Projekt som arbetsform är vanligt för de flesta idag. Det är projektledaren som är ledaren av projektet och har som ansvar att se till att projektmålet uppnås, arbetsuppgifterna fördelas, skapa engagemang och motivera projektdeltagarna. En projektledare har oftast goda kunskaper om hur man på bästa sätt vägleder en projektgrupp genom olika projektfaser för att uppnå goda projektresultat och vilka framgångsfaktorer projektledare ska fokusera på. En framgångsfaktor som ofta inte prioriteras är hur motiverade projektmedlemmarna är. Vad är det som gör att individer gör sitt bästa och hur får man dem till det? Motiverade individer presterar bättre. En ledares beteende kan påverka en individs motivation och därmed även individens prestation. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om vad projektledare fokuserar på idag när det kommer till att skapa motiverade projektmedlemmar. Det kan vara en väg framåt i utformningen av utbildningar som berör hur ledare arbetar med motivation. För att svara på studiens forskningsfråga har vi intervjuat sex projektledare utifrån en intervjuguide för att ta reda på vad de anser motivera sina projektmedlemmar. Svaren från projektledarna har analyserat och sju handlingar som anses motivera har tagits fram och sedan analyserats utifrån Amabiles progressprincip (Amabile & Kramer 2011b). Progressprincipen visar att viktigast är att individer upplever progress för att känna sig motiverad. Våra resultat tyder på att de projektledare som ingått i studien inte har förstått det. Utifrån vår analys kan vi se att respondenterna fokuserar minst på att underlätta progress för projektmedlemmarna. Det bekräftar resultaten från en undersökning (Amabile & Kramer 2011b) där ledare fått rangordna effekterna av fem faktorer som kan inverka på de anställdas motivation och känslor under arbetet. Projektledarna som intervjuats i den här studien fokuserar mest på den psykosociala arbetsmiljön i arbetsteamet när de ska motivera sina projektmedlemmar.   Nyckelord: Motivation, Projektledning, Progress Principle, Inner Work Life. / Projects as a work form is common for most people today. The project manager is the leader of the project and has the responsibility to ensure achieving the goals of the project, to allocate the tasks, create engagement and motivate participants in the project. A project manager usually has good knowledge about the best way to guide a project team through different project phases to achieve sufficient project results. A success factor that is often not a priority is how motivated project members are. What makes people doing their best and how do you get them to it? Motivated people perform better. A leader's behavior can affect an individual's motivation, and thus also the individual's performance. The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about what project managers focus on today when it comes to creating motivated project members. It can be a way forward in the design of education that concerns how manager’s work with motivation. In order to answer the study's research question, we have interviewed six project managers based on an interview guide to find out what they consider to motivate their project members. We have analyzed the responses from the project managers and we developed seven actions, which were considered to enhance motivation. These were analyzed using The Progress Principle (Amabile & Kramer 2011b). The Progress Principle shows that the most important thing is that individuals experience progress to be motivated. Our results indicate that the project managers included in the study have not understood it. Based on our analysis, we can see that facilitating project members’ experience of progress, is the area least in focus. This confirms the results of a survey (Amabile & Kramer 2011b) where leaders have ranked the effects of five factors that can affect employee motivation and emotions during the work. The project leaders interviewed in this study focus mostly on the psychosocial work environment, when motivating their project members. Keywords: Motivation, Project Management, Progress Principle, Inner Work Life

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

This study aims to examine how the emergence of modern warfare are challenging International Humanitarian Law when it comes to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Thereby gaining a better understanding of how modern warfare is putting civilians at risk and how International Humanitarian Law is being challenged by the development of warfare. This study is a multidisciplinary study of Peace and Conflict Studies and International Law, which gives a rare perspective on civilian’s position in modern warfare. Thereby this study is not only showing the legal challenges in armed conflict but also bringing in the perspective of civilian’s position in modern warfare. This study will make use of three case studies: urban warfare, non-state actors and the use of drones in armed conflict. This study concludes that the challenges which International Humanitarian Law meets in modern warfare, is related to the need of clarifications but also a need for a greater enforcement and respect of the law by all parties of the conflict, both state and non-state actors. Lastly, there is a need for strengthening the inclusion of non-state actors in international law and strengthen International Humanitarian Law to meet the challenges of modern warfare to protect the civilians.

In this study, I deal with general laws or principles of Czech orthography. After the introduction, I define the smallest written unit, a grapheme in the second chapter. In the third and fourth chapters, I focus on how and where two main principles of Czech orthography manifest, and how and where they are violated. The first of these principles is the phonemic principle, ie. the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a phoneme and a grapheme, and the second one is the morphemic principle, ie. the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a morpheme and its written form.

This study examines how the concepts of biomedical ethics are considered in Islam and how historical Islamic medical scholars treated the concept of ethics in their practice of medicine. Moreover, this research explores the principle of autonomy in biomedical ethics as a factor in Islamic practice of medicine. The issue of autonomy in medical practice is an important topic of discussion requiring examination of the methods of its adaptation and application in Muslim-majority countries. The value and significance of this topic continues at a global level, involving Muslim communities in Non-Muslim countries experiencing religious and social diversity. The fieldwork of this study was conducted in Turkey, Jordan and Gaza Strip, Palestine, investigating the subject matter with practitioners in health care sectors as well as with leading academics, researchers, non-government organizations and policymakers. The results indicate that the principle of autonomy is not fully implemented in the three countries from an Islamic perspective. / 博士(グローバル社会研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

The thesis critically examines the Brazilian adoption of arm's length principle and assesses its impact on the country's fiscal sovereignty in cross-border commodities transactions. The arm's length principle is regarded as an useful tool for preventing tax avoidance and ensuring tax neutrality. While the adoption of this principle by Brazil serves as a way of aligning its tax regulations with international standards and enhancing tax transparency, it also raises critical questions regarding the country’s fiscal sovereignty. This is due to the fact that the adoption of the arm's length principle results in decreasing the country’s control over tax policies in order to adhere to global and international standards. The thesis critically examines the motivation behind the adoption of this principle by Brazil and evaluates it under the perspective of the practicability principle. The thesis also assesses the implications on fiscal sovereignty of Brazil and highlights potential conflicts that may arise in the ongoing transformation in the Brazilian tax landscape.

In Sonap Petroleum (formerly known as Sonarep) (SA) (Pty) Ltd v Pappadog1an1s 1992 (3) SA 234 (A) the Appellate Division apparently approved the direct application of the reliance theory, without reference to prejudice or fault, to determine contractual liability in the absence of consensus. The various approaches to contractual liability in South African law are examined, and a comparative study of English law and the law of the Netherlands is conducted. It is submitted that the element of fault is not crucial to the enquiry, but rather, the elements of conduct , inducement and a reasonable reliance upon consensus. It is concluded that the test for contractual liability in the absence of actual consensus, as formula ted by the court in Sonap's case, without reference to prejudice or fault, has established sound precedent in South African law. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.

Notion faisant l’objet de nombreuses occurrences dans les textes des différents ordres juridiques, le développement durable est difficilement saisissable en droit. Son sens même est hétérogène. D’une part, ce terme peut se référer à la recherche d’une finalité de solidarité mettant l’accent sur les droits des générations futures, et par conséquent, sur la protection de l’environnement en tant que patrimoine commun. D’autre part, le développement durable est aussi défini comme un objectif de conciliation dans le cadre duquel l’exigence environnementale doit s’articuler avec d’autres piliers relatifs au développement économique et au progrès social. Le droit résultant de l’organisation institutionnelle territoriale n’échappe pas au problème de l’appréhension et de la définition de cette notion à contenu variable, qu’il s’agisse de l’encadrement l’action administrative, ou de la réforme des collectivités et de leurs groupements.Pour autant, le développement durable est incontestablement en voie de consolidation juridique, tant sur le plan de sa finalité que sur le plan de la méthode pour y parvenir. À ce propos, on peut relever le renforcement du principe de responsabilité environnementale ou l’émergence d’un principe de non-régression de la protection de l’environnement.Les différents principes relatifs au développement durable ont une influence certaine sur le fonctionnement même des collectivités territoriales. La démocratie environnementale est significative d’une certaine autonomisation juridique de la démocratie par rapport au concept classique de la représentation. Réciproquement, les mutations relatives à la recompositionterritoriale posent la question de leurs influences sur les politiques publiques promouvant cette notion-clé de la Charte de l’environnement. / Despite its numerous uses in many juridical orders : sustainable development has differents meanings. On one hand, it means that the environment needs to be protected in order to guarantee rights of future generations. On the other hand, sustainable development is equally defined as the conciliation between environmental policies, economical development and social progress. Territorial restructuring drafts are confronted at this polysemous concept.In spite of this difficulty, sustainable development is consolidated by french public law in his finality as far as its means. About that, standstill principle and environmental responsability enhance this theory.Other principles contibute to sustainable development realization. Environmental democracy takes an independence compared to the classical reprensentative democracy’s concept. In reciprocity, territorial restructuring keeps an influence on public policies about this constitutionnalized notion since the 2005’s Environnemental Carta.

Le droit est devenu de plus en plus illisible et compliqué. Les causes de ce mal juridique sont multiples, il s’agit d’une part, de ce qu’on a appelé une inflation législative où le rythme d’élaboration et de modification des textes juridiques bat tous les records. D’autre part, cette complexité normative a été renforcée par l’apparition de matières juridiques nouvelles faisant appel à des concepts techniques et scientifiques, il s’agit par exemple du droit des nouvelles technologies. Enfin, la crise de la norme juridique est due aussi à la dégradation de la qualité rédactionnelle des textes. Pouvoirs publics et personnes privées s’accordaient pour dénoncer un phénomène d’insécurité juridique. C’est dans ce contexte que le Conseil d’Etat a consacré un principe de sécurité juridique comme moyen de remédier à ce phénomène. Au lendemain de cette consécration la doctrine dans sa majorité estimait qu’il s’agissait d’un principe qui respecte la portée objective de notre droit administratif. Nous avons estimé, avec d’autres, qu’il s’agit en revanche d’un principe inspiré du principe de protection de la confiance légitime. Celui-ci d’origine allemande, et adopté par le droit Communautaire et celui de tous les Etats européens, est de portée subjective. Ainsi nous avons développé l’idée qu’à travers le principe de sécurité juridique, le Conseil d’ Etat consacre un droit public subjectif à la sécurité juridique qui rompt avec cette tradition objective du droit administratif français. En effet, depuis la consécration du principe de sécurité juridique, notre droit administratif prend une tournure subjective. / Law has become increasingly illegible and complicated. The causes of this are multiple, it acts on the one hand, of what one called a legislative inflation where the rhythm of development and modification of the legal texts breaks all the records. In addition, this normative complexity was reinforced by the appearance of new legal matters calling on technical and scientific concepts, such as for example new technology law. Lastly, the crisis of the legal standard is due also to the deterioration of the editorial quality of the texts. Public authorities and individuals agreed to denounce a phenomenon of legal insecurity. It is in this context that the Council of State stated a principle of legal security like means of curing this phenomenon. After this decision, the doctrines in its majority estimated that it was a principle which respected the objective range of our administrative law. With others, we feel that it is principle inspired of the principle of protection of legitimate confidence.This one, of German origin, and adopted by the Community law and that of all the European States, is of subjective range. Thus we developed the idea that through the principle of legal security, the Council of State establishes a subjective public right to the legal security which breaks with this objective tradition of the French administrative law. Indeed, since the principle of legal security is proclaimed, our administrative law takes a subjective turn.

In Sonap Petroleum (formerly known as Sonarep) (SA) (Pty) Ltd v Pappadog1an1s 1992 (3) SA 234 (A) the Appellate Division apparently approved the direct application of the reliance theory, without reference to prejudice or fault, to determine contractual liability in the absence of consensus. The various approaches to contractual liability in South African law are examined, and a comparative study of English law and the law of the Netherlands is conducted. It is submitted that the element of fault is not crucial to the enquiry, but rather, the elements of conduct , inducement and a reasonable reliance upon consensus. It is concluded that the test for contractual liability in the absence of actual consensus, as formula ted by the court in Sonap's case, without reference to prejudice or fault, has established sound precedent in South African law. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.