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191	A Heat Transfer Model for Industrial Food Processes Pietromonaco, Joseph Allen 10 August 2011 (has links) No description available. Energy Engineering Experiments Food Science Industrial Engineering Mathematics Mechanical Engineering pasteurization pasteurize heat transfer conduction food process thermally processed food finite element analysis process optimization thermally treated one term approximation conduction approximation simulation
192	Efeitos da radiação gama na microbiota e no teor de vitamina C de agrião (Nasturtium officinale) orgânico minimamente processado: aceitação e intenção de compra do produto irradiado / Effects of gamma radiation on the microbiota and vitamin C content of minimally processed organic watercr ess (Nasturtium officinale): Acceptance and intention to purchase the irradiated product Martins, Cecilia Geraldes 17 October 2008 (has links) O aumento do consumo de vegetais frescos e a globalização do mercado de hortaliças e frutas frescas provocaram um aumento na preocupação com as enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) associadas a esses produtos. No Brasil, a produção de hortaliças orgãnicas vem crescendo, aproximadamente 40% ao ano. Considerando o exposto, foram analisadas 108 amostras de agrião orgãnico minimamente processado e irradiado coletadas, aleatoriamente, em produtores da região de São Roque, São Paulo, no período de novembro de 2005 a março de 2007, para avaliar a ecologia microbiana e a concentração de vitamina C ao longo da cadeia produtiva. As amostras de agrião orgãnico coletadas no campo e as de minimamente processado apresentaram populações superiores a 3,0 log UFC/g para aeróbios mesófilos, aeróbios psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp, coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli. Salmonella spp, E. coli 0157:H7 e L. monocytogenes não foram detectadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Comparando o processo mínimo com a combinação processo mínimo e irradiação constata-se que a combinação é mais eficiente uma vez que o processo mínimo seguido de exposição à dose de 1 kGy foi suficiente para reduzir de maneira significativa os diversos grupos de mícrorganismos no agrião. As concentrações de ácido ascórbico, ácido dehidroáscorbico e de vitamina C variaram em todas as etapas de processamento do agrião orgãnico minimamente processado e irradiado. Ao longo da vida-de-prateleira de agrião orgãnico minimamente processado e irradiado, a população de L. monocytogenes foi reduzida em, aproximadamente, 4,5, 5,5 e 5,9 ciclos log de acordo com as doses de 1 kGy, 2 kGye 3 kGy, respectivamente. Comportamento similar pode ser constatado para a população de Salmonella spp,. Os resultados da análise sensorial mostraram que o conhecimento ou não do processo de irradiação pelo consumidor não prejudica a aceitação e a intenção de compra do produto irradiado. Portanto o processo de irradiação visando a melhoria da qualidade de agrião orgânico é factível desde que sejam seguidas as Boas Práticas Agrícolas, Boas Práticas de Produção e Boas Práticas do Processo de Irradiação. / With the increase in the consumption of fresh vegetables and the globalization of the market for fresh fruits and vegetables, the concern with foodborne diseases associated with these products has also increased. In Brazil, the production of organic vegetables has increased approximately 40% per year in the last decade. Considering the above, 108 samples of irradiated, minimally processed, organic watercress from producers in the region of Sao Roque, Sao Paulo, were collected through November 2005 to March 2007, to assess the microbial ecology and vitamin C content. Samples of organic watercress collected at the farm level and at the industry level showed populations higher than 3,0 UFC/g for aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic, Pseudomonas spp, fecal coliforms and E. coli. Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected along the production chain. Comparing the minimal process and the combination of minimal process and irradiation, the combination was more efficient since even the lower dose (1 kGy) was sufficient to reduce the population of the various groups of microorganisms. The ascorbic acid, dehidroascorbic acid and vitamin C content varied at all stages of minimal processing as well as with the exposed doses of irradiation (1, 2 and 3 kGy). The population of L. monocytogenes decreased approximately 4.5, 5.5, and 5.9 log cycles, depending on the exposed doses, throughout the shelf life of irradiated minimally processed organic watercress. Similar behavior was showed by the Salmonella population. Sensory evaluation results showed that previous knowledge or none by consumers does not interfere with the acceptance and intention of purchase of irradiated minimally processed organic watercress. Thus the process of irradiation to improve the microbiological quality of minimally processed organic watercress is feasible provided that Good Agricultural Practice, Good Practice Production and Good Irradiation Practice are followed. Agrião (Avaliação) Alimentos de Origem vegetal Análise sensorial Ecologia microbiana Food irradiation (Effects) Food Microbiology (Analysis) Food of vegetable origin Food Technology Irradiação Irradiação de alimentos (Efeitos) Irradiation Microbial ecology Microbiologia de alimentos (Análise) Minimally processed Minimamente processados Organic Orgânico Sensory analysis Tecnologia de alimentos Vitamin C (Evaluation) Vitamina C (Avaliação) Watercress (Evaluation)
193	Composés formés au cours de la cuisson d'une matrice fromagère : contribution à la modélisation stoechio-cinétique multi-réponses de la réaction de Maillard / Heat induced compounds in a model cheese matrix : a contribution to the multi-response modeling of the Maillard reaction Bertrand, Emmanuel 14 September 2011 (has links) Le fromage fondu est issu de la seconde transformation du lait. Sa fabrication implique le mélange, le chauffage et la texturation de produits laitiers (fromage, beurre et poudres de lait) et non laitiers (agents émulsifiants, acide citrique et chlorure de sodium). Le résultat est un produit homogène, généralement tartinable et à la durée de conservation longue, souvent supérieure à 6 mois. Au cours de la fabrication et du stockage, les réactions d’oxydation des lipides, de caramélisation et de Maillard forment des composés odorants dont certains sont potentiellement indésirables pour la flaveur du produit. Dans le cadre du projet ANR-06-PNRA-023 Réactial, une démarche méthodologique a été mise en place afin : (i) d’identifier les marqueurs réactionnels précurseurs ou responsables des défauts de flaveur observés, (ii) de suivre l’évolution de ces marqueurs au cours des traitements thermiques appliqués, (iii) d’établir un schéma réactionnel observable en vue (iv) de la modélisation et de la prédiction de l’évolution des marqueurs réactionnels et indirectement de l’apparition de défauts de flaveur. Ceci a nécessité la mise au point d’une formulation de matrice de fromage fondu modèle ainsi que l’élaboration d’une cellule de traitement thermique. Différents couplages de chromatographie en phase gazeuse à l’olfactométrie ont été utilisés afin d’identifier les composés odorants. La chromatographie bidimensionnelle systématique couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol a permis une semi-quantification des composés traces et ultra-traces tandis que les précurseurs ont été quantifiés par chromatographie liquide haute performance. Les données ainsi obtenues ont permis l’écriture d’un schéma réactionnel observable qui a donné lieu à une modélisation stoechio-cinétique multi-réponses. Un ajustement des données expérimentales par le modèle a pu être réalisé malgré une quantification partielle des différents constituants. / Processed cheese derives from a secondary milk processing step that involves mixing and heating dairy (cheese, butter and milk powders) and non-dairy products (emulsifiers). This processing yields a homogeneous product, usually spreadable, with a shelf-life often longer than 6 months. During processing and storage, lipid oxidation, caramelization and Maillard reactions occur and produce odour-active compounds. Some of them are potentialy involved in the development of odour defects. As part of the ANR-06-PNRA-023 Réactial project, a methodological approach was used in order to (i) identify key compounds responsible for the flavor defects observed, (ii) monitor the evolution of these markers during the heat treatment applied to the cheese matrix, (iii) establish an observable reaction scheme, (iv) model and predict the evolution of these compounds during thermal operations. To do this, a model cheese and its cooking cell were elaborated. Various couplings of gas chromatography with olfactometry were used to identify odorous compounds. Two-dimensional comprehensive chromatography allowed a semi-quantitation of trace and ultra-trace compounds, while precursors were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. An observable reaction scheme was extracted from these data and make the multi-response modelling step possible despite a partial quantitation of the volatile compounds. Fromage fondu Réaction de Maillard Oxydation lipidique Composés volatils néoformés GC-MS/O GC-GC-MS/O VIDEO-Sniff GCxGC-tof MS HPLC Processed cheese Maillard reaction Lipid oxidation Newly formed volatiles GCMS/ O GC-GC-MS/O VIDEO-Sniff GCxGC-tof MS HPLC
194	Organic Semiconductor Detector for Large Area Digital Imaging Shafique, Umar 06 September 2014 (has links) Organic semiconductor technology has gained attention in both the sensor and display markets due to its low cost and simple fabrication techniques. The ability to fabricate organic semiconductor devices such as photodetectors and transistors on a flexible, lightweight substrate makes them less fragile and ideal candidates for portable large-area imaging applications. The use of organic semiconductor technology in large-area medical imaging can bring about a new generation of flexible and lightweight indirect X-ray imagers. These imagers are immune to mechanical shock and should be ideal for portable intraoral X-ray radiology. In order to realize these organic flexible imagers and their use in large-area medical imaging, many challenges associated with the device performance and fabrication need to be overcome. Among these challenges, one of the greatest is to improve the dark current performance of the organic semiconductor photodetectors (key for imager performance) with a high-photo to-dark current ratio. Low dark current is needed to improve the sensitivity of the imager, whereas a large photo-to-dark current ratio reduces noise in the extracted image. Numerous techniques have been reported to improve the dark current performance in vertical organic photodetector design; however, lateral photodetectors still lack research attention. This thesis presents a lateral multilayer photodetector design and a simplified technique to improve the dark current performance of lateral organic semiconductor photodetectors. Our technique allows us to apply a large bias voltage while maintaining a low dark current, high photo-to-dark current ratio, and improves detector speed; thus, the overall sensitivity of the detector is improved. We further show the integration of an organic photodetector with an organic backplane readout circuit to form a flexible large-area imager. This imager can be used for large-area digital imaging applications such as in medical radiology.
195	Efeitos da radiação gama na microbiota e no teor de vitamina C de agrião (Nasturtium officinale) orgânico minimamente processado: aceitação e intenção de compra do produto irradiado / Effects of gamma radiation on the microbiota and vitamin C content of minimally processed organic watercr ess (Nasturtium officinale): Acceptance and intention to purchase the irradiated product Cecilia Geraldes Martins 17 October 2008 (has links) O aumento do consumo de vegetais frescos e a globalização do mercado de hortaliças e frutas frescas provocaram um aumento na preocupação com as enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) associadas a esses produtos. No Brasil, a produção de hortaliças orgãnicas vem crescendo, aproximadamente 40% ao ano. Considerando o exposto, foram analisadas 108 amostras de agrião orgãnico minimamente processado e irradiado coletadas, aleatoriamente, em produtores da região de São Roque, São Paulo, no período de novembro de 2005 a março de 2007, para avaliar a ecologia microbiana e a concentração de vitamina C ao longo da cadeia produtiva. As amostras de agrião orgãnico coletadas no campo e as de minimamente processado apresentaram populações superiores a 3,0 log UFC/g para aeróbios mesófilos, aeróbios psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp, coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli. Salmonella spp, E. coli 0157:H7 e L. monocytogenes não foram detectadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Comparando o processo mínimo com a combinação processo mínimo e irradiação constata-se que a combinação é mais eficiente uma vez que o processo mínimo seguido de exposição à dose de 1 kGy foi suficiente para reduzir de maneira significativa os diversos grupos de mícrorganismos no agrião. As concentrações de ácido ascórbico, ácido dehidroáscorbico e de vitamina C variaram em todas as etapas de processamento do agrião orgãnico minimamente processado e irradiado. Ao longo da vida-de-prateleira de agrião orgãnico minimamente processado e irradiado, a população de L. monocytogenes foi reduzida em, aproximadamente, 4,5, 5,5 e 5,9 ciclos log de acordo com as doses de 1 kGy, 2 kGye 3 kGy, respectivamente. Comportamento similar pode ser constatado para a população de Salmonella spp,. Os resultados da análise sensorial mostraram que o conhecimento ou não do processo de irradiação pelo consumidor não prejudica a aceitação e a intenção de compra do produto irradiado. Portanto o processo de irradiação visando a melhoria da qualidade de agrião orgânico é factível desde que sejam seguidas as Boas Práticas Agrícolas, Boas Práticas de Produção e Boas Práticas do Processo de Irradiação. / With the increase in the consumption of fresh vegetables and the globalization of the market for fresh fruits and vegetables, the concern with foodborne diseases associated with these products has also increased. In Brazil, the production of organic vegetables has increased approximately 40% per year in the last decade. Considering the above, 108 samples of irradiated, minimally processed, organic watercress from producers in the region of Sao Roque, Sao Paulo, were collected through November 2005 to March 2007, to assess the microbial ecology and vitamin C content. Samples of organic watercress collected at the farm level and at the industry level showed populations higher than 3,0 UFC/g for aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic, Pseudomonas spp, fecal coliforms and E. coli. Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected along the production chain. Comparing the minimal process and the combination of minimal process and irradiation, the combination was more efficient since even the lower dose (1 kGy) was sufficient to reduce the population of the various groups of microorganisms. The ascorbic acid, dehidroascorbic acid and vitamin C content varied at all stages of minimal processing as well as with the exposed doses of irradiation (1, 2 and 3 kGy). The population of L. monocytogenes decreased approximately 4.5, 5.5, and 5.9 log cycles, depending on the exposed doses, throughout the shelf life of irradiated minimally processed organic watercress. Similar behavior was showed by the Salmonella population. Sensory evaluation results showed that previous knowledge or none by consumers does not interfere with the acceptance and intention of purchase of irradiated minimally processed organic watercress. Thus the process of irradiation to improve the microbiological quality of minimally processed organic watercress is feasible provided that Good Agricultural Practice, Good Practice Production and Good Irradiation Practice are followed. Agrião (Avaliação) Alimentos de Origem vegetal Análise sensorial Ecologia microbiana Irradiação Irradiação de alimentos (Efeitos) Microbiologia de alimentos (Análise) Minimamente processados Orgânico Tecnologia de alimentos Vitamina C (Avaliação) Food irradiation (Effects) Food Microbiology (Analysis) Food of vegetable origin Food Technology Irradiation Microbial ecology Minimally processed Organic Sensory analysis Vitamin C (Evaluation) Watercress (Evaluation)
196	Effect of processing on the physicochemical, sensory, nutritional and microbiological quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon Sanchís Soler, Elena 15 April 2016 (has links) [EN] Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' is an astringent variety characterised by good growing conditions, excellent colour, size, sensory characteristics and good nutritional properties. In the last decade, its production has grown substantially in Spain given the application of high levels of CO2 to remove astringency while firmness is preserved. This technology has also increased its potential as a fresh-cut commodity. However, physical damage during processing result in degradation of the colour and firmness of the product and a higher susceptibility to microbial spoilage that significantly reduces the fruit's shelf life. The objective of the present thesis was to develop optimum procedures for processing and marketing 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon into a fresh-cut product with the maximum shelf life and best physicochemical, nutritional, sensory and microbiological quality. Firstly, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the maturity stage (MS) at harvest, storage time at 15 ºC before processing, and the application of different antioxidant treatments on enzymatic browning, sensory and nutritional quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon during storage at 5 ºC. Concentrations of 10 g L-1 ascorbic acid (AA) or 10 g L-1 citric acid (CA) controlled tissue browning and maintained the visual quality of fresh-cut persimmon above the limit of marketability for 6-8 storage days at 5 ºC, depending on the MS. However, these acidic solutions reduced fruit firmness as compared to control samples. Further studies showed that the combination of these antioxidants with 10 g L-1 CaCl2 maintained firmness of the persimmon slices within the same range as the control samples. In another work, the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) allowed to process fruits after 45 days of storage at 1 ºC with commercial firmness and the antioxidant solution (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) extended the limit of marketability up to 9 days of storage at 5 ºC. Different controlled atmosphere conditions in combination with AA or CA dips were also evaluated as a first step to select optimum O2 and CO2 concentrations for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons. Overall, the combination of antioxidant dips and a controlled atmosphere composed of 5 kPa O2 (balance N2) was proved to be the most effective combination to control enzymatic browning. This atmosphere maintained the visual quality of persimmon slices within the limit of marketability during 7- 9 days at 5 ºC. On the contrary, high CO2 concentrations (10 or 20 kPa) induced darkening in some tissue areas, associated with a flesh disorder known as 'internal flesh browning'. Later studies confirmed the beneficial effect of an active MAP in 5 kPa O2 compared to passive MAP to improve the visual quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon, showing a synergic effect with the antioxidant dip (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2). Antioxidant edible coatings were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and apple pectin as the polymeric matrix. All edible coatings were amended with the antioxidant combination selected (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2). All the edible coatings tested proved effective to control enzymatic browning of persimmon slices. However, the samples treated with the HPMC- and pectin- based coatings were scored with a better visual quality that the rest of the treatments. In general, free radical scavenging activity and total carotenoid content increased in late-season persimmons; whereas, processing (cutting and storage at 5 ºC), antioxidant dips, controlled atmosphere storage or edible coatings had no clear effect on nutritional quality (vitamin C, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and carotenoids) of fresh-cut persimmons. / [ES] El caqui persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' es un cultivar astringente que presenta unas propiedades organolépticas y nutricionales excelentes. En la última década, su cultivo en el área mediterránea de España se ha incrementado de manera exponencial con el desarrollo de la tecnología que permite eliminar la astringencia, manteniendo la firmeza del mismo. Esta nueva forma de presentación, aporta numerosas ventajas, entre la que se incluye la posibilidad de ser comercializado como fruta fresca cortada. Sin embargo, el éxito comercial del producto está limitado por el pardeamiento enzimático, la pérdida de firmeza y al crecimiento microbiano. En este contexto, el objetivo de la Tesis ha sido el desarrollo de caqui 'Rojo Brillante' fresco cortado mediante un enfoque que integra el estudio de las características del producto en el momento del procesado y de distintas tecnologías que mantengan la calidad físico-química, sensorial, nutricional y microbiológica del producto durante un periodo que permita su comercialización. En primer lugar, se evaluó el efecto del estado de madurez (MS) en el momento de recolección, el tiempo de almacenamiento a 15 ºC antes del procesado y la aplicación de diferentes antioxidantes en el pardeamiento enzimático y la calidad sensorial y nutricional del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' cortado y almacenado a 5 ºC. La aplicación de 10 g L-1 de ácido ascórbico (AA) ó 10 g L-1 ácido cítrico (CA) controló el pardeamiento enzimático y mantuvo la calidad visual del caqui por encima del límite de comercialización entre 6 y 8 días de almacenamiento a 5 ºC, dependiendo del MS. Sin embrago, la aplicación de estos antioxidantes redujo de manera significativa la firmeza del fruto respecto al control. La combinación de estos antioxidantes con 10 g L-1 de CaCl2 permitió mantener la firmeza en el mismo rango que las muestras control. En un trabajo posterior, la aplicación de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) permitió procesar caqui almacenado 45 días a 1 ºC con una buena firmeza comercial y el tratamiento antioxidante (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) consiguió alcanzar un límite de comercialización del producto de 9 días a 5 ºC. La evaluación de distintas atmósferas controladas en combinación con tratamientos antioxidantes (AA o CA), como paso previo al envasado en atmósfera modificada (MAP) del caqui, mostró como más efectiva en el control del pardeamiento enzimático la atmósfera compuesta por 5 kPa O2 (balance N2). Esta atmósfera mantuvo la calidad visual del caqui cortado dentro del límite de comercialización durante 7-9 días a 5 ºC. Por el contrario, la aplicación de altas concentraciones de CO2 (10 ó 20 kPa) dio lugar a un pardeamiento en ciertas zonas de la pulpa que se conoce como 'internal flesh browning'. Estudios posteriores confirmaron el efecto beneficioso del envasado de caqui cortado y tratado con solución antioxidante (CA-CaCl2) en una MAP activa de 5 kPa O2 en la calidad visual del fruto frente a la aplicación de una MAP pasiva. El desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles con capacidad antioxidante se realizó mediante la incorporación de antioxidantes (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) a formulaciones a base de proteína de suero lácteo (WPI), proteína de soja (SPI), hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa (HPMC) y pectina. Todos los recubrimientos fueron efectivos controlando el pardeamiento enzimático del caqui cortado, siendo las muestras recubiertas con HPMC y pectina las mejor evaluadas visualmente. En general, el procesado, la aplicación de antioxidantes, el envasado en atmósferas controladas y los distintos recubrimientos comestibles estudiados, si bien no mostraron un efecto claro en los parámetros de calidad nutricional evaluados, no tuvieron un efecto negativo en los mismos. Por otra parte, los frutos cosechados a final de campaña tuvieron mayor actividad antioxidante y contenido en carotenoides. / [CAT] El caqui persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' és un cultiu astringent que presenta unes propietats organolèptiques i nutricionals excel¿lents. En la última dècada, el seu cultiu en l'àrea mediterrània d'Espanya s'ha incrementat de manera exponencial amb el desenvolupament de la tecnologia que permet eliminar l'astringència, mantenint la fermesa del mateix. Esta nova forma de presentació, aporta un gran nombre d'avantatges, entre els quals s'inclou la possibilitat de comercialitzar-lo com fruita fresca processada. No obstant, l'èxit comercial del producte està limitat per pardetjament enzimàtic, la pèrdua de fermesa i el creixement microbià. L'objectiu de la Tesis ha estat en el desenvolupament de caqui 'Rojo Brillante' tallat en fresc mitjançant un enfocament que integra l'estudi de les característiques del producte en el moment del processat i de diferents tecnologies en el manteniment de la qualitat físico-química, sensorial, nutricional i microbiològica del producte durant un període que permeta la seua comercialització. En primer lloc, es va avaluar l'efecte de l'estat de maduresa (MS) en el moment de recol¿lecció, el temps d'emmagatzemament a 15ºC abans del processat i l'aplicació de diferents tractaments antioxidants en el pardetjament enzimàtic i la qualitat sensorial i nutricional del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' tallat i emmagatzemat a 5 ºC. L'aplicació de 10 g L-1 d'àcid ascòrbic (AA) o 10 g L-1 d'àcid cítric (CA) va controlar el pardetjament enzimàtic i va mantenir la qualitat visual del caqui per damunt del límit de comercialització entre 6-8 dies d'emmagatzemament a 5 ºC, depenent del MS. No obstant, l'aplicació d'antioxidants va reduir de manera significativa la fermesa del fruit comparat amb el control. La combinació d'aquestos antioxidants amb 10 g L-1 de CaCl2 va permetre mantenir la fermesa en el mateix rang que les mostres control. En un treball posterior, l'aplicació de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) va permetre processar caqui emmagatzemat 45 dies a 1 ºC amb una bona fermesa comercial i a més, el tractament antioxidant (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) va aconseguir un límit de comercialització del producte tallat de 9 dies a 5 ºC. L'avaluació de diferents atmosferes controlades en combinació amb tractaments antioxidants (AA o CA), com a pas previ a l'envasament en atmosfera modificada (MAP) del caqui 'Rojo Brillante, va mostrar com a més efectiva en el control del pardetjament enzimàtic l'atmosfera composta per 5 kPa O2 (balanç N2). Aquesta atmosfera va mantenir la qualitat visual del caqui tallat dins del límit de comercialització durant 7-9 dies a 5 ºC. Per contra, l'aplicació d'altes concentracions de CO2 (10 ó 20 kPa) va donar lloc a un pardetjament en certes zones de la polpa, el qual és conegut com 'internal flesh browning'. Estudis posteriors van confirmar l'efecte beneficiós de l'envasament de caqui tallat i tractat amb solució antioxidant (CA-CaCl2) en una MAP activa de 5 kPa O2 millorant la qualitat visual de la fruita front a l'aplicació de una MAP passiva. El desenvolupament de recobriments comestibles amb capacitat antioxidant es va realitzar mitjançant la incorporació d'antioxidants (CA-CaCl2) en formulacions a base de proteïna de sèrum làctic (WPI), proteïna de soia (SPI), hidroxipropilmetilcel-lulosa (HPMC) i pectina. Tots els recobriments van ser efectius controlant el pardetjament enzimàtic del caqui tallat. No obstant, les mostres recobertes amb HPMC i pectina van ser millor avaluades visualment que la resta de tractaments. En general, el processat, l'aplicació d'antioxidants, l'envasament en atmosferes controlades i els distints recobriments comestibles estudiats, si bé no van mostrar un efecte clar en els paràmetres de la qualitat nutricional avaluats, no van tindre un efecte negatiu en els mateixos. Per altra banda, els fruits recol¿lectats a final de temporada van tenir major activitat antioxidant i contingut en / Sanchís Soler, E. (2016). Effect of processing on the physicochemical, sensory, nutritional and microbiological quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62588 / TESIS
197	Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial da água de coco anão verde comercializadas pelas indústrias do Sertão da Paraíba e do Ceará. / Physico-chemical, microbiological and sensorial evaluation of the green dwarf coconut water commercialized by the industries of the Sertão da Paraíba and Ceará (Brazil). LIMA, Suziane Alves Josino. 16 May 2018 (has links) Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-16T16:25:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SUZIANE ALVES JOSINO LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1665995 bytes, checksum: 4eed2f6035be9bceb5a44d6e3cccd7e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T16:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SUZIANE ALVES JOSINO LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1665995 bytes, checksum: 4eed2f6035be9bceb5a44d6e3cccd7e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / O Brasil, atualmente, possui uma tendência de crescimento do cultivo do coqueiro anão verde, distribuídos, praticamente, em todo o território nacional. A água de coco é utilizada na cultura popular como substituto da água, e também para repor eletrólitos nos casos de desidratação. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o processo de armazenamento da água de coco anão verde, produzidas comercialmente e envasadas assepticamente, por indústrias do Sertão Paraibano e do Ceará. Foram coletadas, identificadas, amostras em duas unidades industriais, no dia da sua fabricação, transportadas para o laboratório em caixas isotérmicas com gelo, onde foram analisadas, quanto aos parâmetros físico, físico químicos, microbiológicos e sensoriais, a fim de avaliar a qualidade da água de coco logo após o seu processamento. As amostras obtidas nas indústrias foram armazenadas de acordo com o planejamento fatorial experimental 22 com três repetições do ponto central, para avaliar quantitativamente a influência das variáveis de entrada sobre as respostas, turbidez, condutividade, viscosidade, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez, ácido ascórbico. Constatou-se que a água de coco refrigerada deve ser armazenada a baixas temperaturas, para que sua vida útil possa ser de dez dias. Com o tempo de armazenamento, houve uma diminuição nos valores de pH, vitamina C, condutividade elétrica e sólidos solúveis totais para ambas as indústrias, sendo que os valores de sólidos solúveis totais estão de acordo com o permitido pela legislação, menos para o experimento 4.O pH de todos os experimentos não estão em conformidade com o permitido por legislação, houve aumentos simultâneos para as indústrias quanto aos parâmetros analisados de turbidez, viscosidade, e acidez total titulável, o binômio tempo x temperatura influenciou consideravelmente os parâmetros analisados durante o armazenamento. Microbiologicamente as indústrias não estão em conformidade com o padrão estabelecido pela legislação vigente para coliformes termotolerantes, bolores e leveduras. Não foram encontrados valores para Salmonella sp em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Sensorialmente a água de coco com 15 dias de armazenamento já se mostrou imprópria para o consumo humano, apresentando características organolépticas alteradas. Sendo indispensável à implantação e monitoramento de Boas Práticas de Fabricação para as indústrias que envasam água de coco. / The Brazil currently has a tendency to increase in cultivation of green dwarf coconut spread virtually throughout the national territory. The coconut water is used in popular culture instead of water, and also to replenish electrolytes in cases of dehydration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the storage process of green dwarf coconut water, commercially produced and bottled aseptically, the Hinterland by Paraiba and Ceará industries. It was collected, identified, samples from two industrial units on the date of its manufacture, transported to the laboratory in cool boxes with ice, where they were analyzed for the physical parameters, chemical, microbiological and sensory physical in order to assess the quality of coconut water after processing. The samples were stored in industries according to the 22 experimental factorial design with three replications of the central point , to quantitatively evaluate the influence of input variables on the responses , turbidity , conductivity, viscosity , pH , total soluble solids , acidity , acid ascorbic . It was found that the chilled coconut water should be stored at low temperatures, so that its life may be ten days. With storage time , there was a decrease in pH , vitamin C , electrical conductivity and total soluble solids for both industries , and the values of soluble solids are in accordance with the permitted except for experiment 4 . the pH of the experiments are not in accordance with the extent permitted by law, there were simultaneous increases in the industries analyzed for parameters of turbidity , viscosity , and total acidity , the binomial time x temperature significantly influenced the parameters analyzed during storage . Microbiologically industries are not in accordance with the standard established by law for fecal coliforms, yeasts and molds. No values for Salmonella were found in any of the samples. Sensory coconut water with 15 days of storage has already proved unfit for human consumption, with altered organoleptic characteristics. Being essential to the implementation and monitoring of Good Manufacturing Practices for industries envasam coconut water. Ciências Agrárias. Coco Anão Verde Água de coco - conservação Água de coco - armazenamento Água de coco - avaliação sensorial Cultura do coqueiro Cocos nucifera L. Mercado do coco verde Envase de água de coco Água de coco processada Coconut water - conservation Coconut Water - Storage Coconut water - sensory evaluation Container of coconut water Green coconut market Processed coconut water
198	The Spatial Relationship Between Septic System Failure and Environmental Factors in Washington Township, Marion County, Indiana Hanson, Brian L. 04 1900 (has links) Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Underground septic systems thrive or fail based on the relationship with their local environment. This paper explores ways environmental variables such as soil type, tree roots, degree of slope, and impervious surfaces affect on-site wastewater treatment systems. It also discusses the effects each of these variables may have on a septic system, and the resulting impact a compromised system may have on the surrounding environment. This research focuses on an approximately 20 square mile area of central Washington Township in Marion County, Indiana. This area of central Indiana contains a large septic system owning population in a sampling of different environments such as wooded areas, hilly areas, and a variety of different soil types. septic system septic failure soil type tree roots slope degree of slope impervious surfaces environment environmental variables environmental factors on-site wastewater treatment system Washington Township Marion County Broad Ripple LiDAR Tree Canopy soil processed soil Miami Crosby Brookston Genesee Hennepin flood plain outwash glacial till parcel property parcel septic tank effluent drain field biomat percolation drainage water table sewage run-off pollution nutrient pollution nitrogen phosphorus body of water home owner
199	Evaluation of Target Tracking Using Multiple Sensors and Non-Causal Algorithms Vestin, Albin, Strandberg, Gustav January 2019 (has links) Today, the main research field for the automotive industry is to find solutions for active safety. In order to perceive the surrounding environment, tracking nearby traffic objects plays an important role. Validation of the tracking performance is often done in staged traffic scenarios, where additional sensors, mounted on the vehicles, are used to obtain their true positions and velocities. The difficulty of evaluating the tracking performance complicates its development. An alternative approach studied in this thesis, is to record sequences and use non-causal algorithms, such as smoothing, instead of filtering to estimate the true target states. With this method, validation data for online, causal, target tracking algorithms can be obtained for all traffic scenarios without the need of extra sensors. We investigate how non-causal algorithms affects the target tracking performance using multiple sensors and dynamic models of different complexity. This is done to evaluate real-time methods against estimates obtained from non-causal filtering. Two different measurement units, a monocular camera and a LIDAR sensor, and two dynamic models are evaluated and compared using both causal and non-causal methods. The system is tested in two single object scenarios where ground truth is available and in three multi object scenarios without ground truth. Results from the two single object scenarios shows that tracking using only a monocular camera performs poorly since it is unable to measure the distance to objects. Here, a complementary LIDAR sensor improves the tracking performance significantly. The dynamic models are shown to have a small impact on the tracking performance, while the non-causal application gives a distinct improvement when tracking objects at large distances. Since the sequence can be reversed, the non-causal estimates are propagated from more certain states when the target is closer to the ego vehicle. For multiple object tracking, we find that correct associations between measurements and tracks are crucial for improving the tracking performance with non-causal algorithms. evaluation target tracking multiple sensors non-causal smoother smoothing tracking vehicle tracking camera lidar estimate estimation prediction vehicle dynamics sensor fusion real-time tracking extended kalman filter filter validation validation position estimation velocity estimation dynamic model model complexity multi object tracking multiple object tracking single object tracking data association tracking fundamentals iterated kalman filter track management gnn global nearest neighbour mahalanobis mahalanobis distance performance evaluation differential gps dgps roi ego several sensors sensors rmse root mean square error invertible motion anti-causal motion anti-causal tracking constant velocity gnn imu tfs two filter smoother ekf rts radar inertial measurement unit nonlinear nonlinear systems mono camera monocular camera noise model tracking performance fixed interval smoothing m/n logic centralized fusion non-causal object tracker car tracking car dynamics automotive active safety object tracking automotive industry thesis master reverse dynamics reverse tracking reverse sequence sequence tracking data propagation ground truth estimating ground truth additional sensors mounted sensors true estimates environment comparison algorithm independent targets overlapping measurements occluded track switch improve lower uncertainty more certain state process noise covariance sampling image sprt adas cnn cv pdf track target ego tracker tentative track observatiom online tracking offline tracking online offline recorded sequences robust self driving self-driving car traffic trajectory true state scenario scenarios future accurate output advanced driver assistance systems non-linear complex noise pedestrian truck bus maneuvering vehicles processed measurement frame state correction probability density function tuning likelihood transition measurement motion model recursion gaussian approximation distribution linear jacobian multiplicative noise ratio ad hoc ad hoc state space approach backward auction euclidean distance statistical threshold gating association margin normalize covariance matrix fusion confirmed rejected tentative history absolute error modular ego motion parameters variables logg hardware specification fused causal factorization independent uncorrelated transform moving rotation translation oncoming overtaking Control Engineering Reglerteknik
200	Role sestry ve screeningu deprese u seniorů. / Role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly. VRZALOVÁ, Monika January 2016 (has links) The diploma thesis deals with problems of depression in older people. Mainly the work is focused on identifying and analyzing the role of nurses in screening for depression in older people in primary care, acute care, long-term care and home care. This thesis was focused on theoretical direction and was used the method of design and demonstration. In this thesis was set one main goals with five research questions. The main goal was to identify and analyze the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly. RQ 1: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 2: What is the role of the nurse in the primary care in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 3: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in hospitalized patients in acute care? RQ 4: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in seniors in long-term and home care? RQ 5: What rating scales and methods are used in screening for depression in the elderly? The thesis introduce the concept of depression. The following are specified the causes of and the important factors that affect depression in the elderly. It also deals the differences in the clinical symptomatology of depression in old age. It explains possibilities and various barriers in the diagnosis of depression. Another chapter introduces complete geriatric examination, diagnostic classification systems, possible screening methods and scales for detection of depression in the elderly population. It also deals methods of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and its possible complications associated with older age. By reason of increased suicide rate caused by depressive disorder the issue of suicidal behavior in the elderly is introduced. The next chapter deals with the nursing process, which is used by nurses in practice. It consists of the evaluation of the patient's health condition, making nursing diagnosis, creating nursing plan and subsequent implementation and evaluation. The nursing process is also needy for providing quality care. The nursing process in the stage of nursing diagnosis, introduces possible nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from depression, which are based on the latest classification. Finally is described the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly in different health facilities and their contribution to the timely evaluation of depression in the elderly. This chapter introduces the role of nurses, nursing screening and collaboration with a physician. The role of nurses in screening for depression in different medical facilities is based on the first phase of the nursing process of assessment. On the basis of objective and subjective information, the nurse will assess the overall health and mental condition of the patient. Primarily, it was investigated what is the role of the nurse in screening for depression. On the basis of content analysis and synthesis it was necessary to used and processed domestic and foreign literature. A number of relevant sources are the results of various studies and Meta-analyzes, mostly from abroad, but also from the Czech Republic. The thesis can serve as a basis for nurses. The result of this thesis is to create e-learning material available for students in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice in the tutorial called Moodle.

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