Class of 2015 Abstract / Objectives: To determine the incidence of late coagulopathy and characterize those requiring antivenom retreatment among rattlesnake envenomation patients managed by the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (APDIC). Methods: This descriptive, retrospective chart review used data extracted from APDIC charts. Data included coagulopathy lab values recorded during treatment, vials of antivenom required to achieve initial control, total vials during therapy, incidence of initial coagulopathy, use of extended infusion, time until treatment, and permanent sequelae due to snakebite. Demographic information was also recorded. Late coagulopathy is defined as coagulopathy occurring after completion of maintenance dosing, and can be considered recurrent or delayed. Delayed coagulopathy occurs in the absence of an initial coagulopathy, while recurrent coagulopathy requires an initial event previously controlled by antivenom therapy. Results: Of 321 identified reports, 120 patients were treated with antivenom, had outpatient follow-up, and were included in analysis. Sixty-one (50.8%) patients did not have an initial coagulopathy, while 59 (49.2%) had an initial coagulopathy. Late coagulopathy occurred in 63 (52.5%) of patients. Delayed coagulopathies occurred in 19 (31.1%) of patients with no initial coagulopathy; Of those with an initial coagulopathy, recurrent coagulopathies occurred in 44 (74.5%) of patients. Patients with initial coagulopathy were statistically more likely to develop a late coagulopathy than those with no initial coagulopathy (p<0.001). Seventeen patients required retreatment post-discharge. Conclusions: Patients envenomated by rattlesnakes are at high risk for developing late coagulopathies. Close outpatient follow-up is imperative for monitoring of coagulopathies. Need for retreatment with FabAV post-discharge is not uncommon.

Shakespeare's vast cultural capital does not often translate easily to financial capital.Whether those who invest in Shakespeare seek financial, educational, or cultural gain, anunderstanding of capital conversion as it relates to Shakespeare industries can inform decisionsand clarify goals. After clarifying and delineating what we have and know of Shakespeare before1616 and what has been created by culture regarding him after 1616, we label the latterShakesaltation, then seek the key to converting his cultural capital to financial capital. ApplyingPierre Bourdieu's states of cultural capital to the Shakespeare industry illustrates why manyinvestments fail, few succeed, and why: cultural capital must be in its institutionalized state inorder to be convertible to profit. Juxtaposing three case studies of Shakespeare industries (Film,Cultural Destination Tourism, and the Bard Branding practice in various industries), analyzedusing Bourdieu, confirms that Shakesaltation — the ideals and myths that have been createdaround Shakespeare beyond his death — are the key to profiting from Shakespeare.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à un concept innovant d’empoisonnement homogène des neutrons par insertion de terres rare (erbium et gadolinium) dans les gaines en alliage de zirconium pour les réacteurs à eau pressurisée. L’étude des équilibres entre phases des alliages erbium–zirconium et gadolinium–zirconium est indispensable comme préalable à la mise en oeuvre industrielle de ce procédé prometteur d’empoisonnement. Ce travail a consisté à déterminer expérimentalement le diagramme de phases du système erbium–zirconium. Nous avons, par le biais de différentes caractérisations, obtenu des données diagrammatiques. Avec celles-ci, nous proposons un nouveau tracé du diagramme de phases. Celui-ci est radicalement différent de celui disponible dans la littérature. Nous avons modélisé le système par l’approche CALPHAD. Nous avons également déterminé les limites de solubilité des solutions solides terminales du système gadolinium–zirconium. Les données obtenues expérimentalement sont en accord avec le tracé expérimental de la littérature et avec le modèle thermodynamique disponible. Afin de prendre en compte l’oxydation des gaines en service, nous nous sommes également intéressés aux systèmes erbium–oxygène–zirconium et gadolinium–oxygène–zirconium. Le premier système a fait l’objet d’une étude expérimentale. Nous avons mis en place un procédé de synthèse par métallurgie des poudres, incluant la synthèse de celles-ci à partir de métaux massifs. La caractérisation des échantillons ternaires nous a permis de proposer deux coupes isothermes (800°C et 1100°C). Pour le système gadolinium–oxygène–zirconium, nous avons prédit les équilibres entre phases à différentes températures à l’aide de calculs effectués à partir d’une base de données que nous avons construite avec les modèles thermodynamiques de la littérature des systèmes oxygène–zirconium, gadolinium–zirconium et sesquioxyde de gadolinium–zircone. Enfin, nous avons travaillé avec des alliages erbium–zirconium fabriqués en milieu industriel. Nous nous sommes intéressés à leurs propriétés mécaniques en traction, en lien avec leur microstructure. Nous avons mis en évidence l’effet durcissant de l’erbium, notamment à 325‰°C / This work is a contribution to the development of innovating concepts for fuel cladding in pressurized water nuclear reactors. This concept implies the insertion of rare earth (erbium and gadolinium) in the zirconium fuel cladding. The determination of the phase equilibrium in the systems is essential prior to the realisation of such a promising solution. This study consisted in the experimental determination of the erbium–zirconium phase diagram. For this, we used many different techniques to get diagram data like solubility limits and solidus, liquidus or invariant temperatures. With these data, we were able to give a new diagram, very different from the literature one. With the experimental data we collected, we also assessed the diagram, using the CALPHAD approach. In this work, we also determined the solubility limits of the gadolinium–zirconium system. Those limits had never been determined before, and the values we obtained are in excellent agreement with the experimental and with the assessed diagrams. Because these alloys are subjected to oxygen diffusion throughout their life, we focused our attention on the erbium–oxygen–zirconium and gadolinium–oxygen–zirconium system. The first system has been investigated experimentally.We used many different synthesis techniques, and we finally have opted for a powder metallurgy one. As raw material, we fabricated powder from erbium and zirconium bulk metals using hydrogen absorption/desorption. With the formed ternary pellets, we investigated the phase equilibria at 800°C and 1100°C. With the obtained data, we propose two isotherms at those two temperatures. For the gadolinium–oxygen–zirconium system, we calculated the phase equilibria at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1100‰°C, using a homemade database compiled from literature assessments of the oxygen–zirconium, gadolinium–zirconium et gadolia-zirconia systems. We also determined the mechanical properties, in connexion with the microstructure, of industrial quality alloys in order to identify the influence of erbium content. We highlighted the hardening influence of erbium at 325‰°C

A pele dos anfíbios possui uma grande diversidade de glândulas responsáveis por diversas funções. Glândulas cutâneas sexualmente dimórficas (GCSDs) são geralmente encontradas em machos e podem formar macroglândulas conhecidas como regiões \"inchadas\". Dendrobatoidea é o único clado de anfíbios em que machos adultos possuem um inchaço no dedo IV, supostamente associado ao amplexo cefálico que também é exclusivo da superfamília. No entanto, poucos estudos referentes a este caráter foram realizados e sua histologia nunca foi examinada. Buscamos caracterizar as morfologias do inchaço, avaliar a distribuição anatômica de suas glândulas e realizar sua análise taxonômica. Observamos as morfologias externa e interna das mãos de machos e fêmeas adultos e juvenis de 27 espécies da superfamília e fizemos a histologia das mãos de todos os indivíduos para comparar os dedos e os tipos glandulares presentes neles. Realizamos análises histoquímicas para diferenciar e descrever os tipos glandulares encontrados e para determinar se encontramos GCSDs na região do inchaço, analisamos também a pele do dorso de alguns dendrobatóideos. Encontramos glândulas granulosas e mucosas comuns no dorso e nos dedos de todos os indivíduos. Exclusivamente nos machos adultos com o inchaço, encontramos glândulas mucosas especializadas de tipos I, II e III no dedo IV. Glândulas de tipo I estão presentes em todos os machos que apresentam o inchaço do dedo IV, de tipo II estão restritas aos Dendrobatidae e de tipo III ocorrem apenas em Anomaloglossus stepheni. Observamos ainda que machos de espécies anteriormente codificadas sem o inchaço possuem o inchaço no dedo IV e corroboramos a existência do caráter pela presença dos tipos glandulares descritos. Segundo nossa amostragem, a presença do inchaço e de glândulas de tipo I no inchaço é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatoidea, com ausência secundária nas espécies que não possuem o caráter. A presença de glândulas de tipo II é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatidae, com perdas independentes em duas espécies e a presença de glândulas de tipo III é uma autapomorfia de An. Stepheni. Trazemos, portanto, informações que poderão guiar estudos em diversos campos como: comportamento reprodutivo, bioquímica das secreções glandulares e taxonomia dos dendrobatóideos / Amphibians possess a great diversity of skin glands, among which sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are present in males and can form macroglands usually referred to as \"swollen\" regions. Dendrobatoidea is the only clade in which adult males present a swollen in finger IV supposedly associated with the cephalic amplexus, also exclusive to the superfamily. However, few studies of this character have been carried out and the histology of the structure has never been examined. We characterized the different morphologies of the swelling, assessed the anatomical distribution of its glands and tested its homology by taxonomic analysis. We studied the external and internal morphologies and the histology of the hands of adult males and females and juveniles of 27 species to compare all fingers and its gland types. To compare and describe the gland types found at the fingers we ran histochemical studies. We also analyzed the skin of the dorsum of dendobatoid frogs to determine if the gland types found at the swollen region were in fact SDSGs. Our findings showed typical serous and mucous glands at the dorsum and fingers of all individuals and we discovered specialized mucous glands of types I, II and III only at males with the swollen fourth finger. Type I glands are present in all males with the swelling, type II are restricted to Dendrobatidae and type III occur only in Anomaloglossus stepheni. We have also observed that males whose fourth finger was previously coded as \"without the swelling\" had in fact the swelling present, a fact corroborated by the presence of the specialized gland types. According to our samplings, the presence of the swelling in finger IV and of type I glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatoidea, with secondary absence at species without the swelling. The presence of type II glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatidae and the presence of type III glands is an autapomorphy of An. Stepheni. Our findings will guide studies in the most diverse fields such as dendrobatoid\'s reproductive behavior, biochemistry of glandular secretion and taxonomy

As fosfolipases A2 secretadas, particularmente do grupo II são abundantes nos venenos de serpentes, incluindo o gênero Bothrops e estão envolvidas em diversos processos fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos, como inflamação e dor, incluindo artrite. Contudo, não está totalmente caracterizado o papel da FLA2 para a gênese e manutenção dos quadros de inflamação articular. Nosso objetivo foi padronizar um novo modelo de artrite, utilizando sFLA2 do grupo IIA (miotoxina II) isolada do veneno da serpente Bothrops asper e avaliar a mediação química envolvida no processo nociceptivo deste quadro. Os resultados indicaram aumento de permeabilidade vascular, infiltrado celular e hiperalgesia. A hiperalgesia é um processo multimediado com a participação de prostanóides, sendo sua produção decorrente da ativação de FLA2 endógenas. Estes dados sugerem que esta FLA2 pode se tornar uma ferramenta científica importante para o entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos nos processos de inflamação articular. / Secretory phospholipases A2 are abundant in different animal tissues and particularly group II are found in venom snakes and are proteins involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, like inflammation and pain, components of arthritis. However, the involvement of PLA2 in the genesis and maintenance of articular inflammation is not well characterized. Our aim is to characterize the articular inflammatory response induced by Lys 49-PLA2 (IIA group) isolated from B. asper snake venom. It was analyzed the nociceptive process involved, developing a new experimental model of articular inflammation. Our results indicated that sPLA2 induces increase in the vascular permeability, cell migration and hyperalgesia. Hyperalgesia is a multimediated process and prostanoids are involved in the nociceptive process, being its production dependent of the endogenous PLA2 activation. These data indicate that this PLA2 could be an important scientific tool for the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in articular inflammation processes.

Amphibians possess a great diversity of skin glands, among which sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are present in males and can form macroglands usually referred to as \"swollen\" regions. Dendrobatoidea is the only clade in which adult males present a swollen in finger IV supposedly associated with the cephalic amplexus, also exclusive to the superfamily. However, few studies of this character have been carried out and the histology of the structure has never been examined. We characterized the different morphologies of the swelling, assessed the anatomical distribution of its glands and tested its homology by taxonomic analysis. We studied the external and internal morphologies and the histology of the hands of adult males and females and juveniles of 27 species to compare all fingers and its gland types. To compare and describe the gland types found at the fingers we ran histochemical studies. We also analyzed the skin of the dorsum of dendobatoid frogs to determine if the gland types found at the swollen region were in fact SDSGs. Our findings showed typical serous and mucous glands at the dorsum and fingers of all individuals and we discovered specialized mucous glands of types I, II and III only at males with the swollen fourth finger. Type I glands are present in all males with the swelling, type II are restricted to Dendrobatidae and type III occur only in Anomaloglossus stepheni. We have also observed that males whose fourth finger was previously coded as \"without the swelling\" had in fact the swelling present, a fact corroborated by the presence of the specialized gland types. According to our samplings, the presence of the swelling in finger IV and of type I glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatoidea, with secondary absence at species without the swelling. The presence of type II glands is a synapomorphy of Dendrobatidae and the presence of type III glands is an autapomorphy of An. Stepheni. Our findings will guide studies in the most diverse fields such as dendrobatoid\'s reproductive behavior, biochemistry of glandular secretion and taxonomy / A pele dos anfíbios possui uma grande diversidade de glândulas responsáveis por diversas funções. Glândulas cutâneas sexualmente dimórficas (GCSDs) são geralmente encontradas em machos e podem formar macroglândulas conhecidas como regiões \"inchadas\". Dendrobatoidea é o único clado de anfíbios em que machos adultos possuem um inchaço no dedo IV, supostamente associado ao amplexo cefálico que também é exclusivo da superfamília. No entanto, poucos estudos referentes a este caráter foram realizados e sua histologia nunca foi examinada. Buscamos caracterizar as morfologias do inchaço, avaliar a distribuição anatômica de suas glândulas e realizar sua análise taxonômica. Observamos as morfologias externa e interna das mãos de machos e fêmeas adultos e juvenis de 27 espécies da superfamília e fizemos a histologia das mãos de todos os indivíduos para comparar os dedos e os tipos glandulares presentes neles. Realizamos análises histoquímicas para diferenciar e descrever os tipos glandulares encontrados e para determinar se encontramos GCSDs na região do inchaço, analisamos também a pele do dorso de alguns dendrobatóideos. Encontramos glândulas granulosas e mucosas comuns no dorso e nos dedos de todos os indivíduos. Exclusivamente nos machos adultos com o inchaço, encontramos glândulas mucosas especializadas de tipos I, II e III no dedo IV. Glândulas de tipo I estão presentes em todos os machos que apresentam o inchaço do dedo IV, de tipo II estão restritas aos Dendrobatidae e de tipo III ocorrem apenas em Anomaloglossus stepheni. Observamos ainda que machos de espécies anteriormente codificadas sem o inchaço possuem o inchaço no dedo IV e corroboramos a existência do caráter pela presença dos tipos glandulares descritos. Segundo nossa amostragem, a presença do inchaço e de glândulas de tipo I no inchaço é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatoidea, com ausência secundária nas espécies que não possuem o caráter. A presença de glândulas de tipo II é uma sinapomorfia de Dendrobatidae, com perdas independentes em duas espécies e a presença de glândulas de tipo III é uma autapomorfia de An. Stepheni. Trazemos, portanto, informações que poderão guiar estudos em diversos campos como: comportamento reprodutivo, bioquímica das secreções glandulares e taxonomia dos dendrobatóideos

O veneno da serpente Crotalus durissus terrificus e seus componentes desencadeiam importantes efeitos biológicos que envolvem direta e/ou indiretamente, componentes do sistema circulatório. Contudo, não há estudos específicos na literatura sobre os efeitos do veneno crotálico ou de suas toxinas, em células endoteliais. As células endoteliais constituem a camada de revestimento interna dos vasos sanguíneos, denominada endotélio. Este tecido é metabolicamente ativo, com função protetora do sistema cardiovascular e desempenha papel central na regulação da função circulatória, através do controle da coagulação, permeabilidade e do tônus vascular. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus (VCdt), do seu componente majoritário, a crotoxina (CTX) e de suas subunidades, fosfolipase A2 (CB) e crotapotina (CA), sobre células endoteliais, em cultura, quanto à: i) viabilidade e proliferação celular; ii) integridade das monocamadas; iii) produção de óxido nítrico, de prostaciclina e mecanismos envolvidos neste efeito. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus afetou a viabilidade e a integridade de células endoteliais em cultura, de modo tempo-dependente e apenas na maior concentração, sugerindo sua baixa toxicidade sobre as células endoteliais. A subunidade CB, mas não a CTX nem a crotapotina, reproduziu os efeitos causados pelo VCdt. Em concentrações não citotóxicas, tanto o veneno quanto as toxinas não alteraram a proliferação celular nem a produção basal de óxido nítrico pelas células endoteliais. Por outro lado, o veneno e a subunidade CB, mas não a CTX nem a CA causaram aumento significativo da produção de prostaciclina, via COX-1 e COX-2, sendo que a expressão protéica da isoforma COX-2 foi induzida por estes agentes. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a fosfolipase citosólica é relevante para o aumento da produção de prostaciclina, induzido pela CB. Adicionalmente, foi demonstrado que a atividade catalítica da subunidade CB é essencial para os efeitos descritos. Isto reforça a sugestão de que a subunidade fosfolipásica, isoladamente, possa contribuir para os efeitos do veneno total no endotélio. Nesse sentido, se houver alguma fração desta enzima na sua forma livre, no veneno total, sugere-se que ela contribua, de modo significativo, para os efeitos do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus no endotélio. / Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom (CdtV) and their components induces systemic effects, which interfere with blood vessel system. Endothelial cells (EC) are central elements for haemostasis, regulating blood vessel-wall permeability, blood fluidity and adhesion properties of circulating leukocytes. However, there is no available data on the effects of this venom and its components on endothelial cells. In this study, the effects of CdtV, crotoxin (CTX) which is formed by two distinct subunits named crotapotin (CA) and phospholipase A2 (CB), on endothelial cells in vitro were investigated, analyzing EC viability and proliferation, EC monolayers integrity, release of both nitric oxide and prostacyclin (PGI2). CdtV, at the highest concentration, time-dependently decreased the viability of EC and the integrity of cell monolayers. The CB subunit, but not CTX nor CA, reproduced the effects caused by crude venom. In contrast, neither EC proliferation nor release of oxide nitric were affected by non-cytotoxic concentrations of CdtV or isolated toxins. However, at the same experimental condition, both CdtV and CB increased the prostacyclin release by endothelium through activation of COX-1 and -2 enzyme systems. Moreover, these toxins upregulated protein expression of COX-2 isoform, but did not alter constitutive expression of COX-1. On the other hand, neither CTX nor CA affected basal production of PGI2. Inhibition of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) by AACOCF3 significantly reduced PGI2 increments caused by both CdtV and CB implying that cPLA2 cooperates for the synthesis of PGI2 induced by them. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of CB abrogated its ability to induce the release of PGI2, thus suggesting the importance of the phospholipase A2 enzyme activity for this effect. These findings provide evidence that CdtV and CB can directly activate EC and up-regulate cyclooxygenase pathways for production of prostacyclin, an important mediator of vasodilation and inflammation. Moreover, CB through its catalytic activity may significantly contribute for the stimulatory effect of CdtV in EC. Therefore, these findings indicate novel regulatory mechanisms for both CdtV and venom secretory PLA2 in endothelial cells.

O envenenamento por aranhas Loxosceles é caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento de dermonecrose. A expressão de metaloproteases induzidas pelas esfingomielinases do veneno pode estar envolvida no loxoscelismo cutâneo. Os resultados mostraram que o veneno de Loxosceles laeta e a proteína recombinante SMase I foram capazes de: induzir a expressão de metaloproteases (MMP-2, MMP-7 e MMP-9); diminuir a expressão de alguns marcadores de superfície e causar morte celular. A indução de MMP-7, como produto da ação do veneno e da SMase I de L. laeta, não foi reportada em outras espécies do gênero. O uso de inibidores de metaloproteases, como a tetraciclina, impediu a morte celular e reduziu a expressão de MMPs. A galardina, um composto que inibe metaloproteases da família das adamlisinas e das MMPs, evitou a clivagem dos marcadores MCP, 2-microglobulina, MHCI, EPCR em queratinócitos humanos tratados. Os resultados revelam que a inibição das metaloproteases de matriz extracelular e da família das adamlisinas pode ser uma alternativa eficaz no tratamento do loxoscelismo cutâneo. / The envenomation by Loxosceles spider characterized by the development of dermonecrosis. Metalloproteinases expression, induced by venom sphingomyelinases, may be involved in cutaneous loxoscelism. The results showed that Loxosceles laeta venom and the recombinant protein SMase I were able to: induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-7 e MMP-9); reduce the expression of some surface markers and cause cell death. The induction of MMP-7, as a product of venom and SMase I action, has not been reported for other genus species. The use of metalloproteinase inhibitors, such as tetracycline, prevented cell death and reduced MMPs expression. Galardin, a compound that inhibits metalloproteinases from the adamlisins family and MMPs, avoided the cleavage of MCP, 2-microglobulin, MHCI and EPCR on the surface of the treated human keratinocytes. These data indicate that inhibition of metalloproteinases can be an effective alternative on the cutaneous loxoscelism treatment.

This dissertation argues that the origins of civil defense are to be found in pre-World War II Britain and that a driving force of this early civil defense scheme was fear of poison gas. Later iterations of civil defense, such as the Cold War system in America, built on already existing regimes that had proven their worth during WWII. This dissertation demonstrates not only that WWII civil defense served as a blueprint for later civil defense schemes, but also that poison gas anxiety served as a particular tool for the implementation and success of civil defense. The dissertation is organized thematically, exploring the role of civilians and volunteers in the civil defense scheme, as well as demonstrating the vital importance of physical manifestations of civil defense, such as gas masks and air raid shelters, in ensuring the success of the scheme. By the start of World War II, many civilians had already been training in civil defense procedures for several years, learning how to put out fires, recognize bombs, warn against gas, decontaminate buildings, rescue survivors, and perform first aid. The British government had come to the conclusion, long before the threat became realized, that the civilian population was a likely target for air attacks and that measures were required to protect them. World War I (WWI) saw the first aerial attacks targeted specifically at civilians, suggesting a future where such attacks would occur more frequently and deliberately. Poison gas, used in WWI, seemed a particularly horrifying threat that presented significant problems. Civil defense was born out of this need to protect the civil population from attack by bombs or poison gas. For the next five years of war civil defense worked to maintain British morale and to protect civilian lives. This was the first real scheme of civil defense, instituted by the British government specifically for the protection of its civilian population.

Flamboyant colors are widespread throughout the animal kingdom. While many of these traits arise through sexual selection, bright coloration can also evolve through natural selection. Many aposematic species, for example, use conspicuous warning coloration to communicate their noxiousness to predators. Recent research suggests these signals can also function in the context of mate choice. Studies of warning color evolution can therefore provide new insights into how the interplay of natural and sexual selection impact the trajectory of conspicuous signal evolution. For my dissertation, I investigated the potential for male-male competition to impact the warning color evolution of a species of poison frog. I focused my work on an exceptionally bright and toxic population of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) where males are brighter than females, a classic signature of sexual selection. In Chapter 1, I used theoretical models of predator and frog visual systems to determine which can see the variation in bright warning coloration within this population. I found that birds, the presumed major predator, likely cannot see this variation, indicating that sexual selection can work under the radar of predators in this species. In Chapter 2, I tested the aggressive responses of males using a two-way choice paradigm that manipulated the perceived brightness of stimulus males. I found that males directed more of their behaviors to bright stimulus frogs, and brighter focal frogs more readily approached stimuli and directed more of their attention to the brighter rival. In Chapter 3, I tested the outcomes of dyadic interactions between males of varying brightness and observed male reactions to simulated intruders in their territories. I found that brighter males initiated aggressive interactions with rivals more readily, and brightness asymmetries between males settled interactions in a way that is consistent with classic hypotheses about male sexual signals. In Chapter 4 I sought to describe physiological correlates of male warning color brightness. While male brightness did not co-vary with classic measures of body condition (circulating testosterone and skin carotenoids), it did correlate with toxins sequestered from the diet and thus appears to be a reliable signal of toxicity in this population. / text