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This master thesis investigates the causes of female street prostitutes’ high level of violent victimization and based on the findings suggests the possible ways to better protect this group of women in order to reduce the harm they face. I chose a qualitative content analysis as a research method and focused on three main theories within the field of Victimology. Lifestyle model, Routine Activity and Neutralization and Desensitization Theories are the most suitable to explain the specific factors which make female street prostitutes’ one of the most victimized groups of the society. The results of the analysis are the clear example that legalizing street prostitution is the so called basis to plan and develop further protective and preventive strategies. Though, the recommendation includes conducting the future research to compare the violence rate of legalized female street prostitution with an unregulated one.

Cette étude a pour sujet le caractère thérapeutique du châtiment dans l’œuvre de Platon. Nous souhaitons montrer que le pouvoir thérapeutique du châtiment, tel que le conçoit Platon, repose sur l’action purificatrice qu’il exerce sur l’âme injuste. Dans un premier temps, nous mettons en évidence l’originalité de la théorie platonicienne du châtiment par rapport à la conception rétributive de la justice qui exerce une emprise sur la morale grecque de l’époque. Nous exposons les raisons qui amènent Platon à rejeter la vengeance et à attribuer à la peine une fonction curative. Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons à l’étiologie du vice dans le but de déterminer ce qui, précisément, doit faire l’objet de l’action thérapeutique du châtiment. Nous examinons les implications de l’analogie entre la maladie et le vice afin de voir ce qu’elle peut nous apprendre sur la nature de l’injustice. Nous considérons par la suite la possibilité d’interactions causales entre le corps et l’âme pour voir si le corps peut avoir une certaine responsabilité dans l’injustice de l’âme. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous nous penchons sur le mode d’action du châtiment afin de comprendre par quel moyen l’administration de la peine arrive à restaurer la justice dans l’âme du condamné. Nous prenons le contre-pied de certaines thèses qui assimilent les effets du châtiment à ceux du régime et de l’enseignement. Nous soutenons que ce n’est pas comme outil de conditionnement que le châtiment peut guérir l’injustice, car l’âme injuste doit d’abord être débarrassée des opinions qui font obstacle à la justice avant de pouvoir tirer un quelconque profit de l’enseignement et des bonnes habitudes de vie. C’est pourquoi le châtiment doit prendre la forme d’une purification. À ce titre, nous pensons que son action doit être rapprochée de celle de l’elenchos. / This study focuses on the therapeuthic nature of punishment in Plato’s work. We aim to demonstrate that the therapeutic power of punishment, as conceived by Plato, is based on its purifying action on the unjust soul. Firstly, we highlight the originality of Plato’s theory of punishment in contrast to the retributive conception of justice that exerted influence on the moral values of ancient Greece. We explain the reasons why Plato rejects vengeance and attributes a curative function to punishment. Secondly, we delve into the etiology of vice in order to determine precisly what should be the object of punishment. We examine the implications of the analogy between disease and vice to understand what it can teach us about the nature of injustice. We then consider the possibility of causal interactions between the body and the soul to see if the body can bear some responsability for the soul’s injustice. Lastly, we explore the mode of action of punishment to understand how administering it can restore justice in the condemned individual’s soul. We challenge some theses that liken the effects of punishment to those of regimen and education. We argue that punishment cannot cure injustice as a mere tool of conditioning, as the unjust soul must first rid itself of opinions that hinder justice before being able to benefit from education and good habits. Therefore, punishment must take the form of purification. In this regard, we believe that its action should be likened to that of elenchos.

Challenges addressed in global politics, such as climate change, maritime piracy and fighting highly contagious diseases, concern global public goods. The related policy decisions are primarily made by teams. In contrast, economic models of global public goods typically assume a single rational decision maker. We use a laboratory experiment to compare team decisions to the decisions of individuals in a finitely repeated public goods game with and without a costly punishment option. Teams of three participants coordinate on decisions either by majority or unanimity rule. We find that, in the absence of a punishment option, teams deciding by the unanimity rule contribute slightly more than individuals. With the punishment option, unanimity teams choose significantly lower levels of punishment and exhibit anti-social punishment less frequently than individuals. A possible explanation is the elimination of extreme preferences for punishment through the coordination process in teams.

<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>

<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>

This diploma paper dealt with the profession of the Head Nurse working in Prison Health Centre.The work considered the level of education of the Head Nurses working in the Prison Health Centre with the aim to analyse the level of education nowdays predominating in this profession. Furthermore, the work was aimed to specify whether the Head Nurses have mostly secondary school education. Due to the fad that the author of this work has been studying at the Faculty of Health and Social studies of the University of South Bohemia, the work also took into consideration prevailing attitudes to possible advantages of studies at the Faculty of Health and Social studies of the future Head Nurses. The work also applied to the number of Paramedical workers who have been working in the Prison Service and attempted to analyse whether there is a tendency to increase the percentage of medical personnel in the employee structure of the Prison service. To fulfil the objectives of this work the author had chosen various methods: questionnaires, interviews and analysis of statistical data showed in annual reports of the Prison Service of the Czech Republic.

Magister Legum - LLM / I attempt to analyze South Africa's legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context. / South Africa