Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-06T15:41:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Aspar Lima.pdf: 971532 bytes, checksum: 82f0e82dde808eb1cc573502c39c908b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T15:41:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Aspar Lima.pdf: 971532 bytes, checksum: 82f0e82dde808eb1cc573502c39c908b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-28 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho visa ao desenvolvimento de uma nova forma de enfrentamento da criminalidade ecológica através da efetiva e integral reparação do dano. Serão examinados, inicialmente, os contornos da sociedade contemporânea, destacando a assunção do risco como elemento nuclear da organização social e a dinâmica peculiar que com isso se assume, o processo expansivo da tutela penal e a aclamada proteção do meio ambiente. Posteriormente, será traçado, em linhas gerais, o despertar ecológico, as respostas encontradas pelo Estado em termos de proteção, através da promulgação de leis ambientais redundantes na proteção através do Direito Penal, bem como os fundamentos legitimadores a autorizar o sancionamento penal, visando uma verdadeira análise conjunta da proteção do meio ambiente e da tutela penal, com a necessidade deste para proteger aquele. O estudo propõe-se, ainda, a analisar o novo enfoque assumido pela reparação do dano em termos de Direito Penal, ao redescobrir a vítima do delito e, em vista disto, aproximar-se do ideal reparatório, traçando, ao final, uma ligação com os objetivos primordiais galgados em termos de preservação e proteção do meio ambiente e a influência direta nos critérios de punibilidade em termos de desenvolvimento de uma nova racionalidade referente ao contexto de proteção do meio ambiente. / This work aims a development of a new way of facing the ecological criminality through the effective and integral of damage repair. Will be examinated, initially, the contours of the contemporary society, detaching the assumption of the risk as a nuclear element of the social organization and the peculiar dynamics that with it is assumed, the expansive process of the criminal guardianship and the acclaimed protection of the environment. Posteriorly, will be traced, in general lines, the ecological awakening, the answers found by the State in terms of protection, through the constant promulgation of ecological laws, redundant in the protection through the Criminal Law, so as the legitimation fundaments that authorizes the criminal sanctioning, aiming a true joint analysis of the environment protection and the criminal guardianship with the necessity of this last to protect that one. The study also intends to examine the new approach assumed by the damage repair in terms of the Environmental Criminal Law, that assumes a remedial bias, through the rediscovering of the victim, fulfilling with the primordials objectives searched in the preservation and protection of the environment, influencing the punishment in terms of a development of a new rationality about an environment protection context.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Colombo dos Santos.pdf: 2237783 bytes, checksum: 9f1c5c6b60a5e8efe323aca64b99255d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aversive control is a controversial domain inside Behavior Analysis. Classically, includes negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance) and punishment. However, the nomenclature aversive control is used to refer to a number of other behavioral phenomena (conditioned suppression, learned helplessness, etc.). Because it is a controversial domain, in theoretical and experimental areas, reveals itself as a significant issue for historical studies. It was not found a brazilian historical study that has taken the production on aversive control in the country as an object of study. Thus, this work had two objectives: (1) to characterize the researches about aversive control in Brazil, through the analysis of theses and dissertations produced in the country; (2) to analyze the researches on negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance), punishment and aversive control (researches that dealt with the issue in general), the point of view of definitions proposed, terminology used to refer to aversive events, main results, byproducts and application considerations about by-products and to application. To achieve these objectives, two studies were conducted. For the Study 1, were selected theses and dissertations between 1968 and 2010 in the following sources: Database of dissertations and theses in Behavior Analysis (BDTAC/Br); Brazilian Universities digital libraries; Bank of theses and dissertations from CAPES; and Lattes curricula. 98 theses and dissertations on aversive control were found. The universities where more studies were produced were: USP, PUC-SP, UnB, UFPA, USP-RP, and UEL. The vast majority of work was the basic type on uncontrollability/ learned helplessness. The subject more used was the rat; and aversive stimulus, the electric shock. For the Study 2, were selected, based on reading the abstracts of theses and dissertations selected for the Study 1, theses and dissertations on punishment, negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance) and aversive control. It were analyzed the definitions used, the authors in which this definition was based on, the terminology used to refer to events presented in aversive contingencies, the main results found, by-products and considerations for application. Punishment definitions of varied types were found: operational/positive; operational positive/negative; operational/positive and processual; operational/ positive and negative and processual; operational and processual. The definitions of negative reinforcement avoidance were: definitions of responses or avoidance behavior; definitions of avoidance procedures. The definitions about negative reinforcement in general encompassed the escape and avoidance process. The definitions of aversive control included negative reinforcement and punishment. Different authors were used in the definitions, and many have not cited authors. The most used term was aversive stimulus. Regarding the results it was observed variability, due to different research problems and methods. The works on aversive control in general were the ones that most discussed by-products and application / Controle aversivo é um domínio controverso dentro da Análise do Comportamento. Classicamente, engloba reforçamento negativo (fuga e esquiva) e punição. Entretanto, a nomenclatura controle aversivo é utilizada para se referir a uma série de outros fenômenos comportamentais (supressão condicionada, desamparo aprendido, etc). Por ser um domínio controverso, nos âmbitos teórico e experimental, revela-se tema relevante para estudos históricos. Não foi encontrado nenhum estudo histórico brasileiro que tenha tomado a produção sobre controle aversivo no país como objeto de estudo. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve dois objetivos: (1) caracterizar as pesquisas sobre controle aversivo no Brasil, por meio da análise de teses e dissertações produzidas no país; (2) analisar as pesquisas sobre reforçamento negativo (fuga e esquiva), punição e controle aversivo (pesquisas que trataram do tema em geral), do ponto de vista das definições propostas, terminologia empregada para se referir aos eventos aversivos, principais resultados, considerações sobre subprodutos e para aplicação. Para atingir esses objetivos foram realizados dois estudos. Para o Estudo 1, foram selecionadas teses e dissertações entre 1968 e 2010 nas seguintes fontes: Banco de Dados de Dissertações e Teses em Análise do Comportamento (BDTAC/Br); Bibliotecas digitais de universidades brasileiras; Banco de teses e dissertações da Capes; e Currículos Lattes. Foram encontradas 98 teses e dissertações sobre controle aversivo no Brasil. As universidades em que mais trabalhos foram produzidos foram: USP, PUC-SP, UnB, UFPA, USP-RP, e UEL. A grande maioria dos trabalhos foi do tipo básico, sobre incontrolabilidade/desamparo aprendido. O sujeito mais utilizado foi o rato; e o estímulo aversivo, o choque elétrico. Para o Estudo 2, foram selecionadas, com base na leitura dos resumos das teses e dissertações selecionadas para o Estudo 1, teses e dissertações sobre punição, reforçamento negativo (fuga e esquiva) e controle aversivo. Foram encontradas definições de punição de variados tipos: operacional/positiva; operacional/ positiva e negativa; operacional/ positiva e processual; operacional/positiva e negativa e processual; operacional e processual. As definições de reforçamento negativo - esquiva foram do tipo: definições de resposta ou comportamento de esquiva; definições de procedimentos de esquiva. As definições de reforçamento negativo em geral, englobaram os processos de fuga e esquiva. As definições de controle aversivo englobaram reforçamento negativo e punição. Autores distintos foram utilizados nas definições, sendo que muitas não citavam autores. O termo mais empregado para se referir ao evento aversivo utilizado foi estímulo aversivo. Com relação aos resultados observou-se variabilidade, decorrente de problemas de pesquisa e métodos distintos. Os trabalhos sobre controle aversivo em geral foram os que mais discutiram sobre subprodutos e aplicação

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Quirino Pinas.pdf: 3833748 bytes, checksum: c2b6372e89926c7ecd395e44dd63b93b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to focus on the understanding of reward and punishment practices in the Archdiocesan School of São Paulo from 1908 to 1963. The intention of this research has been to understand the relation between rewards and punishments in the school as historically given teaching practices, educational actions that stimulate a type of training that is of particular interest of this school s culture, as well as its disciplinarian management. The hypothesis is that the meaning of the rewards and punishments are related, interdependent and promoted by the school s culture itself, in spite of the circulation of origin myths that aim to abolish the punishment within the Marist pedagogy . The time frame is established between 1908, year in which the Marist Brothers entered the institution, and 1963, when the study s main source, the journal Echo by Collegio Archidiocesano, stopped being published, highlighting the crisis in the boarding school system and a containment in the disclosure of the school s rewards. The study starts from the history of education and focus its analysis on the educational practices accessed through the documents that are part of the Memorial s collection of the Marist Archdiocesan School of São Paulo, and by the collation of data gathered from other schools archives. As a result, it was noticed that rewarding encouraged the competitiveness considered as a quality of masculine virtuosity of the political man to be formed / O objetivo deste estudo centra-se no entendimento das práticas de premiação e punição no Colégio Arquidiocesano de São Paulo entre 1908 e 1963. A intenção da pesquisa foi compreender qual a relação entre prêmios e castigos na escola como práticas pedagógicas historicamente dadas, ações escolarizadas que estimulam um tipo de formação que é de interesse particular desta cultura escolar, além de conduta disciplinadora. A hipótese é de que os significados das premiações e punições estão relacionados, são interdependes e estimulados pela própria cultura escolar, a despeito da circulação de mitos fundadores que apontam para a abolição do castigo dentro da pedagogia marista . O recorte temporal está fixado entre 1908, ano de entrada dos Irmãos Maristas na instituição e 1963, quando a principal fonte para o estudo, a Revista Echos do Collegio Archidiocesano, deixa de ser publicada, evidenciando a crise no sistema de internato e um refreamento na divulgação das recompensas no colégio. O estudo constitui-se a partir da história da educação e centra sua análise nas práticas escolares acessadas a partir dos documentos que compõem o acervo do Memorial do Colégio Marista Arquidiocesano de São Paulo, e no cotejamento de informações levantadas nos registros de outras instituições escolares. Como resultado, percebeu-se que as premiações incentivaram a competitividade tratada como qualidade da virtuosidade masculina do varão político a ser formado

This work studies the images of children and youth in difficult family, social, and legal situations from the twenties to the eighties of the twentieth century in El Salvador. The study proceeds by examining criminological debates, editorial and op-ed positions on children, family, and education, as well as the establishment of correctional schools and other institutions charged with the treatment of neglected minors. It employs on newspapers, magazines, and the reports of public institutions as sources to explore the appearance, transformation, and development of public sensibilities to the life of the child and youth population, the laws, courts, schools, and observation centers, as well as the incorporation of professionals and specialized knowledges dedicated to the inquiry, diagnostics, and treatment of the “irregular minors” of El Salvador. / En este trabajo se estudian las imágenes de la niñez y la juventud en dificultades familiares, sociales y legales de los años veinte a los ochenta del siglo XX en El Salvador. Para ello se ha examinado el debate criminológico, la opinión editorial sobre niñez, familia y educación, y el establecimiento de escuelas correctoras y otras instituciones encargadas del tratamiento de individuos menores de edad en desamparo. En este trabajo se han utilizado periódicos, revistas e informes de instituciones públicas para explorar el surgimiento, transformación y desarrollo de sensibilidades públicas a la vida de la población infantil y juvenil, leyes, juzgados, escuelas y centros de observación, así como la incorporación de profesionales y saberes especializados dedicados a la indagación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de los “menores irregulares” de El Salvador.

A criminalidade transnacional é um dos males da atualidade e tem seu crescimento associado à complexidade dos processos da globalização. Quão mais interligadas estão a economia, cultura e demais comunicações dos Estados, mais vulneráveis estão às ações criminosas. Diante desta constatação a comunidade internacional escolheu o Direito Penal Internacional como um dos instrumentos destinados a fazer frente a este problema contemporâneo. O DPI, como especialização do Direito Penal, atende às exigências da comunidade internacional, por ser constituído pelo binômio criminalização e instituições de repressão e por contemplar dois distintos referenciais, quais sejam o do observador nacional que vê a projeção de seu ordenamento jurídico para fora das fronteiras territoriais e a do observador internacional que vê a projeção das normas internacionais para dentro do território dos Estados. A importância do DPI para o combate ao crime se faz pela pluralidade de espécies de cooperação (administrativa e jurídica) e de formas, que vão desde as mais clássicas como a extradição, a carta rogatória e a homologação da sentença estrangeira às mais modernas como a transferência de presos e a assistência mútua. As formas mais clássicas da cooperação têm se mostrado pouco eficazes e muito burocráticas para alcançar os resultados pretendidos, principalmente pelas barreiras jurídicas impostas pelos Estados, A assistência mútua vai ao encontro das expectativas internacionais, por simplificar a tramitação dos pedidos, em razão da tramitação dos mesmos por Autoridades Centrais e não por vias diplomáticas, por reduzir as barreiras jurídicas, pois há a possibilidade de mitigação do princípio da identidade, a redução dos motivos de recusa e a desnecessidade de submeter ao crivo do Superior Tribunal de Justiça pedidos que notoriamente dispensam juízo de delibação. Embora a assistência mútua traga muitas vantagens para facilitar a persecução penal, o desprendimento às formalidades e às barreiras jurídicas não pode significar desapego às garantias materiais e processuais das pessoas que são os destinatários da ação estatal persecutória, em especial à garantia de não ter contra si aplicadas penas vedadas constitucionalmente (art. 5, XLVII da CF/88). Neste sentido torna-se necessário reconhecer a existência de uma obrigação de não fazer e não cooperar por parte dos Estados que possa ser invocada para obstar atos de cooperação que possam contribuir para a aplicação das penas vedadas. / The transnational criminality is one of the major problems of the present time and its growth is associated with the complexity in the processes of globalization. The more interconnect the economy, the culture and other means of communications of the State, more vulnerable they are to criminal actions. In face of this fact, the international community chose the International Criminal Law as one of the instruments developed to face this contemporary problem. The ICL, as a specialization of the Criminal Law, fulfills the demands of the international community because it is constituted by the binomial criminalization and repression institutions, and because it contemplates two different perspectives: that of the national observer who sees the projection of its own legal system to outside the territorial boundaries, and that of the international observer who see the projection of the international norms to the inside of the State territory. The importance of the ICL for the fight against crime is seen in a plurality of kinds of cooperation (administrative and judicial) and of methods which range from the most traditional ones, such as extradition, rogatory letters, recognition of foreign sentences, to the most modern ones, such as transfer of prisoners and mutual assistance. The most traditional methods of cooperation are proving themselves to be minimally efficient and excessively bureaucratic to achieve the expected result, specially due to the juridical barriers imposed by the States. The mutual assistance method, however, meets the international expectation because it simplifies the transaction of requests, since they are done by central authorities and not by diplomatic means, and also because it reduced the juridical barriers. The reduction in the juridical barriers happens because it is possible to mitigate the identity principle, to reduce the reasons for rejection and because it deems unnecessary to submit requests that notoriously bypass the approval of the brazilians Superior Court of Justice. Although the mutual assistance brings various advantages in facilitating the criminal persecution, in promoting formality detachment and in diminishing the juridical barriers, it cannot result in a dismissal of material and procedural warranties of those people who are the recipient of the persecutory state action, specially with respect to the warranty that prevents one to have a forbidden punishments applied against oneself (5 art., XLVII of the CF/88). Hence, the recognition of the existence of the obligation to not-do, and, from the side of the State, the existence of the obligation to not-cooperate are necessary, so that they can be invoked to prevent cooperation acts that can contribute to the application of forbidden punishments.

Esta tese apresenta as cartas de seguro dentro da matriz doutrinária portuguesa e suas formas de aplicação na justiça do Brasil colônia, no período de 1769 a 1831. Ela inicia apresentando uma versão da carta de seguro que foi um modelo de graça régia, para, em seguida, preocupar-se em revelar as repetições de aplicação, a transferência do Reino para o território colonial, procurando desvendar o significado do recurso dentro da organização doutrinária e da justiça lusitanas. O funcionamento das cartas de seguro, dentro do sistema jurídico e administrativo português, foi explanado no estudo empírico dos documentos remanescentes da comarca do Rio das Mortes, os processos-crimes, e, para entender a aplicação da justiça, bem como as formas como sua efetividade se apresentou na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, capitania e província de Minas Gerais, no período de 1769 a 1831, procurouse estudar os manuais dos praxistas que ensinaram a praxe do foro na segunda metade do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. Buscou-se mapear tanto os comportamentos confluentes entre as Minas e a matriz lusitana, bem como as formas incongruentes entre as duas instâncias. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, procurou-se explicitar a origem lusitana do recurso, descrevendo seus vínculos com a administração e justiça lusitanas. Na segunda parte, o trabalho voltou-se para o uso das cartas de seguro dentro do Brasil, ressaltando a aplicação local no território das Minas do Ouro, discutindo as diferentes formas de aplicação das cartas de seguro frente à diversidade social marcada com a presença de livres, cativos e forros; homens e mulheres; regiões mais e menos institucionalizadas, bem como regiões de fronteira. Estudou-se esse tema com o objetivo de instalar um debate sobre o funcionamento da justiça colonial e sobre a relação entre a colônia e sua metrópole, bem como se objetivou estudar a forma como a centralização do poder real influenciou a administração colonial. / This thesis presents the letters of insurance, according to the Portuguese doctrinal matrix and their forms of application in the justice of colonial Brazil, the period from 1769 to 1831. It begins by presenting a version of the letter of insurance, which was a model of regal grace, then it is concerned about revealing the repetitions, its application, the transfer of the Kingdom to the colonial territory, trying to unravel the meaning of the resource in the Lusitan doctrinal and juridical organization. The functioning of insurance cards within the Portuguese legal and administrative system was based in the empirical study of the remaining documents of the district of Rio das Mortes, crimes cases, and to understand the application of justice, as well as the ways their effectiveness is presented in County of Rio das Mortes, captaincy and province of Minas Gerais in the period 1769 to 1831. It was made a study of the manuals of those who had the traditional rules and who taught the practice of court in the second half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next century. We attempted to map both the confluent behaviors between Minas and the Lusitanian matrix, as well as incongruent ways between these two bodies. The thesis was divided into two parts, which at first is an effort to explain the origin of the Lusitanian resource describing their ties to the Lusitanian administration and justice . In the second part, the work is about the use of letters of insurance in Brazil, with the application site in the Gold Mines, discussing the different ways to implement the insurance cards in face of the social diversity characterized by the presence of free and captive people and liners, men and women, most and least institutionalized places, as well as border regions. The purpose of studying this issue was the debate on the functioning of the colonial justice and the relationship between the colony and its metropolis, and also the intention of studying how the centralization of royal power influenced the colonial administration.

Esta dissertação pretende analisar concepções populares sobre punição e polícia. Uma das questões principais é entender por que as camadas populares, que são as principais vítimas da violência policial, apóiam propostas de punições mais severas e de redução do controle sobre o uso da força pela polícia. Para isso, é fundamental considerar alguns fatores presentes na realidade brasileira como: “exclusão moral”, “corpo incircunscrito”, exposição à violência e crise do sistema de justiça penal. A partir desses fatores, os “bandidos” se tornam um outro que merece um tratamento violento e as críticas à polícia são de que, ora ela se associa aos criminosos, ora ela age agressivamente em relação aos cidadãos pobres, como se eles fossem “bandidos”. Além disso, as conclusões desta pesquisa indicam que as concepções populares de polícia não são homogêneas e que há lugar para defesa dos direitos civis, da limitação ao poder de polícia e da aplicação da punição como forma de recuperação do infrator. / This study intend to examine the working class’ concepts of punishment and police. One of the key questions is the understanding of the reasons why poor people, who are the main victims of police violence, support propositions of more severe punishments and reduction of control on the use of letal force by the police. For this, it’s fundamental to consider some elements present within the brazilian reality, such as: “moral exclusion”, “unbounded body”, violence exposure and the penal justice system crisis. From these elements, the “criminals” become someone who deserves a violent treatment and the critiques to the police are that sometimes they associate themselves with the criminals, and sometimes they behave aggressively towards the poor citizens as they were “real criminals”. The conclusions of this research indicates that the working class’ concepts of police are not homogeneous and, among them, there is place for the defense of the Civil Rights, the limitation to the power of the police and for the punishment as a way to rehabilitate the offender.

This research explores the concept of positive and negative behaviour in a Malaysian context and strategies used by secondary school teachers to promote positive behaviour. It also examines strategies that are perceived to be effective and possible factors that have influenced professionals’ attitudes towards positive behaviour. Mixed-method research design was used to complete three different stages. Stage 1 analysed 91 government circulars using content analysis; Stage 2 involved administering a survey to a total of 319 professionals including principals, counsellors and teachers and 494 pupils aged 16 years from 15 selected national secondary schools; Stage 3 focused on two case studies in two selected schools where classroom observations, individual interviews with professionals, and focus groups with pupils were the focal point. Statistical analysis included descriptive and inferential analysis (a chi squared test), while narrative data was analysed by using a thematic approach. Observational data was analysed manually by focusing on the frequency of target behaviour. This study proposes a Socio-ecological Model suggesting that interaction within and between ecological layers constructs the concept of positive and negative behaviour. This study also suggests that bonding and bridging social capital would improve pupil behaviour and develop school community. Findings also suggest that socio-cultural factors and professional experience have influenced professionals’ attitudes towards positive behaviour enhancement strategies. Implications for policy making, practitioners, and future research are also discussed. The research also offers recommendations which could inform policy formulation and further longitudinal research activity.

Nyfikenhet är inneboende strävan mot inhämtande av ny information. Länge har det ansetts vedertaget att yttre motivation hämmar nyfikenhet, men på senare år har det framkommit forskning som indikerar ett delvis annorlunda förhållande. För att undersöka interaktionen mellan nyfikenhet och yttre motivation konstruerades ett bildbaserat inlärningsexperiment i vilket deltagarna belönades respektive bestraffades för att inhämta information som stillade deras nyfikenhet. I experimentets första del skattade deltagarna sin nyfikenhet på mosaikmaskerade bilder. I experimentets andra del presenterades de skattade mosaikbilderna med en konstant bild. De 24 deltagarnas uppgift var att välja en av de två bilderna i varje spelomgång. Bilden deltagarna valde demaskerades efter olika väntetider. Väntetiden var antingen dragen från en lång eller kort väntetidsfördelning och avhängig om bilden var ny eller återkommande. Huruvida det var den nya eller återkommande bilden som hade kort respektive lång medelväntetid varierade mellan de två inomgrupps-betingelserna. Deltagarna antogs vara yttre motiverade att minimera väntetiden genom att lära sig och sedan föredra den bildkategori med kortast genomsnittlig väntetid. Deltagarna antogs dessutom vara nyfikna att se bilder demaskerade. I ena betingelsen sammanföll deltagarnas yttre motivation och nyfikenhet, i andra betingelsen var deltagarnas yttre motivation och nyfikenhet i konflikt. I en tredje kontrollbetingelse var nyfikenhetsdimensionen eliminerad för att mäta inlärning av väntetid. Experimentet visade att det krävdes fler spelomgångar för att lära sig väntetiden i kontrollbetingelsen jämfört med betingelsen där nya bilder också hade kortare medelväntetid. Betingelsen där nya bilder var förknippade med längre medelväntetid delade deltagarna i två grupper. Deltagare i den ena gruppen valde sällan nya bilder (proportionsmått: 0.75 – 1.0) medan deltagare i den andra gruppen valde nya bilder i hög utsträckning (proportionsmått: 0.0077 – 0.069). Dessa grupper utmärks också på personlighetsdrag kopplade till nyfikenhet. Sammantaget ger studien stöd för att nyfikenhet och yttre motivation kan integreras och att personlighetsdrag är relaterade till värderingen av information. / Curiosity is an intrinsic aspiration to obtain new information. It has been considered that external motivation inhibits curiosity, but over the last years new research has indicated a partially different relationship. To investigate the interaction between curiosity and external motivation a picture-based learning experiment was constructed, in which the participants were rewarded, alternatively punished for obtaining new information which pleased their curiosity. In the first part of the experiment, the participants scored their curiosity of mosaic-covered pictures. In the second part of the of the experiment, the scored mosaic-covered pictures were consequently presented next to a constant picture. The task for the 24 participants was then to choose one of the pictures in each round. The chosen mosaic-covered picture would then show according to a certain waiting time - either short or long - depending on if it was new or recurring. Whether the new or recurring picture had a short or long average waiting time varied between the two in-group conditions. It was hypothesized that the participants would be externally motivated to minimize the waiting time by learning and favouring the category of pictures with the shortest waiting time. In addition, it was hypothesized that the participants would be curious of the mosaic-covered pictures. In one of the conditions, the participants external motivation coincided with their curiosity, in the other condition the external motivation was in conflict with their curiosity. In a third controlling condition, the dimension of curiosity was eliminated to measure the learning of the waiting time. The experiment showed that more rounds are needed to learn the waiting time in the controlling conditions compared to when the new pictures also had a shorter average waiting time. When new pictures were associated with a longer average waiting time, it divided the participants into two groups. In one group the participant rarely chose new pictures (proportion: 0.75 – 1.0) while the participants in the other group to a large extent chose new pictures (proportion: 0.0077 – 0.069). These differences were also shown in the participants personal traits connected to curiosity. All together, the study supports the idea that curiosity and external motivation can be integrated and that personal traits are related to the evaluation of information.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skillnader i svenskastudenters attityd till bestraffning utifrån faktorer såsomutbildningsområde, rädsla för brott, könsskillnader samt attributionsstil. Dessutom undersöktes den potentiella interaktionen mellan kön och rädsla för brott. En tvärsnittsundersökning genomfördes och besvarades av 280 deltagare, varav 79 män och 201 kvinnor. Utav dessa var 79 kriminologistudenter, 133 juridikstudenteroch 96 studenter i socialt arbete. Resultaten visade en skillnad mellan dessa tre grupper, där kriminologistudenter hade en mildare attityd till bestraffning än studenter i juridik- och socialt arbete. Vidare visade resultaten på att kvinnor och individer som hade en hög rädsla för brott även har en mer positiv attityd till bestraffning. Däremot fann studien ingen interaktion mellan kön och rädsla för brott. Vidare var endast kausalitetslokus relaterad till attityd till bestraffning. Sammanfattningsvis visar detta på att individers perception av brottoch brottslingar kan ha signifikant effekt på deras attityder till hur bestraffning ska användas i relation till brottslighet. Slutligen rekommenderas vidare forskning inom ämnet för att få mer kunskapom hur attityder till bestraffning formas. / The aim of this study was to examine difference in attitudes towards punishment among Swedish students on factors such as, field of study,fear of crime, gender and attributional style. The potential interactionbetween gender and fear of crime was also explored. A cross sectionalsurvey was answered by 280 participants, consisting of 79 men and201 women. The sample consisted of 79 criminology students, 133law students, and 96 social work students. The results showed adifference between the three groups of students, with criminologystudents being slightly less punitive compared to law- and social workstudents. Results further showed that women and individuals with ahigher degree fear of crime tend to have more positive attitudestowards punishment. However, no interaction was found betweengender and fear of crime. Lastly, only locus of causality was related tomore punitive attitudes. In conclusion, individuals’ perception ofcrime and criminals can have a significant effect on their attitudes onhow punishment should be used in response to crime. Future researchis needed to further deepen our knowledge of how punitive attitudesare formed.