No description available.

La neurogenèse persiste à l’âge adulte dans deux régions du système nerveux central (SNC) des mammifères : la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) du cerveau antérieur et la zone sous-granulaire (SGZ) de l’hippocampe. Cette neurogenèse est possible grâce à la capacité de prolifération des cellules souches présentes dans les niches de la SVZ et la SGZ, mais en vieillissant, le cerveau subit une diminution dramatique du nombre de cellules souches neurales adultes (CSNa), une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire et une altération des niches de neurogenèse. Cependant, une importante question reste sans réponse : comment la perte tardive des CSNa est temporellement reliée aux changements de l’activité de prolifération et de la structure de la principale niche de neurogenèse (la SVZ)? Afin d’avoir un aperçu sur les événements initiaux, nous avons examiné les changements des CSNa et de leur niche dans la SVZ entre le jeune âge et l’âge moyen. La niche de la SVZ des souris d’âge moyen (12 mois) subit une réduction de l’expression des marqueurs de plusieurs sous-populations de précurseurs neuraux en comparaison avec les souris jeunes adultes (2 mois). Anatomiquement, cela est associé avec des anomalies cytologiques, incluant une atrophie générale de la SVZ, une perte de la couche de cellules sousépendymaires par endroit et l’accumulation de gouttelettes lipidiques de grande taille dans l’épendyme. Fonctionnellement, ces changements sont corrélés avec une diminution de l’activité de la SVZ et une réduction du nombre de nouveaux neurones arrivant aux bulbes olfactifs. Pour déterminer si les CSNa de la SVZ ont subi des changements visibles, nous avons évalué les paramètres clés des CSNa in vivo et in vitro. La culture cellulaire montre qu’un nombre équivalent de CSNa ayant la capacité de former des neurosphères peut être isolé du cerveau du jeune adulte et d’âge moyen. Cependant, à l’âge moyen, les précurseurs neuraux semblent moins sensibles aux facteurs de croissance durant leur différenciation in vitro. Les CSNa donnent des signes de latence in vivo puisque leur capacité d’incorporation et de rétention du BrdU diminue. Ensemble, ces données démontrent que, tôt dans le processus du vieillissement, les CSNa et leur niche dans la SVZ subissent des changements significatifs, et suggèrent que la perte de CSNa liée au vieillissement est secondaire à ces événements. / Neurogenesis persists throughout the adulthood in two regions of the mammalian central nervous system (SNC): the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain and the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis is possible due to the proliferation capacity of stem cells present within both the SVZ and SGZ niches, but with aging, the forebrain undergoes a drastic reduction in its number of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), a decrease of cell proliferation and an alteration of the neurogenic niches. However, a key unresolved question remains: how the onset of aNSC loss is temporally related to changes of proliferating activity and to structural alterations within the principal stem cell niche (the SVZ)? To gain insights into the initial events leading to aging-associated aNSC loss, we investigated the changes occurring to aNSCs and the SVZ niche between young adulthood and middle-age. The SVZ niche of middle-aged mice (12-months-old) was found to display reduced expression of markers for multiple neural precursor sub-populations when compared to young adult mice (2-months-old). Anatomically, this was associated with significant cytological aberrations, including an overall atrophy of the SVZ, loss of sub-ependymal cells, and accumulation of large lipid droplets within the ependyma. Functionally, these changes correlated with diminished SVZ activity and reduced number of newly born neurons reaching the principal target tissue: the olfactory bulbs. To determine whether changes were evident at the level of the SVZ stem cells, we evaluated key in vitro and in vivo parameters of aNSCs. Tissue culture experiments showed that equal numbers of neurosphere-forming aNSCs could be isolated from young adult and middle-aged forebrains. However, at middle-age, neural precursors seemed to be less sensitive to growth factors during their in vitro differentiation and displayed signs of increased quiescence in vivo. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that, with early aging, aNCS and their SVZ niche go through significant changes, and suggest that aging-associated aNSC loss is secondary to these events.

La cardiomyopathie ischémique et l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) sont deux des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays industrialisés. L’IC représente la condition finale résultant de plusieurs pathologies affectant le myocarde. Au Canada, plus de 400 000 personnes souffrent d’IC. Malgré la grande variété de traitements disponibles pour prendre en charge ces patients à haut risque de mortalité, l’évolution et le pronostic clinique de cette population demeurent sombres. Les thérapies de régénération par transplantation cellulaire représentent de nouvelles approches pour traiter les patients souffrant d’IC. L’impact de cette approche cellulaire et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l’application de ce nouveau mode de traitement demeurent obscurs. Les hypothèses proposées dans cette thèse sont les suivantes : 1) l’évolution à long terme des patients qui se présentent en IC grave est nettement défavorable malgré les techniques actuelles de revascularisation chirurgicale à cœur battant; 2) la thérapie cellulaire et, plus spécifiquement, l’injection intracoronaire précoce de milieu de culture cellulaire, permet d’améliorer la récupération fonctionnelle du ventricule gauche suite à un infarctus aigu du myocarde; et 3) la mobilisation de l’axe cœur-moelle osseuse constitue un mécanisme de réponse important lors de la survenue d’un événement ischémique chronique affectant le myocarde. / Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a leading cause of mortality in the developed world. There are more than 400,000 diagnosed cases of this pathology in Canada. Despite the numerous treatment options available for patients presenting with left ventricular dysfunction, the evolution of this population is still dismal. Stem cell transplantation is a potential approach to repopulate the injured myocardium, to treat heart failure, and to restore cardiac function. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of this approach remain to be elucidated. The hypotheses of this thesis are the following: 1) the long-term evolution of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery is still poor, even when considering the use of new innovative surgical strategies such as off-pump coronary revascularization; 2) the intracoronary injection of concentrated biologically active factors secreted by stem cells can achieve early protection of the ischemic myocardium and preserve heart function; and 3) the bone marrow/heart interaction in a critical axis is involved in chronic myocardial repair following persistent ischemic injury.

No description available.

A lesão medular (LM) é uma patologia incapacitante que resulta em déficits sensoriais e motores. No Brasil, a incidência anual é de 30 novos casos de lesão medular a cada 1 milhão de indivíduos e, infelizmente, a LM permanece sem um tratamento eficaz. Células-tronco derivadas do dente decíduo humano estão entre as potenciais fontes de células-tronco para transplante após a lesão medular, cujo objetivo é de promover a proteção ou a recuperação da lesão na medula espinal. Buscou-se nesta tese avaliar os efeitos do transplante, uma hora após a lesão, das células tronco de dente decíduo humano (SHED) no período agudo, subagudo e crônico sobre a neuroproteção, proteção tecidual e recuperação funcional em ratos Wistar submetidos à lesão medular por contusão. Os principais objetivos foram: a) investigar os efeitos do transplante das SHED sobre a recuperação funcional, volume da lesão e morte neuronal; b) verificar os efeitos do transplante sobre as células progenitoras, formação da cicatriz glial e modificações astrocitárias após o modelo de contusão medular Observou-se a melhora na recuperação funcional, redução do volume da lesão e morte neuronal na medula espinal dos animais que receberam o transplante de SHED após a lesão medular. As SHED aumentam o número de células precursoras na medula espinal, no período subagudo, reduzem a expressão da proteína fibrilar glial ácida (GFAP) e aumentam a expressão do canal retificador de influxo de potássio 4.1, ambas proteínas astrocitárias. Concluímos que o transplante de células-tronco derivadas do dente decíduo humano após a lesão medular promove a recuperação funcional a partir do efeito neuroprotetor iniciado na fase aguda, confirmado pelo maior número de neurônios motores presentes seis semanas após a contusão. As SHED são capazes de aumentar o número de células precursoras e de produzir modificações astrocitárias na medula espinal de ratos lesados na fase subaguda, reduzindo a formação da cicatriz glial. / Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition that results in sensory and motor deficits. The estimated annual incidence in Brazil is of 30 new cases of spinal cord injury per 1 million of individuals; unfortunately SCI remains without an effective treatment. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are one among potential sources of stem cells for transplantation after spinal cord injury in order to promote protection or tissue and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. The aim of this Thesis was to evaluate the effects of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) transplantation, one hour after lesion, in the acute, subacute and chronic phases on neuroprotection, tissue protection and functional recovery in Wistar rats submitted to spinal cord injury by contusion The main goals were: a) to investigate the effects of SHED transplantation on functional recovery, lesion volume, and neuronal death; b) to verify the effects of the transplantation on the progenitor cells number, glial scar formation and astrocytic modifications after spinal cord contusion. Improvement of functional recovery, reduction of lesion volume and neuronal death were observed in the spinal cord of animals submitted to spinal cord injury and SHED transplantation. SHEDs increased the number of precursor cells in the spinal cord in the subacute period, reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased the expression of the potassium influx rectifier channel 4.1, both astrocyte proteins. We conclude that transplantation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth after spinal cord injury promotes functional recovery from the neuroprotection effect, which starts in the acute phase and is confirmed six weeks after the contusion with a higher number of motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord. SHEDs are able to increase the number of precursor cells and produce astrocyte modifications in the spinal cord of injured rats in the subacute phase, reducing glial scar formation.

A lesão medular (LM) é uma patologia incapacitante que resulta em déficits sensoriais e motores. No Brasil, a incidência anual é de 30 novos casos de lesão medular a cada 1 milhão de indivíduos e, infelizmente, a LM permanece sem um tratamento eficaz. Células-tronco derivadas do dente decíduo humano estão entre as potenciais fontes de células-tronco para transplante após a lesão medular, cujo objetivo é de promover a proteção ou a recuperação da lesão na medula espinal. Buscou-se nesta tese avaliar os efeitos do transplante, uma hora após a lesão, das células tronco de dente decíduo humano (SHED) no período agudo, subagudo e crônico sobre a neuroproteção, proteção tecidual e recuperação funcional em ratos Wistar submetidos à lesão medular por contusão. Os principais objetivos foram: a) investigar os efeitos do transplante das SHED sobre a recuperação funcional, volume da lesão e morte neuronal; b) verificar os efeitos do transplante sobre as células progenitoras, formação da cicatriz glial e modificações astrocitárias após o modelo de contusão medular Observou-se a melhora na recuperação funcional, redução do volume da lesão e morte neuronal na medula espinal dos animais que receberam o transplante de SHED após a lesão medular. As SHED aumentam o número de células precursoras na medula espinal, no período subagudo, reduzem a expressão da proteína fibrilar glial ácida (GFAP) e aumentam a expressão do canal retificador de influxo de potássio 4.1, ambas proteínas astrocitárias. Concluímos que o transplante de células-tronco derivadas do dente decíduo humano após a lesão medular promove a recuperação funcional a partir do efeito neuroprotetor iniciado na fase aguda, confirmado pelo maior número de neurônios motores presentes seis semanas após a contusão. As SHED são capazes de aumentar o número de células precursoras e de produzir modificações astrocitárias na medula espinal de ratos lesados na fase subaguda, reduzindo a formação da cicatriz glial. / Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition that results in sensory and motor deficits. The estimated annual incidence in Brazil is of 30 new cases of spinal cord injury per 1 million of individuals; unfortunately SCI remains without an effective treatment. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are one among potential sources of stem cells for transplantation after spinal cord injury in order to promote protection or tissue and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. The aim of this Thesis was to evaluate the effects of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) transplantation, one hour after lesion, in the acute, subacute and chronic phases on neuroprotection, tissue protection and functional recovery in Wistar rats submitted to spinal cord injury by contusion The main goals were: a) to investigate the effects of SHED transplantation on functional recovery, lesion volume, and neuronal death; b) to verify the effects of the transplantation on the progenitor cells number, glial scar formation and astrocytic modifications after spinal cord contusion. Improvement of functional recovery, reduction of lesion volume and neuronal death were observed in the spinal cord of animals submitted to spinal cord injury and SHED transplantation. SHEDs increased the number of precursor cells in the spinal cord in the subacute period, reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased the expression of the potassium influx rectifier channel 4.1, both astrocyte proteins. We conclude that transplantation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth after spinal cord injury promotes functional recovery from the neuroprotection effect, which starts in the acute phase and is confirmed six weeks after the contusion with a higher number of motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord. SHEDs are able to increase the number of precursor cells and produce astrocyte modifications in the spinal cord of injured rats in the subacute phase, reducing glial scar formation.

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade é uma das causas de hipogonadismo (HG) secundário no homem. A terapia de reposição padrão de testosterona (TRT) é associada à melhora dos parâmetros metabólicos, mas pode levar à infertilidade. Apenas recentemente indicou-se que não há novas evidências nível 1 para apoiar uma conexão definitiva entre TRT e eventos cardiovasculares (CV). OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do Citrato de Clomifeno (CC) em homens jovens com hipogonadismo associado à obesidade diagnosticado por testosterona total (TT) <= 300 ng/dL em duas ocasiões, sintomas positivos no questionário ADAM, hormônio Luteinizante (LH) baixo ou inadequadamente normal (VR: 1,7 - 8,6 UI/L). MÉTODOS: Estudo randomizado, duplo cego, controlado por placebo (PLB), longitudinal em centro único. Setenta e oito pacientes com idade entre 36,5±7,8 anos, índice de massa corporal (IMC) 46,2±8,5 kg/m2 foram randomizados (1:1) para receber CC 50 mg ou PLB durante 12 semanas. Os pacientes foram avaliados através de: 1) Parâmetros clínicos: Questionário ADAM, número de intercursos sexuais, queixa de insatisfação com a vida sexual; 2) Parâmetros hormonais: dosagem sérica de TT, testosterona livre, Estradiol (E2), LH, hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), SHBG, relação TT:E2; 3) Parâmetros de composição corporal: IMC, circunferência abdominal (CA) e análise de bioimpedanciometria; 4) Parâmetros metabólicos: pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, glicemia em jejum (GJ), hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), índice HOMA-IR, colesterol total e frações, triglicérides; 5) Parâmetros de resposta CV: dilatação fluxo mediada artéria braquial (FMDAB), níveis circulantes de sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, Selectina-sE e quantificação de células endoteliais progenitoras (CEPs) por citometria de fluxo; 6) Efeitos adversos: hematócrito, antígeno prostático específico sérico (PSA), questionário internacional de sintomas prostáticos (I-PSS), dosagem sérica de alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), e efeitos adversos autorreferidos. RESULTADOS: Na randomização os dois grupos foram semelhantes em relação à idade (CC: 35,5±7,8 anos, PLB: 35,6±7,8; p= 0,951), IMC (CC: 45,5±11,3 kg/m2; PLB: 47,2±9,6; p= 0,470), CA (CC: 137,5±17,9 cm; PLB: 140,2±19,6; p= 0,526) e testosterona total (CC: 225,8±70,0 ng/dL; PLB: 216,0±72,1; p= 0,543). Não houve diferenças nos parâmetros de resposta clínica, exceto com relação à queixa de perda de vigor nas ereções (p < 0,001). Observou-se elevação significativa (p= < 0,001) de TT, Testosterona livre, E2, LH, FSH e SHBG no grupo CC em comparação com PLB. Houve um aumento significativo (p < 0,001) na massa magra e na massa muscular; e também na massa livre de gordura (p= 0,004). O CC reduziu HDL em comparação com PLB (p < 0,001) e não mostrou efeito em outros parâmetros metabólicos. Não houve significância estatística nos parâmetros CV, indicando efeito nulo do tratamento. CC reduziu ALT (p < 0,001) e aumentou o PSA (p= 0,023) dentro dos limites da normalidade. CONCLUSÕES: CC foi efetivo para melhorar os parâmetros de resposta hormonal e afetou positivamente um parâmetro de resposta clínica (perda de vigor nas ereções). Apesar das alterações na composição corporal, não se observou melhora do perfil metabólico. No entanto, o CC não ocasionou resposta adversa nos parâmetros CV. O tratamento CC para HG parece ser uma alternativa efetiva em jovens obesos que desejam preservar sua fertilidade, mas ensaios clínicos de seguimento em longo prazo e com maior número de participantes são necessários para melhor análise do perfil metabólico e de sintomas, além de impactos CV / INTRODUCTION: Obesity can cause secondary hypogonadism in man. The standard testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) improves metabolic parameters but can lead to infertility. Only recently TRT was not clearly associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, but its impacts on endothelial function are still controversial. AIM: To evaluate the effects of Clomiphene Citrate (CC) in out clinic young man with obesity related hypogonadism: total testosterone (TT) <= 300 ng/dL on two occasions, positive symptoms in ADAM questionnaire, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) low or inappropriate normal (RV: 1.7-8.6 IU/liter). METHODS: This is a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, single-center study. Seventy eight patients aged 36.5±7.8 years, Body mass index (BMI) 46.2±8.5 kg/m2 were randomized (1:1) to receive CC 50 mg or Placebo (PLB) during 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 1) Clinical symptomology: ADAM Questionnaire, number of sexual intercourses and satisfaction with sexual life; 2) Hormonal monitoring: serum TT, Free testosterone, Estradiol (E2), LH and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), SHBG, TT/E2 ratio; 3) Body composition and anthropometric measurements: BMI, waist circumference (WC) and Bioelectric Impedance analysis parameters; 4) Metabolic response parameters: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides; 5) CV assessment by endothelial function parameters: Flowmediated dilatation of the brachial artery (FMDAB), circulating levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, E-selectin and flow cytometry endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs); 6) Adverse outcomes: Hematocrit, serum Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Selfreported Adverse Effects. RESULTS: Two groups were similar with regard to age (CC: 35.5±7.8 years; PLB: 35.6±7.8; P=0.951), BMI (CC: 45.5±11.3 kg/m2; PLB: 47.2±9.6; P=0.470), WC (CC: 137.5±17.9 cm; PLB: 140.2±19.6; P=0.526) and total testosterone (CC: 225.8±70.0 ng/dL; PLB: 216.0±72.1; P=0.543) in baseline data. There was an improvement in one sexual complaint (weaker erections) (P < 0.001) and there were significant improvements (P < 0.001) in TT, Free Testosterone, E2, LH, FSH and SHBG in CC group (vs. PLB). There was a gain in lean mass (P < 0.001), free fat mass (P=0.004) and muscle mass (P < 0.001). CC reduced HDL compared to PLB (P < 0.001) and showed no effect in other metabolic parameters. No statistical significance was seen in CV parameters. CC reduced ALT (P < 0.001) and increased PSA (P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: CC was effective in increase hormonal response parametersand improved one sexual complaint (weaker erections). Despite body composition changes, CC did not improved metabolic profile and lowered LDL cholesterol. CC showed no adverse response in CV parameters. CC treatment for HG appears to be an effective alternative in young obese men wishing to preserve their fertility but long-term follow-up trials to better analyze the metabolic profile and CV outcomes are needed

Dans le cas de larges pertes de substance osseuse, l’ingénierie tissulaire représente une alternative intéressante aux greffes. Cette technique consiste à associer des cellules à des biomatériaux dans le but de réparer le tissu. L'objectif de ce travail est l'étude de l'amélioration du potentiel ostéogénique des cellules souches mésenchymateuses issues du tissue adipeux humain (ASC), afin d’augmenter la formation de matrice osseuse en territoire ischémique. Nous avons montré que le fucoïdane, un polysaccharide d’origine marine, était capable d’améliorer la différenciation ostéogénique des ASC in vitro. Cependant, la combinaison de ces cellules avec des biomatériaux (granules de biphosphate de calcium) ne suffit pas à permettre une formation osseuse dans un modèle de pousse osseuse en site ectopique chez la souris. Afin d’augmenter l’angiogenèse, essentielle dans la réparation osseuse, nous avons associé les ASC à des cellules progénitrices endothéliales (appelées ECFC), dans ce modèle. Cette association ne permet d’améliorer que faiblement la formation osseuse. Nos études in vitro d'association de CPE et d'ASC ont montré que ces cellules en coculture étaient capables de synthétiser un grand nombre de cytokines impliquées dans les différenciations ostéogénique et angiogénique, telles que le transforming growth factor (TGFß1), l’insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) ou encore le vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Dans nos conditions de culture, le surnageant de l’association des ECFC avec des ASC induit, par rapport au surnageant des ASCs seules, une inhibition de la différenciation ostéogénique dont le mécanisme reste à identifier.L’ensemble de nos données démontre le potentiel du fucoïdane dans l’ingénierie tissulaire osseuse et que les ASC seules ne sont pas capables de former de matrice osseuse. / In the case of large bone defects, tissue engineering represents an attractive alternative to transplantation. Tissue engineering is a combination of cells with biomaterials in order to repair tissue. The aim of this work was the study of the improvement of the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells derived from human adipose tissue (ASC) in the order to increase the formation of bone matrix in the ischemic territory. We have shown that fucoidan, a marine polysaccharide, was able to improve the osteogenic differentiation of ASC in vitro. However, the combination of these cells with biomaterials (biphasic calcium phosphate particles) is not enough to have bone formation in an ectopic bone growth model in mice. To promote angiogenesis, a crucial step in bone repair, we associated ASC with endothelial progenitor cells (called ECFC), in our model. This association promotes only lightly the bone formation. Our in vitro coculture studies of ECFC with ASC showed that the cells in coculture were able to synthesize several cytokines involved in angiogenic and osteogenic differentiation, such as transforming growth factor (TGF-ß1), insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, ASC in coculture did not express the receptors of these cytokines. In our culture conditions, the supernatant of the association of ECFC + ASC induces, compare to ASC alone, an inhibition of osteogenic differentiation which mechanism has to be identified.Our data show the potential of fucoidan in bone tissue engineering and that ASC alone did not promote bone matrix formation.

L’allogreffe des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) dans les situations d’incompatibilité HLA partielle représente une option thérapeutique irremplaçable pour des patients nécessitant une greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques, en absence d’un donneur HLA-identique. Toutefois, le retard de la restauration du système immunitaire en particulier dans du compartiment lymphocytaire après greffe est l'une des complications majeures. Une nouvelle stratégie pour promouvoir la reprise de la thymopoïèse à partir des CSH provenant du donneur et d'accélérer la reconstitution cellulaire T chez des patients après greffe de CSH consiste en le transfert adoptif des progéniteurs T générés in vitro. L’identification de Notch1 comme le régulateur-clé du développement lymphocytaire T a permis l’établissement de systèmes de culture à base de ligands de Notch, qui permettent la génération efficace de progéniteurs lymphoïdes T in vitro. L'efficacité des progeniteurs T-lymphoïdes murins pour promouvoir la reconstitution des lymphocytes T a été bien démontrée dans des modèles de greffe chez la souris. De même, des progéniteurs T-lymphopoïétiques humains générés in vitro et greffés aux souris humanisées favorisent la reprise de la thymopoïèse. Pourtant, aucune donnée n’a encore démontré leur capacité à donner naissance à un compartiment lymphocytaire T périphérique. De plus, les systèmes de co-culture à base de ligand de Notch actuellement utilisés consistent en des lignées stromales murines génétiquement modifiées. Afin d'établir un système cliniquement applicable, il est donc indispensable d’établir des systèmes de culture qui soutiennent la génération de progéniteurs T en absence d’un support des cellules nourricières. Au cours de mon projet de thèse, j'ai développé un nouveau système de culture pour la génération des progéniteurs T-lymphopoïétiques humains T basé sur l’immobilisation du ligand de Notch Delta-like-4 (DL-4) sous sa forme protéique. La culture des progéniteurs hématopoïétiques CD34+ issue de sang en présence de DL-4 immobilisé permet la génération d’un grand nombre de cellules ayant un phénotype de progéniteurs thymiques précoces (early thymic progenitor: ETP) et de prothymocytes (proT). Les cellules ETP et ProT ainsi générées expriment à des niveaux élevés des gènes impliqués dans le développement lymphocytaire précoce (i.e. pTa, Rag1, IL7Ra et BCL11b). Elles montrent des signes de réarrangement du récepteur des cellules T (TCR) similaires à leurs homologues thymiques. Par des expériences de dilution limite sur une co-culture OP9/DL-1 secondaire, j’ai pu montrer que les progéniteurs générés sur DL-4 possédaient un potentiel lymphoïde T très augmenté, qui pourrait être entièrement attribué aux sous populations ETP et ProT. Suite à leur transfert dans des souris NOD/SCID/γc-/-, les progéniteurs lymphoïde T générés par exposition a DL-4 sont capable de migrer dans le thymus, d’y poursuivre des étapes ultérieures de leur développement et d’accélérer la différentiation T intra thymique ainsi que l’émergence des lymphocytes T mature, polyclonaux et fonctionnels en périphérie. Dans une approche de co-transplantation, qui se rapproche des conditions cliniques envisagées, j’ai simultanément injecté dans le même récipient des progéniteurs générées sur DL-4 et des cellules CD34+ non traitées (d’un 2èm donneur HLA-incompatible). Cette procédure a permis une reconstitution des lymphocytes T encore plus rapide et plus. Etant donné que les progéniteurs T générées sur DL-4 et les cellules CD34+ non-traitées étaient issue de deux donneurs avec un HLA différent, cette expérience a permis de montrer que les progéniteurs préalablement exposés à DL-4 reconstituaient spécifiquement les compartiments lymphoïdes T alors que les autres lignées hématopoïétiques provenaient des progéniteurs CD34+ non-traités... / Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents an important therapeutic option for patients lacking suitable donors. Delayed posttransplant immune recovery constitutes one of its major complications and is most pronounced in the T cellular compartment. A novel strategy to promote de novo thymopoiesis from donor derived HSCs and to accelerate T cellular reconstitution in patients after HSCT consists in the adoptive transfer of in vitro generated T cell progenitor cells. Identification of Notch1 as the key regulator of early T-lineage development has allowed the generation of Notch ligand-based culture systems, which provide a powerful tool to generate T-lymphoid progenitors in vitro. The efficacy of murine T-lymphoid progenitors to promote T cell reconstitution has been well demonstrated in conventional mouse models. In consistency, in vitro-generated human T cell progenitors were demonstrated to promote thymic recovery in humanized mice. Yet, positive effects of in vitro generated human T cell precursors on peripheral T cell reconstitution have not been demonstrated. Moreover currently used Notch-based co-culture systems consist of genetically modified murine cell lines. With view to establishing a clinically applicable system, feeder-cell-free Notch-ligand culture systems for the generation of T-lymphopoietic progenitors are warranted. During my PhD project I developed a new culture system based on the immobilized Notch ligand Delta-like-4 (DL-4). Exposure of human CD34+ cord blood cells to immobilized DL-4 enabled the in vitro generation of high number of T cell progenitors, which harboured the phenotype of immature early thymic progenitor cells (ETP) and prothymocytes (proT). ETP and proT cell generated during DL-4 culture upregulated essential genes involved in early T-lymphoid development (i.e. IL7Rα, PTα, RAG1 and BCL11b) and had undergone stage-specific recombination of the T cell receptor (TCR) locus in a similar way as in native human thymopoiesis. In limiting dilution analysis after secondary OP9/DL-1 co-culture, DL-4 progenitors displayed a highly increased T-lymphoid potential, which could be entirely attributed to the ETP and proT subset. When transferred into NOD/SCID/γc-/- mice, DL-4 primed T cell progenitors migrated to the thymus and accelerated intrathymic T cell differentiation and emergence of functional, mature and polyclonal αβ T cells in the periphery. In a co-transplantation approach, which more closely mimics a clinical setting, DL-4 progenitors and untreated CD34+ cells from HLA-disparate donors were simultaneously injected in the same recipient. This procedure allowed even more rapid and more robust T cell reconstitution. HLA-tracking of the distinct graft sources further showed, that DL-4 progenitors specifically reconstituted the T-lymphoid compartments. This work provides further evidence for the ability of in vitro-generated human T cell progenitors to promote de novo thymopoiesis and shows for the first time, that these cells accelerate peripheral T cell reconstitution in humanized mice. The availability of the efficient feeder-cell-free DL-4 culture technique represents an important step towards the future clinical exploitation translation of in vitro generated T-lymphoid progenitor cells to improve posttransplant immune reconstitution / Die Wiederherstellung der T-lymphozytären Immunität nach T-Zell depletierter hämatopoetischer Stammzelltransplantation (HSZT) ist ein langwieriger Prozess. Eine potentielle Strategie zur Beschleunigung der Neubildung von T-Zellen aus den transplantierten Stammzellen besteht in der Gabe von T-lymphozytären Vorläuferzellen. Die Entdeckung von Notch1 als wichtigster Regulator der frühen T-Zell-Entwicklung hat zur Etablierung Notchligand-basierter Zellkulturen geführt, mit deren Hilfe T-lymphoide Vorläuferzellen aus hämatopoetischen Stammzellen in vitro gebildet werden können. Das therapeutische Potential dieses Zelltyps wurde eindrucksvoll in konventionellen, syngenen und allogenen Maustransplantationsmodellen belegt, in denen nach Injektion in vitro generierter, muriner T-Vorläuferzellen eine Verbesserung der Neubesiedlung des Thymus sowie eine beschleunigte Wiederherstellung der T-zellulären Immunität erreicht werden konnte. Notchbasierte Co-Kultursysteme wurden ebenfalls für die invitro Herstellung humaner T-lymphoider Vorläuferzellen verwendet. Das in-vivo Potential humaner T Vorläuferzellen ist bislang jedoch nur lückenhaft charakterisiert: Zwar konnte gezeigt werden, dass humane T-Vorläuferzellen den hypoplastischen Thymus von immundefizienten NOD/SCID/γc-/- Mäusen besiedeln können. Ihre Wirksamkeit, die Wiederherstellung eines funktionellen, peripheren T-Zellkompartiments zu beschleunigen, gelang bislang jedoch nicht. Darüber hinaus werden Notchliganden in derzeit verwendeten Kultursystemen von genetisch modifizierten, murinen Stromazellen präsentiert. Die Entwicklung stromazellfreier, proteinbasierter Notchligand-Kultursysteme ist daher von grosser Bedeutung für eine mögliche therapeutische Nutzung in vitro generierter T-Vorläuferzellen. Durch Immobilisierung von Notchligand Delta-like 4 (DL-4) habe ich im Rahmen meines PhD Projekts ein stromazellfreies Kultursystem zur Züchtung T-zellulärer Vorläuferzellen aus humanen CD34+ Nabelschnurblutzellen etabliert. In DL-4 Kultur generierte Zellen besitzen phänotypische und molekulare Eigenschaften von frühen thymischen Vorläuferzellen (ETP) und Prothymocyten (proT). ETP und proT Zellen aus DL-4 Kulturen exprimieren wesentliche Geneder frühen T-Zellentstehung (z.B. IL7Ra, PTa, RAG1 und BCL11b). Die entwicklungsstadiumspezifischen TCR-Rekombinationsprozesse in DL-4 Zellen erfolgen nach dem gleichen Muster wie in der nativen Thymusentstehung. Die in DL4 Kultur generierten T-Vorläuferzellen können sich in reife T-Zellen weiterentwickeln und durchlaufen die weitere T-Zelldifferenzierung innerhalb kürzerer Zeit als native CD34+ hämatopoetische Vorläuferzellen. 13 Darüber hinaus können DL-4 generierte T-Vorläuferzellen nach Xenotransplantation den hypoplastischen Thymus von immundefizienten NOD/SCID/γc-/- Mäusen besiedeln, intrathymische T-Zellentwicklung begünstigen und die Neubildung reifer und funktionaler TZellen in der Peripherie beschleunigen. Zur Simulation einer klinischen Anwendung führte ich weiterhin Co-Transplantationen mit DL-4 Vorläuferzellen und unbehandelten CD34+ Zellen in gleiche Empfänger durch und konnte hiermit eine weitere Verbesserung der Immunrekonstitution erzielen. Durch Verwendung HLA-divergenter Spender in diesen Versuchen konnte ich zeigen, dass DL-4 Zellen sich vornehmlich in T-Zellen weiterentwickelten, während die restlichen Blutzellreihen von unbehandelten CD34-poitiven Zellen gebildet wurden. Im Rahmen dieses Projekts konnte ich mit einem für die klinische Anwendung geeigneten Kulturmodell wichtige präklinische Belege für das therapeutische Potential in vitro generierter TVorläuferzellen erbringen. Diese Arbeit bildet somit eine wichtige Grundlage für eine zukünftige klinische Anwendung von T-Vorläuferzellen zur Verbesserung der T-Zell-Immunität nach HSZT

PFOS (pluorooctane sulfonic acid) and PCB 180 (2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) ubiquitously found throughout the environment, given their persistence and extreme long biological half-life. PFOS and PCB 180 are predicted to disrupt retinoic acid receptor (Rar) signaling, interfering with important events of brain development, including neural differentiation and proliferation. Despite accumulating reports on the adversities of these EDCs, studies on the underlying mechanism continue to be largely unknown. The aim of this study was to validate transcriptional markers predictive of Rar disruption and to assess whether the same effects are induced by PFOS and PCB 180 exposure. Murine neural progenitor C17.2 cells were employed to mimic the developing brain. The cells were exposed to increasing nanomolar concentrations (nM) of Rar (ant)agonist, PFOS, and PCB 180. Interestingly, of all the transcriptional markers investigated, Ccn2 (cellular communication network factor 2), Il18 (Interleukin -18), and Ntn1(Netrin 1) were significantly altered by the Rar agonist (P&lt; 0.05). Likewise, the expression of Il18 and Ntn1 was also altered by developmental exposure to PFOS and PCB 180. Altogether, these findings indicate that Il18 and Ntn1 may be promising markers for studying developmental neurotoxicity induced by disruption of the retinoic acid pathway.