The year of 2016, healthcare accounted for almost 10.9% of Sweden’s total GDP, which corresponds to almost 478 billion SEK. A significant part of an organization's expenditure is linked to procurement, but in the context of procurement in public sector there is not enough research done, and the studies that have been done indicates that there are opportunities for improvement. This study has focused on direct procurement, and the purpose is, therefore, to increase understanding of direct procurement in Swedish healthcare and to formulate recommendations that streamline the process of direct procurement.   This work was a multicase study, interviews were conducted with four employees in three different regions who worked with procurement linked to healthcare, in addition to these interviews, requests for other material relevant to direct procurement were sent out to several other regions. The findings were analyzed and discussed with the help of a literature review.   It was discovered early in the work during the interviews that resources were not prioritized for direct procurement. Direct procurement is always carried out if it is allowed, and it is permitted if the value of the procurement does not exceed SEK 586 907 if there are no special reasons. These amounts are governed by the Public Procurement Act (LOU), and in addition to this limits there are many other parts in LOU that the public sector must relate to - and the laws and regulations set are the main reasons why the purchasing process in the public sector is more complicated than in the private sector.   A successful purchasing function is characterized by, among other things, team-based structure and good cooperation between the different parts of the organization. One part of the study's contribution is that digitization should be seen as a performance area and success factor in public procurement. The public sector has a socio-economic responsibility, but because of LOU, it is not easy to stimulate local economic growth, as an example. In this study, several recommendations have been proposed, for instance, to become more cost-effective, and to how the problem of socio-economic responsibility may be circumvented without risking committing violations of the public procurement laws. One recommendation is digitalization of the process to increase efficiency in several performance areas. Another recommendation is to work closer to the suppliers and the customers to, as an example, encourage innovation and sustainability.

Sverige har som mål att bli bäst i världen på att nyttja digitaliseringens möjligheter för att skapa effektiv verksamhet i offentlig sektor och en enklare vardag för privatpersoner och företag. År 2017 spenderades 59 miljarder svenska kronor på att digitalisera Sverige med hjälp av externa aktörer. Trots miljardsatsningen är Sveriges utvecklingstakt långsam i jämförelse med flera andra länder i Europa. Svenska myndigheten Riksrevisionen har dessutom identifierat att IT-projekt ofta drar över budget och konstaterar att offentliga verksamheter måste effektivisera sin IT-verksamhet. IT-projekt, inte bara i offentlig sektor, har visat en trend på att dra över budget eller tid och i ett försök att möta denna problematik har den agila filosofin och olika agila projektmodeller vuxit fram. Det agila projektförfarandet har överlag haft en positiv påverkan på IT-projekt och har anammats i en högre utsträckning i den privata sektorn än den offentliga sektorn.  Då det läggs flera miljarder på upphandlingar av IT har vi sett det som viktigt att samverkan med extern part fungerar bra och att projekten effektiviseras. Eftersom den agila projektmodellen visat sig ha en positiv påverkan på IT-projekt har denna studie därför undersökt vilka förutsättningar som finns för att driva IT-projekt agilt mot offentlig sektor. Upphandlingsprocessen och hur den påverkar möjligheten att tillämpa en agil projektmodell har fått särskilt mycket uppmärksamhet i vår studie då lagen om offentlig upphandling (SFS 2016:1145) innebär att den kravspecifikation som skrivs av den upphandlande parten blir svårföränderlig. I vår fallstudie har vi undersökt ett implementationsprojekt i en offentlig verksamhet som drivits med en agil ansats av en extern leverantör i privat sektor. Genom att intervjua respondenter på leverantören, som var involverade i projektet, har vi tillämpat ett leverantörsperspektiv i vår undersökning för att kartlägga upplevda utmaningar i projekt mot offentlig verksamhet. Utifrån empirin har vi kommit fram till att upphandlingsförfarandet lett till att det uppstått (1) utmaningar vid ändring kravspecifikation och att bevisa uppfyllelse av krav, (2) kommunikationssvårigheter mellan Kunden och Leverantören gällande krav och (3) upplevd bristande förståelse för kraven av kunden. Vissa organisatoriska karaktärsdrag för offentlig verksamhet har också identifierats som bidragande till kommunikationssvårigheter mellan Kunden och Leverantören gällande krav. Den agila filosofin förespråkar ett nära samarbete med intressenter och förutsätter förändringar av kravspecifikationen genomgående i projektet. Slutsatsen är således att upphandlingsprocessen, i det studerade projektet, har påverkat möjligheterna för att driva IT-projekt agilt. / Sweden has the goal of becoming best in the world of utilizing the possibilities created by digitalization to create an effective public sector and an easier everyday life for individuals and companies. During 2017, Sweden spent roughly 59 billion Swedish crowns on digitalization with help of external actors. Although these billions of Swedish crowns are spent, the country’s development pace is slower than other European countries. The Swedish authority Riksrevisionen has conducted an audit where they have identified that IT-projects often runs over budget and states that the public sector must streamline its use and procurement of IT. IT-projects have shown a trend of budget overruns and not meeting deadlines, not only in the public sector. In an attempt to turn the trend, the agile philosophy and different agile project models was formed. The agile approach has overall had a positive effect on IT-project and has been embraced in the private sector to a larger degree than the public sector. We see cooperation between external supplier and the actor procuring information systems as well as the streamlining of IT-projects as a critical aspect of the Swedish digitalization. Since the agile approach has shown positive effects of IT-projects, this study has aimed to examine what prerequisites are present in the public sector for running projects in accordance of the agile philosophy. The procurement process and how it affects these prerequisites has received a lot of focus since the procurement law (SFS: 2016:1145) in Sweden implicates that the requirement specification, created by the contracting actor, is difficult to change. In our case study, we have examined an implementation project in the public sector, led by an information system supplier in the private sector. We gathered qualitative data by interviewing employees of the supplier, involved in the project, effectively applying a supplier perspective to map perceived challenges in delivering information systems to the public sector. From the qualitative data we concluded that the procurement process has led to (1) difficulties with changing the requirement specification and proving fulfilment of requirements, (2) communication challenges between the customer and the supplier regarding requirements and (3) experienced lack of comprehension of requirements by the customer. Some organizational characteristics for the public sector have also been identified as a possible cause of communication challenges. The agile philosophy advocates close collaboration with stakeholders and expects changes to the requirement specification throughout the project. The conclusion is thus that the procurement process, in the studied project, has affected the prerequisites to run a project with an agile approach in a negative way.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA LARA SENA LIMA.pdf: 1107817 bytes, checksum: 30f9a7f6d47272843a7653722b2ab3b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-24 / This work has as object of study discuss about the promotion of sustainable national development through administrative procurement and contracting carried out by the Brazilian Government. For this, it has to, at first, a historical analysis (international and national), the concept and dimensions of sustainability. Then, far-there will be an approach to the main aspects of bids and administrative contracts in the Brazilian legal system, having as basis the article 37, item XXI of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and Law n°. 8.666 - 93. Finally, it will be specifically analyzed the bids and sustainable hires through internal regulatory instruments, namely, the National Environmental Policy (Law n°. 6.938 - 1981), the National Policy on Climate Change (Law n°. 12.187 - 2009 ), Normative Instruction n°. 1 of 2010 - Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management, the National Policy on Solid Waste (Law n°. 12.305 - 2010), Differentiated Contracting Regime (Law n°. 12.462 - 2011), Decree Presidential 7746, 2012, among others, and also point out some practical examples of measures taken to better understanding and comprehension of the subject defended. / A presente dissertação possui como objeto de estudo discorrer acerca da promoção do desenvolvimento nacional sustentável por meio das licitações e contratações administrativas realizadas pelo Poder Público brasileiro. Para isto, faz-se necessário, num primeiro momento, uma análise histórica (no âmbito internacional e nacional), do conceito e das dimensões da sustentabilidade. Em seguida, far-se-á uma abordagem dos principais aspectos das licitações e contratações administrativas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, tendo como embasamento o artigo 37, inciso XXI da Constituição Federal de 1988 bem como a Lei n° 8.666-93. Por fim, serão analisados especificamente as licitações e contratações sustentáveis por meio dos instrumentos normativos internos, quais sejam, a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Lei n° 6.938-1981), a Política Nacional Sobre Mudança do Clima (Lei n° 12.187-2009), a Instrução Normativa n° 1 de 2010 - Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei n° 12.305-2010), o Regime Diferenciado de Contratação (Lei n° 12.462-2011), o Decreto Presidencial 7.746 de 2012, dentre outros, e também apontar alguns exemplos práticos de medidas adotadas para melhor entendimento e compreensão da temática defendida.

Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État. / With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed.

Le financement des contrats de la commande publique est une question relevant dans une large mesure de la pratique contractuelle. L’impécuniosité des personnes publiques conduit cependant les acteurs de la commande publique à lui porter un intérêt grandissant. Cette étude se propose de rendre compte du mouvement de financiarisation affectant le droit des contrats de la commande publique et, en particulier, le droit des contrats immobiliers conclus par les personnes publiques. Elle met en évidence la flexibilité de la matière qui ne cesse de s’adapter à l’impératif de financement des opérations d’intérêt général. Cette préoccupation contribue à lui conférer certains caractères. Elle est par ailleurs susceptible d’expliquer les choix du législateur. Cette tendance à l’adaptation est largement confirmée par les récents textes européens et nationaux portant réforme des contrats de la commande publique. Elle révèle toutefois certaines incohérences du droit positif qu’il est utile de mettre en évidence dans un contexte de codification du droit de la commande publique. / The funding for public procurement contracts is a pertinent question in the practice of contract law. Impecuniosity of public entities is driving a growing interest in public procurement law legislation.This study aims to report and account for the trend of financialisation how it affects public procurement law and, in particular, real estate law concluded by the public sector. Furthermore, this study highlights the flexible nature of the aforementioned legislations, which continuously adapt to the financial needs of the common good. This adaptation is an occurrence which implies certain traits regarding the process of financialisation. Moreover, this study may help to explain choices made by legislators.The phenomenon of economic adaptation is widely confirmed by recent European and national texts proposing reform of public procurement contract law.Nevertheless this report reveals certain inconsistencies in positive law, which is valuable to emphasize in the context of codification of public procurement legislation.

Les déchets ont été initialement appréhendés selon la summa divisio classique droit public-droit privé, occultant ainsi leur dimension environnementale. L’extension progressive de la notion de déchet au regard des enjeux environnementaux et économiques remet en cause cette distinction traditionnelle au nom d’une nécessaire unité du déchet autour de ses différentes composantes intrinsèques. L’ambivalence de la nature du déchet impose de dépasser la division du droit.Le respect de l’intégrité du déchet, de sa conformité à lui-même, rend alors nécessaire la cohabitation du droit de l’environnement avec les autres branches du droit existantes dans le cadre d’une coproduction qui s’impose des contraintes mutuelles. L’objectif de notre étude consiste à définir les modalités de collaboration entre les différentes disciplines juridiques, fondées, d’une part, sur l’intégration de la gestion des déchets dans les règles du marché, assurant la rencontre des considérations environnementales et économiques, et fondées, d’autre part, sur l’application du droit de la concurrence à la gestion des déchets lorsque les pratiques intègrent la composante environnementale. C’est dans la définition des conditions d’interaction entre les impératifs environnementaux et économiques que l’unité du déchet peut être consacrée. / Waste was previously apprehended along the classic summa division of public and private law while concealing its environmental dimension. This traditional distinction has been called into question ever since the notion of waste has gradually expanded in view of economic and environmental issues. The unity of the notion of waste around his inherent parts is now necessary. The ambivalent nature of waste dictates us to go further than this division of law. In order to respect waste’s integrity and its true nature, environmental law must work together with other branches of law towards a co-production that implies mutual constraints. Defining the different ways these legal disciplines collaborate constitutes the study’s objective. These are founded on one hand, on waste management’s integration into market laws, ensuring the meeting of environmental and economical considerations and on the other hand, on the application of competition law to waste management when practices integrate an environmental aspect. Only once the interactions between environmental and economical imperatives are defined can waste’s unity be recognised.

Questo studio sviluppa un originale indicatore di rischio corruzione negli appalti pubblici Italiani e stima la correlazione tra le caratteristiche delle aziende aggiudicatarie e l’indicatore di rischio corruzione precedentemente stimato. L’indicatore di rischio corruzione è costruito a partire dai residui statistici di una procedura semi-parametrica a due stadi. Nella prima fase, i contratti dei lavori pubblici sono comparati per identificare l’inefficienza relativa di ciascun lavoro pubblico sulla base di due variabili predefinite – costi aggiuntivi e ritardi nella fase di esecuzione del contratto – attraverso una tecnica di valutazione delle performance (DEA). Nella seconda fase, l’indicatore di inefficienza generato nella prima fase è spiegato attraverso l’uso di determinanti di inefficienza, escludendo il fattore della corruzione che è trattato separatamente. Nella terza fase, i residui di stima sono trasformati in nuovi punteggi di rischio corruzione a livello di contratto pubblico. I risultati suggeriscono che: (1) le stazioni appaltanti ad elevato rischio corruzione si trovano maggiormente nel Lazio, in Lombardia e in Toscana; (2) le aziende aggiudicatarie ad alto rischio corruzione risiedono maggiormente nel Centro Italia (Abruzzo, Umbria e Lazio) e nel Sud Italia (Campania e Basilicata). Successivamente, l’esercizio di valutazione del rischio corruzione è mirato all'identificazione delle caratteristiche aziendali associate ad un rischio elevato di corruzione. I risultati suggeriscono che le aziende che si aggiudicano contratti ad alto rischio di corruzione sono più orientati alla ricerca del profitto, detengono meno debiti e necessitano mediamente di maggior tempo per pagare i loro clienti. Infine, queste aziende hanno maggiori probabilità di avere legami legali e/o finanziari con giurisdizioni off-shore e paradisi fiscali. / This study develops an original corruption risk indicator at the Italian procurement level and estimates the correlation between the profile of contract suppliers and the corruption risk indicator in question. This corruption risk indicator relies on a residual approach following a two-stage, semi-parametric procedure. First, public work contracts are benchmarked to investigate the relative efficiency of each public work execution based on two predefined variables – cost overrun and time delay – using a data envelopment analysis (DEA). Second, DEA efficiency scores are regressed on environmental and contract-level determinants of inefficiency – excluding corruption which is treated separately. Third, the estimate residuals provide estimates of the potential risk of corruption at the contract level. The aggregated results from an updated Italian public procurement dataset suggest that: (1) the risk of corruption associated with contracting authorities prevails in larger urban areas, especially in Lazio, Tuscany and Lombardy; (2) the risk of corruption in relation to the location of firms is higher in central regions (Abruzzo, Umbria and Lazio) and southern regions (Campania and Basilicata). Then, a risk-based assessment exercise is performed to profile suppliers. The corruption risk indicator is regressed on suppliers’ financial and ownership data to identify patterns among firms winning risky contracts. Suppliers associated with high levels of corruption risk in public contracting are more profit-seeking, hold low levels of debts and on average need more days to pay their customers. Finally, suppliers involved in public work contracts at high risk of corruption are more likely to have legal and/or financial connections with off-shore jurisdictions and tax havens which might use financial and corporate secrecy to attract illicit financial flows.

The theme of thesis is to analyze the effectviveness of public- private partnership. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part defines public goods and means of their security. The following defines the public-private partnership. Than there is the evaluation of public procurements and Public Private Partnership projects in a legal and financial aspects. The practical part describes legal security and financing of Public Private Partnership project Aquapark Olomouc along with SWOT analysis and risk analysis. The analysis above leads to the identification of problematic points of the project. Finally, suggestions are formulated to solution of identified problems and evaluate whether, in this particular case, public-private partnership has been effective.

This thesis deals with the EU internal market, focusing on the recent developments related to the Single Market Act of 2010. At the same time, the work deals with a critical assessment of selected instruments of the internal market, improving the business environment and thereby promote the competitiveness of European enterprises. Selected instruments which are rated in the work were selected on the basis of the content of EU Single Market Act, specifically the thesis evaluates additional funding for businesses, instruments of the European public procurement system and ultimately the EU regulatory environment and tools for administrative burdens reduction.

Abstract This thesis increases the understanding of public-private partnerships (PPPs) by examining their development in a centralized public procurement context. The thesis discusses on how the actors in centralized public procurement participate in the development of PPPs and what drives and challenges the actors to transit from traditional transactional arm’s length tendering to partnership thinking in public procurement. The PPP research is integrated into the research stream of Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) and the interaction approach to recognize PPPs as socially constructed during the public procurement process. The triadic approach is applied to regard PPP development as dynamic and examine the relationship dynamics between the three actors of centralized public procurement. The empirical setting of the thesis rests on a qualitative case study design using two cases. It analyzes PPP development in a standardized product procurement of food and a more diversified service procurement of home nursing. The empirical data is primarily acquired through qualitative interviews, which are supported by information from written documents and seminars on procurement regulations and procedures. The thesis shows that the development of PPPs in the context of centralized public procurement is an ongoing and dynamic process, in which the three actors actively participate by initiating, building, and facilitating the development process. The thesis further finds that cooperative interaction contributes to PPP development by increasing knowledge exchange and promoting the transition from transactional procurement logic to partnering in public procurement. The procurement type and the network in which the PPP is embedded influence the process by reflecting the actors’ ways of participating in the process and how trust is built between them. The thesis further shows how relationship dynamics influence the process in the triadic setting; that is, the procurement logic of a single actor or the logic underlying the relationship of two actors engender and intensify the problems or promote the partnership thinking in the triad. The findings of this thesis aid managers to identify how they can proactively foster the development of PPPs in centralized public procurement, and identify the influence of relationship dynamics on the process. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään julkisten ja yksityisten organisaatioiden välisten kumppanuussuhteiden kehittämiseen keskitetyssä julkisessa hankintakontekstissa. Tutkimus tarkastelee sitä, kuinka keskitetyn hankintakontekstin kolme eri toimijaa osallistuvat suhteen kehittämiseen ja sitä, mikä edistää ja haittaa heidän siirtymistä perinteisestä transaktionaalisesta kilpailutuksesta kohti kumppanuutta. Tutkimus yhdistää julkisten ja yksityisten organisaatioiden välistä kumppanuutta käsittelevää kirjallisuutta teollisen markkinoinnin ja ostamisen tutkimukseen sekä erityisesti vuorovaikutusnäkökulmaan, koska kumppanuus ymmärretään työssä sosiaalisena ja vuorovaikutteisena prosessina, joka kehittyy hankintaprosessissa. Työ hyödyntää myös triadia näkökulmaa kolmen toimijan välisen kumppanuuden dynamiikkojen tutkimiseksi. Tutkimuksessa toteutettiin laadullinen kahden tapauksen tapaustutkimus, jossa kumppanuuden kehittämistä analysoitiin standardoidussa ruokatuotehankinnassa ja kotihoidon palveluhankinnassa. Työn aineisto on kerätty haastatteluiden kautta, ja sitä on tuettu kirjallisten dokumenttien ja julkisen hankinnan seminaarien kautta kerätyn tiedon kautta. Tutkimuksessa esitetään, että julkisten ja yksityisten organisaatioiden välisten kumppanuussuhteiden kehittäminen keskitetyssä hankintaprosessissa on jatkuva ja dynaaminen prosessi, johon kolme toimijaa osallistuvat aktiivisesti käynnistämällä, luomalla tai tukemalla prosessia. Työssä tunnistetaan myös, että yhteistyöllinen vuorovaikutus edistää kumppanuutta lisäämällä tiedon vaihdantaa ja tukemalla toimijoiden siirtymistä perinteisestä transaktionaalisesta hankinta-logiikasta kohti kumppanuutta. Hankintatyyppi ja laajempi verkosto, johon suhde on kytkeytynyt, vaikuttavat siihen, kuinka toimijat osallistuvat kumppanuuden kehittämiseen ja kuinka luottamus siinä syntyy. Tutkimus havainnollistaa myös kumppanuuden kehittämisen dynamiikkaa triadissa suhteessa. Yhden toimijan tai kahden toimijan välisten ongelmien huomattiin synnyttävän ja voimistavan ongelmien kehittymistä kaikkien kolmen toimijan välillä ja toisin päin; yhden toimijan tai kahden toimijan välinen kumppanuus vahvistaa kumppanuutta triadissa. Tutkimus tarjoaa yritysjohdolle tietoa siitä, kuinka kumppanuutta voi vahvistaa keskitetyssä julkisessa hankinnassa ja siitä, kuinka tunnistaa prosessiin vaikuttavia dynamiikkoja.