial. P.incarnata exibe tricomas pluricelulares freqüentes e estômatos em ambas as faces. P.caerulea diferencia-se facilmente das anteriores pela folha provida geralmente de 5 lobos longos e estreitos; acresce-se o parênquima paliçádico que alcança até mais da metade da largura do mesofilo. Fotografias acompanham as descrições bem como as análises cromatográficas comparativas em camada delgada (CCD) e camada delgada de alta eficiência (HPTLC). O controle de qualidade das drogas vegetais é complementado com a quantificação da fração flavonoídica através de método espectrofotométrico e por HPTLC. / The high number of people suffering from anxiety has led reseachers to seek alternative kinds of treatment. Phytotherapy has used medicines containing a few species of Passiflora, popularly known in Portuguese as \"maracujá\". P alata leaves officially included in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and the aerial parts of P. incarnate, listed in foreign pharmacopoeia, are the raw materials to prepare several phytomedicines. However, the morphological similarities of medicinal plants of this kind may lead to errors and fraud. Bearing in mind this possibility, the purpose of this dissertation, is the comparative pharmacognostic study of leaves from five medicinal species - P.alata, P.caerulea, P.edulis, P.incarnata and P. quadrangularis. Although the shape of P.alata and P.quadrangularis leaves is similar, there are different characteristics such as number of side veins and petiolar glands. P.alata has two pairs of glands and P.quadrangularis has three pairs of glands. P.edulis and P.incarnata, which are species with similar structure, appear different in a microscopic analysis due to the types and frequency of their covering trichomes and stomata location: P.edulis typically has infrequent unicellular covering trichomes and stomata on its lower surface. P.incarnata has frequent pluricellular trichomes and stomata on both sides. P.caerulea can be easily distinguished from the aforementioned by its leaves, which are palmately divided in more than half their depth into five lobes; in addition to their palisade parenchyma, which extends to more than half their mesophyll width. Photomicrographs are enclosed with the descriptions, as well as thin layer chromatography and comparative high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Quality control of crude drugs is further completed with the amount of flavonoid fraction through spectrophotometry and HPTLC.
123

Caracterização da atividade de tamoxifeno no tratamento da leishmaniose experimental e investigação sobre seus mecanismos de ação. / Activity of tamoxifen in the treatment of experimental leishmaniasis and investigation on its mechanisms of action.

Danilo Ciccone Miguel 30 June 2011 (has links)
O tratamento de indivíduos que apresentam leishmaniose, seja ela cutânea ou visceral, é usualmente problemático, uma vez que os medicamentos utilizados na prática clínica são altamente tóxicos, requerem administração parenteral e nem sempre promovem a cura dos pacientes. Torna-se clara, portanto, a necessidade de se pesquisar novos fármacos com potencial leishmanicida. O objetivo da presente Tese de Doutorado foi caracterizar a atividade do tamoxifeno, composto utilizado no tratamento do câncer de mama há décadas, contra diferentes espécies de Leishmania in vitro e in vivo, além de identificar seu possível mecanismo de ação. As concentrações inibitórias de tamoxifeno para 50% de culturas de parasitas tanto de cepas de laboratório como de isolados recentes de pacientes variaram de 5 a 20 mM. Além disso, nossos resultados mostraram que a aplicação intraperitoneal de 20 mg/kg/dia de citrato de tamoxifeno por duas semanas levou à redução significativa no tamanho das lesões e das úlceras na base da cauda de camundongos BALB/c infectados com L. (L.) amazonensis, bem como à diminuição da carga parasitária. Diferentes modelos de infecção animal comprovaram ainda a eficácia de tamoxifeno contra L. (L.) chagasi e L (V.) braziliensis. Apesar da atividade deste fármaco estar diretamente relacionada à inibição da ligação de estrógeno ao seu receptor, ele exibe efeitos moduladores da atividade de proteínas sinalizadoras em concentrações próximas às efetivas contra Leishmania. Primeiramente verificamos que tamoxifeno foi capaz de induzir rapidamente a alcalinização de vacúolos de macrófagos peritoniais contendo amastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis, sendo este um efeito observado em períodos curtos e longos de incubação com a droga. Esta alcalinização parece não estar diretamente relacionada à morte dos parasitas pela alteração imediata das condições ideais do meio necessário à sobrevivência das formas amastigotas, mas sim ligada ao aumento do efeito leishmanicida de tamoxifeno, uma vez que este composto apresentou-se mais ativo na faixa de pH neutro a moderadamente alcalino. Outro alvo investigado foi a biossíntese de isoprenóides de promastigotas. Células tratadas com tamoxifeno apresentaram redução global na biossíntese de farnesol, geraniol, dolicol, ergosterol e ubiquinona após marcação metabólica com [14C]-leucina, indicando que tamoxifeno não interfere especificamente na síntese de cada um destes produtos. Iniciamos também a investigação dos efeitos do tamoxifeno no metabolismo de ceramidas em Leishmania adotando a estratégia de marcação metabólica de promastigotas com C6-NBD-ceramida. Verificamos que promastigotas de Leishmania são capazes de incorporar eficientemente ceramida conjugada ao fluoróforo NBD. Em nossos ensaios, a incubação de promastigotas tanto com os inibidores clássicos da via de biossíntese de esfingolipídios como com tamoxifeno resultou na alteração do perfil de incorporação dos precursores utilizados. O tratamento com tamoxifeno aumentou a biossíntese de glucosilceramida acetilada, elevou os níveis de ceramida acilada e diminuiu a biossíntese de fosfoesfingolipídios de promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis. Finalmente, nossos dados mostraram ainda que tamoxifeno permeabiliza a membrana plasmática de promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis e, a partir de estudos por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, verificamos que este fármaco alterou a estrutura mitocondrial dos parasitas e provocou intensa vacuolização do citoplasma. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho configuram o primeiro relato da atividade de tamoxifeno contra Leishmania e justificam a realização de futuros testes deste fármaco como uma alternativa na quimioterapia da leishmaniose. / The treatment of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is challenging, since the drugs used are frequently ineffective, very toxic and require parenteral administration. Therefore, the discovery of new drugs with leishmanicidal activity is in pressing need. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the activity of tamoxifen, a drug used in the treatment of breast cancer for decades, against Leishmania spp. in vitro and in vivo, and to identify its possible mechanism of action. The inhibitory concentrations of tamoxifen for 50% of parasite cultures, from reference strains and recent isolates from patients, ranged from 5 to 20 mM. Moreover, we showed that the intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg/day tamoxifen citrate for two weeks led to significant reductions in the lesion and ulcer sizes and parasite burden in L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Additionally, the administration of tamoxifen in two other models of animal infection proved its effectiveness against L. (L.) chagasi and L (V.) braziliensis. In an attempt to characterize tamoxifens mechanism of action against Leishmania, we found that this drug was able to induce a rapid alkalinization of macrophage vacuoles containing L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes. This phenomenon does not appear to be related to the death of the parasites, but rather is linked to an increased antileishmanial effect of tamoxifen. Another target investigated was the interference of tamoxifen in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Treated cells showed an overall reduction in the biosynthesis of farnesol, geraniol, dolichol, ergosterol and ubiquinone after metabolic labeling with [14C]-leucine, indicating that tamoxifen does not interfere specifically in the synthesis of those products. We have also studied the effects of tamoxifen on Leishmania ceramide metabolism. The strategy adopted was the metabolic labeling of promastigotes with C6-NBD-ceramide. Our results showed that Leishmania is able to incorporate NBD-ceramide. The incubation of promastigotes with classical inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis as well as with tamoxifen resulted in striking modifications in the pattern of sphingolipid biosynthesis. L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes treated with tamoxifen showed increased biosynthesis of acetylated glucosylceramide and acyl-ceramide and decreased synthesis of phosphosphingolipids. Finally, our data showed that tamoxifen induced the permeabilization of the promastigote plasma membrane and, based on studies using transmission electron microscopy, we found that this drug altered the mitochondrial structure and caused intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. The results presented here comprise the first report of the activity of tamoxifen against Leishmania and offer support for future trials to evaluate tamoxifen as an alternative for leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
124

Monitoramento de antifúngicos em plasma e líquor de pacientes portadores de meningite criptocócica e AIDS através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência UV/Vis / Antifungal monitoring in plasma and CSF of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS by HPLC UV/Vis

Grazziela Samantha Perez 17 December 2007 (has links)
Desenvolveram-se métodos bioanalíticos para determinação de anfotericina B e fluconazol em apenas 200 L de plasma e líquor (LCR) através da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE UV-VIS). A anfotericina B foi determinada através de CLAE-VIS utilizando p-nitrofenol como padrão interno, após purificação das matrizes biológicas com acetonitrila, seguida da análise em coluna Nova Pak C18 (150 x 3,9mm, 4 micron) e fase móvel constituída por tampão acetato 0,1M pH 5,0 e acetonitrila (50:50,v/v) 0,5mL/min em 385nm; o tempo de corrida foi 15 min. Através da validação o método mostrou-se robusto com 0,2-25,0 µg/mL(linearidade, r2 0,9999), LD 0,1 µg/mL, precisão (5,4% e 6,9%), exatidão expressa através do erro sistemático (3,3% e 2,2%): intra e interdias). Os estudos de estabilidade evidenciaram 1,0% para o erro sistemático e 3% de precisão na bandeja (tempo e condição de análise por 24 h), e os ciclos de congelamento evidenciaram boa estabilidade uma vez que todos os ensaios foram realizados em Laboratório de luz amarela. O fluconazol foi determinado através de CLAE-UV utilizando carbamazepina como padrão interno, após purificação das matrizes biológicas pela extração líquido-líquido com diclorometano em meio alcalino, seguido da análise em coluna Nova Pak C18 (150 x 3,9mm, 4 micron) e fase móvel constituída por água UP e acetonitrila (70:30,v/v) 0,5mL/min em 210nm; o tempo de corrida foi 15 min. O método mostrou-se robusto com 0,2-250 µg/mL(linearidade, r2 0,9998), LD 0,1µg/mL, com boa recuperação absoluta (98%) e relativa (100%), precisão 0,5%/1,3%, exatidão expressa através do erro sistemático (1,2%). Evidenciou-se ótima estabilidade para os extratos em bandeja (tempo e condição de análise por 24 h), na longa duração (20° C, 9 meses) e através dos ciclos de congelamento. Investigaram-se 21 pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos portadores de meningite criptocócica com AIDS após internação emergencial em terapia de alta dose com anfotericina B (1mg/Kg) e fluonazol (400 mg, 12/12 horas) durante 12 semanas. O monitoramento das concentrações de anfotericina B e fluconazol no plasma e no LCR forneceram as razões que permitiram estimar a penetração dos antifúngicos no SNC. Obtiveram-se concentrações de anfotericina B, médias (IC95%): 2,30 (0,02-5,08) µg/mL no plasma e 0,30 (0,19-0,36) µg/mL no LCR. As concentrações do fluconazol, médias (IC95%) foram: 31,7 (20,1-43,3) µg/mL no plasma e 19,4 (11,1-27,7) µg/mL no LCR. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a penetração da anfotericina B foi insuficiente (10-27%), enquanto que a do fluconazol mostrou-se adequada com valores médios (IC95%) de 67 (47-87) %. / Analytical methods were developed to determine amphotericin B and fluconazole in only 200 L of plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by liquid chromatography (HPLC UVVIS). Amphotericin B was determined by HPLC - VIS using p-nitrophenol as internal standard, after the purification of biological matrices using acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic analysis in a Nova Pak C18 column (150 x 3.9mm, 4 micron) and mobile phase consisting of acetate buffer 0.1M pH 5.0 plus acetonitrile (50:50,v/v) 0.5mL/min at 385nm; the run time required was 15 min. Bioanalytical method validated showed robustness, 0.2-25,0µg/mL (linearity, r2 0.9999), DL 0.1µg/mL, precision (5.4%/6.0%), accuracy expressed as systematic error (3.3%/2.2%). The stability was investigated, error systematic was 1% for the vials on the rack (time and conditions of drug analysis, 24h). Thawing cycles showed good stability after three freezing-thawing cycles. All procedures were performed under yellow light at room temperature. Fluconazole was determined by HPLC - UV using carbamazepine as internal standard, after the purification of biological matrices using liquid-liquid extraction in alkaline medium, followed by chromatographic analysis in a Nova Pak C18 column (150 x 3.9mm, 4 micron) and mobile phase consisting of purified water plus acetonitrile (70:30,v/v) 0.5mL/min at 210nm; the run time required was 15 min. Bioanalytical method validated showed robustness, 0.2-250 µg/mL(linearity, r2 0.9998), DL 0.1µg/mL. Absolute recovery was 98% and relative recovery was 100%, intra/interday precision were 0,5/-1,3%; accuracy expressed as systematic error were 1.2%/1.2%.and relative recovery was 100%. Good stability for the vials on the rack (time and conditions of drug analysis, 24h) and long term stability (at 20o C for 9 months) were demonstrated. Also thawing cycles showed good stability after three freezing-thawing cycles. Twenty one adult patients of both sex were investigated. Inpatients with meningitis by Cryptococcus neoformans with AIDS were under high dose therapy with amphotericin B 1mg/Kg plus fluonazole 400 mg, every 12h during 12 weeks. Therapeutic monitoring of amphotericin B and fluconazole in plasma and in CSF showed ratios that indicate the penetration of antifungal drugs into CNS. Mean (CI95%) data were for amphotericin B 2.30 (0.02-5.08 ) µg/mL in plasma and 0.30 (0.19-0.36) µg/mL in CSF. Fluconazole showed 31.7 (20.1-43.3) µg/mL in plasma and 19.4 (11.1-27.7) µg/mL in CSF. Based on data obtained we conclude that the penetration of amphotericin B was poor (10-27%) while fluconazole was adequate 67% (47-87%), mean (CI95%).
125

Sobre os estudos metabólicos de fármacos empregando-se atividade enzimática de CYP450 visando-se estabelecer correlações entre estrutura e atividade / On the metabolic studies of drugs by using enzymatic activities of CYP450\'s to ends up correlations between structure and activities

Renato de Lima Bauab 16 September 2011 (has links)
A Química Medicinal é ciência multidisciplinar com ação direta sobre conhecimentos específicos focalizando Química, Biologia, Medicina, Fisiologia, entre outras áreas de estudos no domínio fundamental e tecnológico. Esta ciência atua ainda entre várias interfaces científicas tais como a Bioquímica, Biofísica, Biologia Molecular, Química Biológica e outras. <br /> A investigação no metabolismo de fármacos é a primeira e essencial fase na moderna farmacologia, uma vez que os parâmetros Farmacocinéticos são os mais relevantes dados iniciais a serem considerados no início da Fase 3 em testes clínicos com humanos. Em sua totalidade os dados farmacocinéticos são conhecidos como ADME (Absorção, Distribuição, Metabolismo e Excreção) e, ao lado dos Parâmetros Toxicológicos responde por no mínimo 70 % das avaliações finais negativas de fármacos (não recomendáveis) durante a Fase 3 em testes clínicos com humanos. <br /> Esta dissertação emprega Métodos Quiminformáticos para obter parâmetros metabólicos de fármacos conhecidos com o objetivo de se chegar a modelos de metabolismo preditivos baseados em correlações entre estrutura e atividade e, por intermédio desta avaliação, desenvolver abordagem similar para fármacos desconhecidos tentando obter modelos metabólicos preditivos baseando-se em correlações de estrutura e reatividade, envolvendo as enzimas citocromo P450 dentro do grupo de enzimas CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 e CYP3A4. A validação do modelo in silico foi desenvolvida por meio de estudos comparativos de perfis metabólicos empregando-se o critério de superposição de dados de compostos com estruturas de referência que mostrem as melhores correlações de estrutura e reatividade considerando enzimas CYP2C9, CYP2D6 e CYP3A4. <br /> Os modelos obtidos podem ser muito úteis na previsão de metabolismo considerando enzimas CYP2C9, CYP2D6 e CYP3A4 para novos tipos de possíveis fármacos, pois, o comportamento referente a tendências de metabolismo de novas entidades químicas pode levar a análises por antecipação de reações enzimáticas. Certamente, este estudo preditivo na Fase I do estudo de fármacos na farmacoterapia reduzirá drasticamente o perfil temporal e o impacto de custos no desenvolvimento de novas substâncias bio-ativas no planejamento da gênese de novos fármacos. / The Medicinal Chemistry is a multidisciplinary science with direct action over specific knowledge focusing Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, Physiology, among others domains of fundamental and technologic studies. This science also acts between several scientific interfaces like Biochemistry, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Biologic Chemistry, and others <br /> The investigation on drugs metabolism is the first and essential phase on modern Pharmacotherapy since the pharmacokinetics\' parameters are the most relevant impute on the beginning of the Phase 3 on Human Clinical Tests. <br /> The overall pharmacokinetics data base is known as ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) and side by side with the Toxicological Parameters responds at least of 70 % of the total final evaluation of drugs negatively evaluated (not recommended) during the Phase 3 on Human Clinical Tests. <br /> This dissertation employs Chemoinformatic Methods to obtain metabolic parameters of known drugs with the mean objective of to ends up a predictive metabolic pattern based on correlation of structure and activity, and by mean of this evaluation, to perform similar approaches on unknown drugs trying to get predictive metabolic pattern based on correlation of structure and reactivity, involving the cytochrome enzymes P450 on the group of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 e CYP3A4. The pattern in silico validation was developed by mean of a comparative studies of metabolic profile ad by using the superposition criteria of the reference structures compounds data base having better correlation of structure and reactivity considering the enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2D6 e CYP3A4. <br /> The obtained pattern can be useful on metabolism prediction considering enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2D6 e CYP3A4 for new kinds of possible drugs, since this behavior concerning metabolic trends of newer chemical entities can arise anticipated analysis of enzymatic reactions. Surely, this predictive studies on Phase 1 of drugs on Pharmacotherapy will reduces drastically the time profile and the costs impacts on developing of new bioactive substances on planning genesis of new drugs.
126

Atenção farmacêutica na hipertensão arterial sistêmica:impacto clínico, econômico e social / Pharmaceutical care on hypertension: clinical, economic and social impact

Thaís Rodrigues Penaforte 13 May 2011 (has links)
Os farmacêuticos são considerados os profissionais mais capacitados para a gestão clínica e humanística dos medicamentos. A sua atuação em conformidade com a filosofia da atenção farmacêutica proporciona um exercício em que o profissional assume a responsabilidade sobre todas as necessidades do paciente e adquire um compromisso a este respeito. Este tipo de cuidado descreve um método centrado no cuidado reflexivo e na responsabilidade relacional para a geração de novos saberes e práticas. Como o manejo e a vivência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) envolvem diversas dimensões, a assistência diferenciada da atenção farmacêutica apresenta uma alternativa à construção novas realidades em saúde. Com o objetivo de investigar seus aspectos clínicos, humanísticos e econômicos, um modelo de atenção farmacêutica foi implantando em duas unidades de saúde (UBDSCSE/ Sumarezinho e UBS Dom Mielle) do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP. O serviço acompanhou 104 pacientes que participaram de 12 consultas farmacêuticas e ações educativas multiprofissionais. A análise final dos resultados demonstrou uma discreta redução no índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 0,82 ± 1,11. Com relação aos dados hemodinâmicos observou-se uma redução estatisticamente significativa da pressão arterial, em média de 18,18 ± 12,45 mmHg na pressão arterial sistólica e 7,18 ± 4,28 mmHg na pressão arterial diastólica. A estratificação do escore de risco Framnigham demonstrou um risco de 14,65% no inicio do acompanhamento que foi reduzido a 10,90%. A avaliação da terapêutica farmacológica identificou uma média de 2 medicamentos anti-hipertensivos por paciente com predomínio das classes dos diuréticos tiazídicos, inibidores da ECA e betabloqueadores. A adesão ao tratamento foi um dos aspectos de maior resposta à atenção farmacêutica. No inicio do estudo 54,81% dos participantes foram classificados como não aderentes e ao final do acompanhamento todos os pacientes mantinham o perfil de aderentes há pelo menos 3 meses. A avaliação social envolveu aspectos da qualidade de vida (SF-36) e satisfação dos usuários com os serviços farmacêuticos. Observou-se uma melhora estatisticamente significativa em todos os 8 componentes do SF-36, com destaque para os aspectos físicos que apresentou o melhor desempenho. Os serviços farmacêuticos foram bem avaliados pelos usuários com uma média de 4,61 ± 0,73 pts. O item melhor avaliado foi a questão 12 (orientação do farmacêutico) e a menor avaliação ficou com a questão 13 (serviços da farmácia). A avaliação econômica seguiu o conceito de valor esperado, definido como o custo esperado de uma internação por doença cardiovascular. A atenção farmacêutica alcançou uma redução de 3,77% no risco coronariano que equivale a um custo prevenido de R$ 67,82 por paciente. Considerando os atendimentos mensais de um farmacêutico esta economia pode chegar a R$26.042,88/mês. Com estes resultados, podemos concluir que a atenção farmacêutica melhorou o controle pressórico dos pacientes acompanhados, apresentado impacto positivo sobre os indicadores clínicos, na qualidade de vida da população assim como demonstrou ser eficiente economicamente. / Pharmacists are considered the most qualified professionals for clinical and humanistic drug therapy management. The practice in agreement with the pharmaceutical care philosophy provides an exercise which the professional takes responsibility for all the patient needs and get a commitment in this regard. This type of care describes a method centered on reflective and relational responsibility for new knowledge and practices. As the management and experience of hypertension involve several dimensions, the differentiated assistance of pharmaceutical care provides an alternative to construct a new heath reality. Aiming to investigate the clinical, humanistic and economic aspects, a pharmaceutical care model was implemented in two health units (UBDS-CSE / Sumarezinho and UBS Dom Mielle) in Ribeirão Preto,SP. The service followed 104 patients who participated of 12 pharmaceutical consultations and multiprofessional educational actions. The final analysis showed a slight reduction on the body mass index (BMI) of 0.82 ± 1.11. The hemodynamic data revealed a statistically significant reduction in blood pressure, of 18.18 ± 12.45 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 7.18 ± 4.28 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. The baseline Framingham coronary heart disease (CHD) score was 14.65% and was reduced to 10.90%. The drug therapy profile showed an average of 2 antihypertensive medications per patient with the predominant class of thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers. Medication adherence was one aspect of greatest response to pharmaceutical care. At the baseline 54.81% of participants were classified as non-compliant and at the final all patients maintained the adherence profile for at least 3 months. The social survey involved aspects of quality of life (SF-36) and users satisfaction with pharmaceutical services. There was a significant improvement in all eight SF-36 components, with emphasis on the physical aspects that showed the best performance. Pharmaceutical services were highly rated by the users with an average of 4.61 ± 0.73 pts. The best rated item was the question 12 (orientation of the pharmacist) and the lowest evaluation was to question 13 (pharmacy services). The economic evaluation followed the concept of expected value, defined as the expected cost of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. Pharmaceutical care has shown a 3.77% reduction on CHD risk that matches a cost of R$ 67.82 per patient. Considering the full time pharmacist work, this economy may reach R$ 26,042.88 per month. Based on these results, we conclude that pharmaceutical care improved blood pressure control, with positively influence on clinical aspects, quality of life and prove be economically efficient.
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Statin Pharmacotherapy in U.S. Nursing Homes

Mack, Deborah Sara 27 August 2020 (has links)
Background: Statins have questionable benefits among older adults with life-limiting illness. Statin use is widespread among U.S. older adults, but little is known about use in nursing homes. This dissertation was designed to identify the prevalence and predictors of statin pharmacotherapy use and discontinuation in U.S. nursing homes. Methods: Data sources (2011-2016) included: Minimum Data Set 3.0, Medicare administrative claims data, Provider of Service files, and Dartmouth Atlas files. Analyses included: descriptive statistics, multilevel modeling, and proportional change in cluster variations with adjustments to reduce confounding and model misspecification. Results: Approximately 36% of older adults admitted to U.S. nursing homes between 2015 – 2016 were actively using statins at the time of admission. Among long-stay residents with life-limiting illness, 34% were on statins at one time (2016; aged 65-75 years: 44%, >75 years: 31%). Statin use varied significantly by hospital referral regions, with most variation in the >75 age group. Limiting the sample to statin users, 20% discontinued statins within 30 days of nursing home admission. While discontinuation was positively associated with severity of life-limiting condition, the majority of residents remained on statins 30 days post-admission, including those with a < 6-month prognosis. Conclusion: Statin use is pervasive across US nursing homes and persists with life-limiting illness. Geographic variation appeared to coincide with clinical uncertainty, especially among adults >75 with few national guidelines. More needs to be done to prioritize statin deprescribing in nursing homes with research that identifies ways to facilitate improved patient-provider awareness and engagement in the discontinuation process.
128

Do Pharmacotherapy and/or Psychotherapy Work in Depression? It Depends!

Hoyer, Jürgen, Höfler, Michael January 2011 (has links)
Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Racionalita užívaní inhibitorů protonové pumpy u geriatrických pacientů v České republice / The rational use of proton pump inhibitors among geriatric patients in the Czech Republic

Geletová, Ivana January 2021 (has links)
Institution/department: Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Title of diploma thesis: The rational use of proton pump inhibitors among geriatric patients in the Czech Republic Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Daniela Fialova, PharmDr. Ph.D. Author: Ivana Geletova Introduction: The dynamic process of ageing requires adequate attention at a global level, mainly in the area of providing a proper healthcare. Ageing process is specific by significant involutional changes and is often complicated by higher polymorbidity and polypharmacotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the negative impact of possible drug-related and nondrug-related risk factors and to ensure the rational use of medicines. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most frequently prescribed classes of drugs in older adults, administered especially for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders associated with increased secretion of gastric acid and/or impairment of GIT or as a preventive treatment of potential drug-related and other gastropathies. This diploma thesis focused on evaluating the prevalence of use of PPIs among geriatric patients in acute, ambulatory and pharmacy settings of healthcare in the Czech Republic, in the EUROAGEISM H2020...
130

Hodnocení racionality předepisování vybraných potenciálně nevhodných léčiv u ambulantních geriatrických pacientů / Evaluation of the rationality of prescribing of selected potentially inappropriate medications in ambulatory geriatric patients

Leština, Roman January 2021 (has links)
Institution/department: Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Title of diploma thesis: Evaluation of the rationality of prescribing of selected potentially inappropriate medications in ambulatory geriatric patients Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Daniela Fialova, PharmDr. Ph.D. Author: Roman Lestina Introduction: Rational therapy in the geriatric population is an essential area due to the ever-increasing percentage of geriatric patients in the population. Due to the frequent polypharmacotherapy in these patients, including possible polypragmatism, it is important to constantly monitor potential drug problems and address potential drug risks in a timely manner. As an auxiliary tool in rational geriatric pharmacotherapy, expert groups have defined many potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), which often contribute to drug reactions in the elderly, and which should be given more attention in clinical practice. This diploma thesis focused on 10 selected, most frequently used PIMs in the geriatric outpatient clinic of the University Hospital in Hradec Králové, and its aim was to monitor how often these drugs are prescribed in high-risk situations in geriatric patients (i.e., in the presence of symptoms, laboratory results and diseases, which...

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