Este trabalho propõe uma leitura dos livros Canções sem metro, de Raul Pompéia, e Missal, de Cruz e Sousa. Investiga a origem do poema em prosa na literatura francesa, bem como analisa os principais problemas relacionados à conceituação desse novo formato. A análise pretende, ainda, identificar os traços mais marcantes dos primeiros livros dedicados ao poema em prosa no Brasil, no que diz respeito aos temas e à estrutura. Ao centrar a discussão sobre a dimensão discursiva do poema em prosa, sobre os operadores de tensão de sua constituição e sobre as figuras de dualidade, o trabalho apóia-se no estudo teórico crítico desenvolvido por Tzvetan Todorov / This paper proposes a comparative reading of Raul Pompéias Canções sem metro and Cruz e Sousas Missal. It also aims both at reflecting upon the origins of prose poem in the French literary tradition. Through the analysis of this new genre, this paper will identify the most remarkable features of the books above mentioned, seen as the first examples of the genre of prose poem in Brazil. Raul Pompéias Canções sem metro and Cruz e Souzas Missal will be studied in order to identify their themes and structure. The theoretical framework of this paper will be the critical method developed by Tzvetan Todorov, emphasizing particularly the figures of duality

The goal of the work advanced is to examine the problems of the Czech literary decadence, the term itself and the possible limits of its use. As a basic material we investigate a corpus of texts belonging mainly to the short story genre, also paying attention to the model of a decadent novel and being interested in the most significant decadent features. The problems of literary decadence do not belong to profoundly explored topics in the history of the Czech literature, incidentally conditioned by the preference of the symbolist and decadent poetry. That is why this work was to present some texts themselves, potentially representative for the model of a decadent short story genre and of certain artistic value. The text of this work consists of three main parts. The first presents the possibilities of progressive insight into the topic, its cultural and philosophical context, showing two model novels (Huysmans{\crq} A Rebours and Wilde{\crq}s The Picture of Dorian Gray) as different but relevant types of the decadent living scheme, the specific conception of life and the role of art in it. The second part applies several theoretical questions onto the topic, constructing the form. In the final part more than two tens of original Czech short stories are concerned and the thematic composition analysed, that at least some questions asked in the previous parts could be answered and certain theses postulated proved.

O presente trabalho apresenta o romance MoskváPetuchki, de Venedíkt Eroféiev, e propõe o seu estudo com base na investigação da sua composição temática. Através da tradução do texto integral e de considerações analíticas, a obra é confrontada ao contexto histórico e literário soviético. Desse modo, e por meio da utilização de recursos interpretativos apresentados por Mikhail Bakhtin, Boris Groys, Evgeny Dobrenko, Ann Komaromi e Aleksei Yurchak, entre outros, o romance é considerado enquanto uma parte fundamental da literatura dissidente soviética do período do Degelo e uma resposta à cultura hegemônica do período. / The present work introduces Venedikt Erofeyev`s novel, Moskva Petushki, and proposes a study by means of an investigation of its thematic composition. Based on its complete translation and analysis, the work is confronted with its soviet context, both historical and literary. Thus, and using concepts presented by Mikhail Bakhtin, Boris Groys, Evgeny Dobrenko, Ann Komaromi, Aleksei Yurchak, and others, the novel is thought of as a fundamental part of soviet dissident literature of the Thaw era, and as an answer to the hegemonic culture of the period.

Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma reflexão sobre uma das principais obras do romance gótico e da prosa de ficção romântica em língua inglesa Melmoth the Wanderer (1820), do clérigo dublinense Charles Robert Maturin (1782-1824). Buscamos analisar Melmoth como um sermão gótico irlandês, isto é, um híbrido de romance gótico e sermão sacro, cuja forma é estruturada pelo contexto sócio-histórico da Irlanda do início do século XIX, época caracterizada pelo acirramento das tensões entre católicos e protestantes. Nessa análise, consideramos também a produção sermonística e ensaística do autor. A religião, que se mostra o princípio organizador do romance, foi entendida em sua natureza dialética entre o eterno, as doutrinas teológicas e suas proposições transcendentais, e o temporal, a práxis dos fiéis no mundo. Demonstramos como o escritor-reverendo utiliza uma série de procedimentos retórico-argumentativos da oratória sagrada na tessitura do romance a fim de amplificar o seu grau persuasivo, transformando-o em arma de propaganda política contra a campanha pela Emancipação Católica. Discutimos ainda a fortuna crítica e a recepção do romance em vários países europeus, em especial na França, onde influenciou sobremaneira escritores como Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo e Charles Baudelaire. / This study looks at one of the masterpieces of the Gothic novel and the Romantic prose fiction in the English language: Melmoth the Wanderer (1820), written by the Dubliner cleric Charles Robert Maturin (1782-1824). One tries to analyze Melmoth as an Irish Gothic sermon, ie, a hybrid of gothic novel and sermon whose shape is structured by the sociohistorical context of 19th century Ireland, a period characterized by the deepening of tensions between Catholics and Protestants. This analysis also takes into account Maturin´s sermons and essays. Religion, which is the organizing principle of the novel, is understood in this study by its dialectic between the eternal (theological doctrines and their transcendental propositions), and the temporal (the practice of the faithful in the world).The study argues that the writer-cleric uses a series of rhetorical-argumentative procedures of sacred oratory in the making of the novel in order to increase its persuasive appeal, turning it into a weapon of political propaganda against the campaign for Catholic emancipation. It also assesses the novel´s reviews and reactions in several European countries, particularly in France, where it greatly influenced writers such as Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo, and Charles Baudelaire.

A leitura comparativa das produções em prosa e poesia que compõem a obra literária de Eugénio Tavares possibilita a compreensão da importância da participação dos escritores nativistas para a construção da nação Cabo Verde, da sua cultura e para a formação de sua série literária. Buscaremos nas produções jornalística e epistolar eugenianas traçar um panorama do contexto cabo-verdiano da virada do século dezenove para o vinte, destacando-lhes o propósito de denúncia das principais questões sociais, econômicas e políticas, assim como as aspirações libertárias que preocupavam os intelectuais cabo-verdianos da época. Na poesia, que ora se expressa em língua portuguesa, ora nas mornas em língua cabo-verdiana (crioulo), daremos ênfase a aspectos que fazem confluir a arte eugeniana para um ultrarromantismo tardio, de raiz lusa e, ao mesmo tempo, a estratégias que rasuram este estilo a partir de dentro, por meio de artifícios como a crítica e o humor carnavalizador. Quanto à morna, documento de registro da consciência coletiva, recorte de um patrimônio histórico, cultural e humanístico, submetida à mestria da pena de Eugénio Tavares, constituirá, além de uma marca identitária crioula, um dos marcos do lirismo literário cabo-verdiano. A opção de trabalhar com o cotejo de textos de diferentes gêneros manifesta a nossa tentativa de captar a riqueza com que Eugénio Tavares se apresenta e representa Cabo Verde em sua obra. / The comparative reading of the productions in prose and poetry that make up Eugénio Tavaress literary work enables the understanding of the importance nativist writers participation for the building of Cape Verde nation, its culture and the formation of its literary series. We will try to establish an outline of the Cape Verdean context from the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth one by analysing Eugénio Tavaress journalistic and epistolary productions and emphasing the purpose of complaint of the main social, economical and political quests as well as libertarian aspirations which worried Cape Verdean intellectuals of that time. In poetry, which sometimes expresses itself in Portuguese language, sometimes in the morna in Cape Verdean language (Creole), we will hilight the aspects that make eugeniana art converge to a late ultrarromanticism of Lusitanian root and at the same time, the strategies that erasure this style from within, through devices such as criticism and carnavalizador humor. Concerning the morna, the registration document of the collective consciousness, a piece of a historical, cultural and humanistic heritage, submitted to Eugénio Tavaress mastery of writing, will constitute, besides being an identitary Creole trait, one of the landmarks of Cape Verdean literary lyricism. The option of working with the collation of texts from different genres expresses our attempt to capture the richness with which Eugénio Tavares presents himself and represents Cape Verde in his work.

Publicado em 1869 configurando-se, portanto, como obra póstuma o conjunto de poemas do livro Petits Poèmes en Prose, de Charles Baudelaire, mostra-se, diante da crítica, como um enigma em dois níveis: no primeiro, como projeto de um sujeito poético que contrasta com a locução lírica de Les Fleurs du Mal; e no segundo, como gênero que desafia os lugares formais, convencionalmente dedicados à poesia e à prosa. A partir deste problema, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a aventura do poema em prosa de Baudelaire, respeitando sua dicção singular, e sem esquecer de situá-la em toda a fortuna crítica a respeito do gênero. Para tanto, recupera-se o ambiente enunciativo destes poemas em prosa; considerando, inicialmente, os lugares e funções da oposição poesia/prosa no Século XIX, e, depois, ligando essas pesquisas às particularidades da poética de Baudelaire. No trato com a matéria verbal, a partir da observação do uso de apostos e construções em sequência, relacionar a reflexão teórica a uma lírica dita moderna, a uma poética do incerto, mostrou-se fértil, conferindo ao trabalho uma abertura em direção ao incompleto como projeto de escritura. / Published in 1869 therefore, a posthumous work the collection of poems of the book Petits Poèmes en Prose, by Charles Baudelaire, presents itself to the critics as a two-level enigma: on the first one, as a project with a poetic subject that contrasts itself with the lyrical locution of Les Fleurs du Mal; and on the second level, as a genre that challenges the formal places conventionally dedicated to prose and poetry. Starting at this problem, the present paper has the objective of analyze the adventure of Baudelaires prose poetry, respecting his singular diction and never forgetting to place it over all the critical wealth of the genre. Therefore, these poems enunciative ambient is recovered in prose; considering initially the places and functions of the poetry/prose opposition in the XIX Century and, later, linking this research to the peculiarities of baudelairean poetics. From the relationship with the verbal matters and the observation of the use of appositives and sequential constructions, it establishes a relationship between the theoretical reflection and a so-called modern lyrics, a poetics of the uncertain that has shown itself as a fertile ground, giving the work an openness in the way of the incomplete as a scriptural project.

A obra inicial de Lídia Jorge, O dia dos prodígios, por meio de um riquíssimo conjunto de imagens e metáforas, constrói ficcionalmente o que seria, na visão de sua autora, a realidade socioeconômica e política de uma parcela significativa da população portuguesa a do Portugal agrário, de pensamento medievalizado e medievalizante, absorto em seu próprio cotidiano e, também por isso, distante das transformações vividas pelo restante do país. Para isso, a escritora cria um ambiente tempo e espaço que carrega marcas ideológicas nas imagens que o constituem, o que caracteriza, assim, o procedimento a que Mikhail Bakhtin deu o nome de cronotopo. Dessa forma, o propósito central desse estudo é identificar, no romance, os elementos espaciais que representem ideologicamente Portugal através dos tempos, com ênfase no pensamento português no contexto da Revolução dos Cravos, e quais traços dessa ideologia são alegorizados por esses elementos cronotópicos, na crença de que, ao identificá-los e compreendê-los, será possível perceber a existência de diferentes graus de importância que teriam sido atribuídos à insurreição de abril de 1974, em diferentes contextos. É também objetivo dessa dissertação descrever os procedimentos narrativos empregados por Lídia Jorge a fim de representar cronotopicamente a sociedade rural portuguesa, uma vez que a geração de prosadores de ficção pós-1974 pautou seu trabalho não só pelo resgate da identidade nacional envolta em brumas ideológicas desde o século XVI , mas também pela ruptura com a estética literária herdada do salazarismo , estética essa tributária da tradição cultural portuguesa, cujos valores mantiveram-se quase intactos ao longo dos séculos. / Lidia Jorges first novel, O dia dos prodígios, brings out a rich set of imagery and metaphors which builds in fiction what would be the authors point of view on the socioeconomic and political reality of a very meaningful part of the Portuguese society the one that lives in and from the countryside, whose ideas are quite medieval, and who spends life locked into their own sight of view, far from all the changes faced by their country. In order to do so, the writer builds a setting time and space which carries ideological signals in the imagery that constitutes it, what leads to the concept of chronotope, as defined by Mikhail Bakhtin. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to identify the elements that represent Portugal ideologically throughout time, in the novel, with emphasis on the Portuguese thought in the context of the Revolução dos Cravos (the revolution that ended the dictatorship in which Portugal had been submerged until 1974), and which aspects of this ideology are metaphorically represented through chronotope procedures, once it is believed that it will be possible to notice the existence of different ways of perception of the Revolução, in different contexts, by identifying and comprehending those chronotopic constructions. It is also an aim of this paper to describe the narrative procedures used by Lidia Jorge in order to represent chronotopically the rural Portuguese society, once the post-1974 generation of writers made a point not only in recreating Portugals identity but also in breaking the ties with the literary procedures inherited from the cultural Portuguese tradition, kept alive by Salazars dictatorship.

The prose translation of the fifty first psalms in the Paris Psalter is quite unique as an early medieval scriptural translation (O’Neill 2016 p. x). There have been several studies made on the Paris Psalter recently, most notably by Patrick O’Neill. One focus of several of these studies has been whether or not the Prose translation is connected to Alfred the Great. However, there is still much left in this translation that has not yet been studied. Something that can be noticed when studying the prose psalms is that throughout the translation the translator made several additions and changes to the psalms. There are several different kinds of additions in the prose psalms, the most common of these is the þæt ys/þæt synt (‘that is’/‘those are’) type. This study focuses on these additions, and it will be suggested that the translator has made additions and changes to the psalms to describe metaphors and concepts that an Anglo-Saxon reader might not have been able to understand without these additions.

This diploma thesis presents a contrastive description of reporting clauses in present-day original Czech and American fiction (published and awarded in 2010-2015). The examined reported clauses are limited to direct speech marked with a conventional means of punctuation. Based on six samples of fiction, three American ones and three Czech ones, this thesis examines reporting verbs, their diversity, the nature of the subject of reporting clauses, modification by adjuncts, the presence of an object expressing the addressee and the position of reporting clauses with respect to their reported clauses. It also scrutinizes the instances of leaving the reporting clause unexpressed and of certain transient forms. The ascertained values are then compared with a translatology paper on the same topic. The findings of this thesis confirm that while Czech reporting clauses strive for diversity by a number of means, English reporting clauses strive for inconspicuousness. This thesis attempts to contribute to a better understanding of reporting clauses. The outlined findings may be helpful especially to translators and fiction writers. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cette thèse se donne pour enjeu d’étudier la figure du médecin dans la littérature russe du XIXe siècle, à travers deux volets : d’abord la présentation du personnage au sein des différents courants artistiques et ensuite, la formation de son image à travers des données historiques qui mettront en évidence le développement de la pensée scientifique et des théories médicales dominant dans les milieux intellectuels. Dans l’analyse chronologique du personnage, nous nous sommes appuyée sur plus de trente-cinq auteurs et avons sélectionné deux cents œuvres. Ce principe nous a permis de dégager, d’une part son image récurrente à travers le prisme professionnel; d’autre part d’établir les étapes de son évolution dans le système esthétique de chaque auteur. Grâce à l’étude historique des sciences, nous avons établi le lien entre les deux domaines - médecine et littérature. A chaque période marquée par les mutations scientifiques, nous avons voulu démontrer que la littérature s’empare de ces nouvelles données et impose une image du médecin. Les auteurs romantiques, séduits par la vogue des sciences occultes, font naître un héros mystique. Dans la littérature des années 1860, sensibilisée par Les Réflexes du cerveau de Sečenov qui transforme la médecine en symbole des temps nouveaux, le personnage devient actif et vrai porteur des conceptions scientifiques : il figure désormais au centre du sujet narratif. Ainsi cette recherche a-t-elle cerné la spécificité de l’image du médecin qui se forme sous l’influence de la pensée scientifique que les auteurs transposent dans leurs œuvres. Se situant au croisement de la littérature et de la science, le personnage apparaît véritablement comme la métaphore de son époque. / The goal of this work is to study the figure of the doctor in XIXth century Russian literature, through two data: first of all the presentation of the character within the different artistic trends and then, the development of his image through the historic data which highlight the development of scientific thought and medical theories dominating intellectual circles. In the chronological analysis of the character, we based the work on more than thirty five authors and selected approximately two hundred works. This approach allowed us to establish, on one hand a recurrent image through the professional prism; and on the other hand to establish the steps of its evolution in the aesthetic system of each author. Due to the historical study of sciences, we drew up the link between the two fields – medicine and literature. At each period marked by scientific transformations, we wanted to demonstrate that literary output seizes this new data and enforces the image of the doctor. The romantic authors, attracted by the vogue of occult sciences, gave birth to a mystical character. In the literature of the 1860’s, made aware by Reflexes of the Brain by Sechenov who transforms medicine into the symbol of new times, the character becomes active and a real bearer of scientific notions: from now on he features as the center of the narrative subject. Therefore this research determined the specificity of the image of the doctor which is formed under the influence of scientific thinking that the authors adapt in their works. The character, situated at the crossroads of literature and science, truly appears as the metaphor of his era.