Tiriamoji problema. Lietuvos miestų istorija, urbanistikos raida ir gyven-tojų puoselėjamos vertybės glaudžiai susijusios su Vakarų Europos kultūra. Netolimos praeities socialistinėje santvarkoje šie Lietuvos ryšiai susilpnėjo, o to meto centralizuoto planavimo p��dsakų palikta ne tik miestų urbanistinėse struktūrose, bet ir visuomenės sąmonėje. Nors 1995 m. buvo priimtas pakeitęs padėtį naujas teritorijų planavimo įstatymas, o nuo 2004 m. Lietuva yra visa-vertė ES narė, sovietmečio palikimas jaučiamas iki dabar ir riboja visuotinai pripažintos darniosios plėtros įgyvendinimo procesus. Rio de Žaneiro deklaracijoje, priimtoje 1992 m., buvo įvardyti pagrindiniai darnaus vystymosi principai, XXI amžiaus darbotvarkėje pateikta darnaus vys-tymosi veiksmų programa, apimanti socialinių, ekonominių ir aplinkosauginių uždavinių integraciją. Europa šį siekį pripažino Aalborgo chartijos dokumente. Darniosios plėtros idėja susilaukia pritarimo, mokslininkai jos privalumus įrodo vertindami jos rezultatus. Tam skirtos darniosios plėtros, gyvenimo kokybės indikatorių sistemos, gyventojų nuomonių apklausos. Demokratija, laisvoji rinka ir globalizacijos tendencijos keičia Lietuvos miestų erdvinį modelį ir gyventojų sociokultūrines vertybes. Tačiau kol kas šie aspektai darniosios plėtros problematikoje nagrinėjami mažai. Valstybės lyg-menyje kompleksiniai miestų darniosios plėtros klausimai, priskirti skirtingoms ministerijoms, prarado savitą problematiką ir integruotą, strateginį valdymą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Topicality of the problem. The history of Lithuanian cities, urban deve-lopment and the values of the inhabitants are closely linked with the West Eu-ropean culture. In the recent socialist past of Lithuania, these links had weakened, while the centralized planning of that period left its footprints not only in the urban structures, but in social consciousness as well. The legacy of the soviet times shows itself even now, though a new law changing the situa-tion in territorial (spatial) planning was adopted in 1995 and the integration to EU urban policy started in 2004. They are responsible for the delay of the imp-lementation of a generally accepted idea of sustainable development. In the Declaration adopted in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, the main principles of sustainable development and integration of the social, economical, environ-mental issues were outlined and the 21-st century program of activities aimed at achieving sustainable development was presented. In Europe, this aim was con-firmed by the Aalborg Charter. Researchers have demonstrated its advantages by evaluating the results obtained. For this purpose, sets of indicators and citi-zens pools of sustainable development and quality of life were created. Democracy, the market economy and global trends are changing the spa-tial patterns and socio - cultural values of citizens of Lithuania. Nevertheless, how much those urban changes are in line with sustainable development princi-ples, have not been paid much... [to full text]

Vadovavimas švietimo įstaigai įgauna vis didesnę svarbą ir įtaką veiklos rezultatams, bei įstaigos prestižui. Švietimo įstaigos vadovai turi būti pasirengę įstaigos veiklos kaitai, kuri užtikrintų mokslo pažangą, atitiktų darbuotojų, mokinių ir studentų lūkesčius, patenkintų poreikį įgyti pačias naujausias žinias ar įgūdžius ir sudarytų tam sąlygas bei galimybes. Tokiame kontekste naujai suprantama švietimo įstaigos vadovo, kaip vadybininko vaidmuo ir veikla. Vadovai skatinami keisti savo veiklos stilių ir formas: gebėti dirbti komandoje, priimti švietimo įstaigos kaitai reikšmingus sprendimus, atlikti įvairias papildomas užduotis, veiksmingai bendrauti, stebėti ir vertinti išorės ir vidaus aplinką, užtikrinti teikiamų paslaugų kokybę, siekti efektyvios veiklos ir kt. Todėl lyderystės savybės svarbios visų lygių vadovų veikloje. Darbo objektas: Lyderystės savybės ir gebėjimai švietimo įstaigų vadovų veikloje Darbo tikslas: Atskleisti švietimo įstaigos vadovams reikalingas lyderių savybes ir gebėjimus. Darbe apžvelgta lyderystės samprata, išskirti visų lygių švietimo įstaigų vadovams reikalingi gebėjimai ir būdingos savybės, aptarta visų lygių vadovų lyderių įtaka švietimo įstaigų veiklai, išskirtos pedagogų vadybinės funkcijos, kompetencijos ir jiems reikalingos lyderių savybės, pateikta pedagogų kompetencijų struktūra ir kiekvienai kompetencijų grupei priskirtos lyderiams būdingos savybės ir gebėjimai. Atliktas empirinis tyrimas, kuriuo buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti visų lygių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Managing educational institution is taking on a more important role and influence on the activity results and prestige of the institution. Pupils and students have to adapt to the changes of educational system, which seek to create an appropriate educational environment for teaching / learning. Teachers must become educated and versatile leaders who will show the right way for the future generations. The heads of educational institutions must be ready for the changes of the institution's activities which should ensure scientific progress, meet staff and students’ expectations, satisfy the need for acquiring the most current knowledge and skills and create conditions and opportunities to achieve them. In such a context there is a new understanding of the head of an educational institution, as a manager’s and leaders are encouraged to change styles and forms of their actions – be able to work in team, accept significant decisions due to the changes in educational institutions and perform various additional tasks - communicate effectively, monitor and evaluate the external and internal environment, ensure quality of service, achieve effective actions etc. Therefore, leadership characteristics are important for all levels of management activities. Object of the work: Leadership qualities and skills in the management activities of educational institution. Aim of the work: To reveal leadership qualities and skills needed for the managers of educational institutions. A performed... [to full text]

This thesis explores and analyzes the demand for and supply of forests in and near urban areas from a social perspective. Specific focus is directed towards recreational qualities of forests located just outside urban borders, that is, urban fringe forests. To this end, the thesis is based on four empirical research papers. Papers I and II explore the demand component, while Paper III focuses on the supply component. Finally, Paper IV integrates issues of both demand and supply. In Paper I, a survey directed to the general public in urban areas is used to address differences between public attitudes to the forest in general and to the urban fringe forest more specifically. Paper II builds upon interviews with municipal planners with responsibility for green space issues in nine Swedish cities. In Paper III, spatial forest data is analyzed in a GIS to examine how urbanization and population developments influence the supply of urban fringe forests over time. Spatial analysis is further used in Paper IV to quantify forest attractiveness and accessibility in a single measure of urban fringe forest demand and supply. In Paper I it is shown that urban residents associate the urban fringe forest with a variety of design characteristics, as people’s opinions do not solely concern social qualities but also ecological and functional qualities. It is concluded that the overall influence of socioeconomic and demographic attributes is modest in comparison to the basic values and beliefs people hold about life, the environment, and the forest in general. In Paper II it is demonstrated that it is imperative for municipalities to own forest, since this allows them to secure sufficient provisions of recreational forests for future residents and from urban land developments. However, as private citizens do generally not take part of local planning and management decision-making there is an obvious risk for decisions biased towards the interests of social organizations, with specific activity and structural demands that do not necessarily reflect the interests of the general public. From Paper III it is evident that urbanization and population developments do not necessarily lead to a reduced supply of urban fringe forests over time; forest management practices are equally important to consider with regards to people’s opportunities to visit attractive forests for recreation. Finally, in Paper IV it is shown that more attractive forests are generally less accessible to urban residents, regardless of mode of transportation, and that the accessibility to urban fringe forests is generally lower in more deprived neighborhoods. / <p>The research for <em>Paper I </em>of this thesis was conducted in collaboration with Future Forests, a multidisciplinary research program, and its sponsors: the Strategic Foundation for Environmental Research (Mistra), the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå University, the Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), and the Forestry Industry in Sweden. The research for <em>Papers II-IV</em> was made possible with financial support from the Centre for Environmental Research in Umeå (CMF). Additional financial support was received from the Gösta Skoglund foundation, the Kempe foundation, and the Carl-Fredric von Horn foundation.</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of effective school leadership. The study was conducted in senior secondary schools in the southern region of Botswana. The southern region comprises of the south and south central regions which has twelve (12) senior secondary schools, out of which seven (07) schools were randomly sampled for the study. Both interviews and questionnaires were used as research tools. One hundred and eighty nine (189) questionnaires were distributed and only one hundred and four (104) were completed and returned. Eight interviews were conducted among school leaders. Results from the questionnaires were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and tables. Results from the interview were analyzed within a framework that was structured along the lines of the research questions. The study reveals that most of the teachers have a teaching qualification (PGDE), have adequate teaching experience, and are generally young (30-35 years). In terms of position of responsibility, most of them are clustered around senior teacher II (42.3%) and teacher/educator (36.5%). The study also reveals that schools performance is hampered largely by indiscipline and laziness towards schoolwork by both stakeholders. The school leaders must act as catalysts in creating a learning environment and be actively involved in implementing improvement strategies that help both students and teachers to enhance their learning and achievement (cf. 2. 16. 2). / Thesis (M.Ed)--North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2007

[Truncated abstract] Resistance training is increasingly popular for improving strength qualities such as hypertrophy, maximal strength, endurance and power. Although many resistancetraining programmes now adhere to the concept of periodisation, the number of studies examining its structure and design are few, and there are just a handful of studies that have examined periodised training for the maintenance of strength and power. Even rarer, are periodised resistance-training studies that utilise female subjects. Previous studies have compared non-periodised training regimens such as Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE), and the two main models of periodisation, Linear Periodisation (LP) and Undulating Periodisation (UP). Results are inconclusive as to whether the efficacy of the periodised training programmes were due to the manipulation of training variables such as volume and intensity, or that training programmes with higher doses of volume induced better training responses. However, to make effective comparisons between training programmes, the training volume or workload (total load lifted x total repetitions) and training intensity have to be equated between the groups under examination. While the intensities (percentage of one-repetition maximum, 1 RM) for improving strength qualities such as hypertrophy and maximal strength have general consensus among resistance-training practitioners, there exists disagreement over the intensity that should be used during the training of power. Thus, it is important to first identify the load for power training before comparisons can be made between LP and UP programmes using equal training volumes. ... The final study found that adhering to two UP maintenance training programmes with equalised volumes and intensities twice a week increased upper-body strength and maintained lower-body strength adequately across a 3-wk phase. The results from these studies support previous results that suggest training programmes with higher workloads and repetitions produce superior strength and power adaptations, and it is not specifically the variation of training volume and intensity within a periodised programme that improves strength qualities. Thus, both periodised programmes used in this thesis can be recommended for untrained and moderatelytrained women as both LP and UP were found to be similarly effective for increasing upper- and lower-body hypertrophy, strength and power.

Esta tese investiga como a emoção constitui o discurso jornalístico. A partir da premissa de que a emoção desempenha vários papéis na tomada de decisão dos sujeitos, a pesquisa se insere em um novo paradigma dentro dos estudos em jornalismo: aquele que entende a emoção como um conceito com valor epistemológico, pois a compreende como parte intrínseca da atividade jornalística e de seus discursos. O telejornalismo, em especial a reportagem de TV, é objeto desta investigação, devido às características da televisão como uma tecnologia de intimidade, com qualidades estéticas que convidam o telespectador a sentir. A tese parte da seguinte hipótese: a construção discursiva da reportagem de TV está ancorada nas qualidades estéticas da televisão, que acionam a emoção como eixo de produção de sentidos; nesse processo, a emoção organiza o enquadramento da reportagem por meio da articulação de uma avaliação moral. A metodologia utilizada é a Análise de Discurso, e o corpus é constituído por 18 reportagens do Jornal Nacional, o telejornal brasileiro de referência. Considerou-­‐se cada uma das emoções universais (tristeza, raiva, surpresa, medo, aversão, desprezo e alegria) como uma formação discursiva, com sentidos mais ou menos estáveis. O objetivo principal é compreender como a emoção organiza a construção do enquadramento da reportagem de televisão. A análise comprova que as qualidades estéticas da reportagem acionam a emoção como eixo produtor de sentidos de duas formas: construindo emoções principais de forma explícita, que dominam a organização do enquadramento por meio da expressão de avaliações morais que parecem não levantar dissensos culturais; e propondo emoções de fundo de forma implícita, que sugerem sua inscrição em uma emoção apenas pela indicação de uma avaliação moral, de um gatilho ou tema vinculado àquela formação discursiva. Sobre as funções das qualidades estéticas, a análise demonstra: a) sobre sujeitos e suas performances: a performance dos apresentadores pode introduzir ou reforçar a emoção principal de uma reportagem, ou pode indicar ou pontuar a emoção de fundo; a performance dos repórteres mostra ou promove a emoção principal; e a performance das fontes encarna a emoção principal; b) sobre a dimensão audiovisual: os planos e a edição de imagem são capazes de evidenciar a emoção principal, ou de propor ou autenticar uma emoção; os efeitos visuais podem autenticar uma emoção; e o som pode potencializar a emoção principal; c) sobre a dimensão verbal: quando associada aos sujeitos, a enunciação dos repórteres e apresentadores pode contextualizar a emoção principal ou sugerir uma emoção de fundo, e a enunciação das fontes pode contextualizar ou ser o alvo de uma emoção; quando associada às imagens, o texto pode narrar, apontar ou contextualizar uma emoção. Finalmente, a partir da análise do enquadramento – através da definição do problema, da interpretação causal, da avaliação moral e da recomendação de tratamento construídos no discurso da reportagem –, conclui-­‐se que, de forma explícita ou implícita, o enquadramento depende da emoção como eixo de produção de sentidos para conformar-­‐se. É ao articular a avaliação moral que a emoção organiza o frame, o que comprova a hipótese inicial. Esse processo depende dos temas e gatilhos da emoção, de mapas culturais supostamente compartilhados e de saberes de crença supostamente consensuais. A tese está disposta em dois volumes. O primeiro contém a tese propriamente dita. O segundo traz um apêndice com a decupagem das reportagens. / This thesis investigates how emotion constitutes journalistic discourse. Based on the premise that emotion plays multiple roles in the process of making decisions, this research is part of a new paradigm in journalism studies: one that understands emotion as a concept of epistemological value, since it approaches it as an intrinsic part of journalistic activity and its discourses. Television news, particularly TV news reports, is the object of this investigation, due to this device being a technology of intimacy, with aesthetic qualities that invite the viewers to feel. The thesis has the following hypothesis: the discursive construction of TV news reports is anchored in the aesthetic qualities of television, which sets emotion as an axis of meaning; in this process, emotion organizes the framing of the report through the articulation of a moral evaluation. The methodology employed is Discourse Analysis, and the corpus is composed of 18 television news reports by Jornal Nacional, a Brazilian reference newscast. Each universal emotion (sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt and joy) was considered as a discursive formation, with meanings more or less stable. The main objective of the thesis is to understand how emotion organizes the construction of a frame in a TV news report. The analysis proves that the aesthetic qualities of the report set emotion as an axis of meaning in two different ways: constructing main emotions explicitly, which dominate the organization of frames through the expression of moral evaluations that don’t evoke cultural dissent; and proposing background emotions implicitly, suggesting the inscription in an emotion just by pointing out a moral evaluation, a trigger or a theme connected to that discursive formation. In relation to the functions of the aesthetic qualities, the analysis demonstrates: a) about subjects and their performances: presenters introduce or reinforce main emotions, and indicate or punctuate background emotions; reporters show or promote main emotions; and sources embody main emotions; b) about audio-­‐visual dimension: camera frames and editing evidence main emotions, or offer and authenticate emotions; visual effects authenticate emotions; and sound potentiates main emotion; c) about verbal dimension: when bound to subjects, enunciation by reporters or presenters contextualise main emotions or suggest background emotions, and enunciation by sources contextualise or are target of emotion; when bound to images text can narrate, point or contextualise emotions. Finally, frame analysis showed that – through problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation – explicitly or implicitly, framing depends upon emotion as an axis of meaning to be conformed. It is by articulating a moral evaluation that emotion organizes the frame, which proves our initial hypothesis. This process depends on themes and triggers of emotion, on allegedly shared cultural maps and on allegedly consensual beliefs. This thesis is divided in two volumes. The first one contains the research itself. The second is an appendix, with the transcription of the corpus.

Esta tese investiga como a emoção constitui o discurso jornalístico. A partir da premissa de que a emoção desempenha vários papéis na tomada de decisão dos sujeitos, a pesquisa se insere em um novo paradigma dentro dos estudos em jornalismo: aquele que entende a emoção como um conceito com valor epistemológico, pois a compreende como parte intrínseca da atividade jornalística e de seus discursos. O telejornalismo, em especial a reportagem de TV, é objeto desta investigação, devido às características da televisão como uma tecnologia de intimidade, com qualidades estéticas que convidam o telespectador a sentir. A tese parte da seguinte hipótese: a construção discursiva da reportagem de TV está ancorada nas qualidades estéticas da televisão, que acionam a emoção como eixo de produção de sentidos; nesse processo, a emoção organiza o enquadramento da reportagem por meio da articulação de uma avaliação moral. A metodologia utilizada é a Análise de Discurso, e o corpus é constituído por 18 reportagens do Jornal Nacional, o telejornal brasileiro de referência. Considerou-­‐se cada uma das emoções universais (tristeza, raiva, surpresa, medo, aversão, desprezo e alegria) como uma formação discursiva, com sentidos mais ou menos estáveis. O objetivo principal é compreender como a emoção organiza a construção do enquadramento da reportagem de televisão. A análise comprova que as qualidades estéticas da reportagem acionam a emoção como eixo produtor de sentidos de duas formas: construindo emoções principais de forma explícita, que dominam a organização do enquadramento por meio da expressão de avaliações morais que parecem não levantar dissensos culturais; e propondo emoções de fundo de forma implícita, que sugerem sua inscrição em uma emoção apenas pela indicação de uma avaliação moral, de um gatilho ou tema vinculado àquela formação discursiva. Sobre as funções das qualidades estéticas, a análise demonstra: a) sobre sujeitos e suas performances: a performance dos apresentadores pode introduzir ou reforçar a emoção principal de uma reportagem, ou pode indicar ou pontuar a emoção de fundo; a performance dos repórteres mostra ou promove a emoção principal; e a performance das fontes encarna a emoção principal; b) sobre a dimensão audiovisual: os planos e a edição de imagem são capazes de evidenciar a emoção principal, ou de propor ou autenticar uma emoção; os efeitos visuais podem autenticar uma emoção; e o som pode potencializar a emoção principal; c) sobre a dimensão verbal: quando associada aos sujeitos, a enunciação dos repórteres e apresentadores pode contextualizar a emoção principal ou sugerir uma emoção de fundo, e a enunciação das fontes pode contextualizar ou ser o alvo de uma emoção; quando associada às imagens, o texto pode narrar, apontar ou contextualizar uma emoção. Finalmente, a partir da análise do enquadramento – através da definição do problema, da interpretação causal, da avaliação moral e da recomendação de tratamento construídos no discurso da reportagem –, conclui-­‐se que, de forma explícita ou implícita, o enquadramento depende da emoção como eixo de produção de sentidos para conformar-­‐se. É ao articular a avaliação moral que a emoção organiza o frame, o que comprova a hipótese inicial. Esse processo depende dos temas e gatilhos da emoção, de mapas culturais supostamente compartilhados e de saberes de crença supostamente consensuais. A tese está disposta em dois volumes. O primeiro contém a tese propriamente dita. O segundo traz um apêndice com a decupagem das reportagens. / This thesis investigates how emotion constitutes journalistic discourse. Based on the premise that emotion plays multiple roles in the process of making decisions, this research is part of a new paradigm in journalism studies: one that understands emotion as a concept of epistemological value, since it approaches it as an intrinsic part of journalistic activity and its discourses. Television news, particularly TV news reports, is the object of this investigation, due to this device being a technology of intimacy, with aesthetic qualities that invite the viewers to feel. The thesis has the following hypothesis: the discursive construction of TV news reports is anchored in the aesthetic qualities of television, which sets emotion as an axis of meaning; in this process, emotion organizes the framing of the report through the articulation of a moral evaluation. The methodology employed is Discourse Analysis, and the corpus is composed of 18 television news reports by Jornal Nacional, a Brazilian reference newscast. Each universal emotion (sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt and joy) was considered as a discursive formation, with meanings more or less stable. The main objective of the thesis is to understand how emotion organizes the construction of a frame in a TV news report. The analysis proves that the aesthetic qualities of the report set emotion as an axis of meaning in two different ways: constructing main emotions explicitly, which dominate the organization of frames through the expression of moral evaluations that don’t evoke cultural dissent; and proposing background emotions implicitly, suggesting the inscription in an emotion just by pointing out a moral evaluation, a trigger or a theme connected to that discursive formation. In relation to the functions of the aesthetic qualities, the analysis demonstrates: a) about subjects and their performances: presenters introduce or reinforce main emotions, and indicate or punctuate background emotions; reporters show or promote main emotions; and sources embody main emotions; b) about audio-­‐visual dimension: camera frames and editing evidence main emotions, or offer and authenticate emotions; visual effects authenticate emotions; and sound potentiates main emotion; c) about verbal dimension: when bound to subjects, enunciation by reporters or presenters contextualise main emotions or suggest background emotions, and enunciation by sources contextualise or are target of emotion; when bound to images text can narrate, point or contextualise emotions. Finally, frame analysis showed that – through problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation – explicitly or implicitly, framing depends upon emotion as an axis of meaning to be conformed. It is by articulating a moral evaluation that emotion organizes the frame, which proves our initial hypothesis. This process depends on themes and triggers of emotion, on allegedly shared cultural maps and on allegedly consensual beliefs. This thesis is divided in two volumes. The first one contains the research itself. The second is an appendix, with the transcription of the corpus.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar as características reconhecidas como sendo positivas em professores, de acordo com a visão de alunos e professores. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, foram aplicados questionários com uma pergunta aberta respondido por alunos do 5o ano do Ensino Fundamental, além de uma série de entrevistas com professores selecionados de duas escolas públicas. A pesquisa foi baseada no estudo das diversas facetas da atuação do professor em sala de aula (tanto em aspectos comportamentais quanto de atuação), estabelecendo divergências e similaridades nas opiniões defendidas por educandos e educadores. O intuito é dar insumos para entender melhor aspectos da visão que predomina sobre a figura do professor e suas representações na contemporaneidade. / This research had the objective to study the recognized positive characteristics on teachers, according to the students and teachers view. As a data collection tool, questionnaires with an open question answered by students in the fifth grade of elementary schools were applied, as well as a series of interviews with selected teachers from two public schools. The research was based on the study of the various facets of teacher performance in the classroom, taking consideration themselves in behavioral and performance aspects, establishing differences and similarities in the views expressed by students and educators. The intention is to give inputs to better understand aspects of view that predominates over the figure of the teacher and their representations in contemporary times.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-18T13:35:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabioluizdafonseca.pdf: 13654602 bytes, checksum: 5de1bc3788016c84df267128b4330a31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-01T18:42:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabioluizdafonseca.pdf: 13654602 bytes, checksum: 5de1bc3788016c84df267128b4330a31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T18:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabioluizdafonseca.pdf: 13654602 bytes, checksum: 5de1bc3788016c84df267128b4330a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Partindo de uma investigação que alia traços teóricos, históricos e empíricos, o presente trabalho busca um estudo baseado na hipótese de que os calçadões são espaços públicos que apresentam uma importante contribuição para as qualidades urbanas no centro de Juiz de Fora. Para tanto partimos de um referencial teórico sobre espaço público, seus conceitos e transformações ao longo da história, como forma de entendimento da evolução dos espaços voltados para o uso do pedestre até o surgimento dos calçadões tal como os conhecemos atualmente. Os espaços públicos na área central de Juiz de Fora se apresentam dinâmicos e coesos, formando um sistema que ao mesmo tempo é suporte e contribui para as qualidades urbanas, como a diversidade, a vitalidade, a centralidade e a identidade que encontramos no centro da cidade. Nesta pesquisa, destacamos os calçadões como objetos de estudo, visto que desenvolvem um importante papel para o sistema e são uma importante referência para a cultura juizforana em geral. Para o entendimento deste sistema e da inserção dos calçadões, buscamos uma contextualização sobre a formação histórico-morfológica do centro da cidade e seus espaços públicos. Apresentamos um estudo sobre as origens dos calçadões, justificativas para sua implantação, sucessivas intervenções, projetos e técnicas utilizadas para sua construção; além da criação de outros que tendem a ampliar a rede de vias para pedestres da malha urbana do Centro de Juiz de Fora. / Based on an investigation that combines theoretical, historical and empirical features, this work seeks a study based on the hypothesis that the pedestrian malls have an important contribution to the urban qualities in Juiz de Fora downtown area. It was based upon a theoretical framework about public space, its concepts and transformations throughout history as a way of understanding the evolution of areas geared towards the use of the pedestrian until the rise of the pedestrian malls as we know them nowadays. The public spaces in the central area of Juiz de Fora are present as dynamic and cohesive, forming a system that at the same time supports and contributes to the urban qualities, such as diversity, vitality, centrality, and identity. In this research, we highlight the pedestrian malls as objects of study, since they develop an important role in this system, and are an important reference for Juiz de Fora’s culture in general. To understand this system and the inclusion of pedestrian malls, we seek a contextualization about the historical and morphological formation of the city center and its public spaces. We present a study on the origins of the pedestrian malls, the justifications for their implementation, subsequent interventions, projects and techniques. We also highlight their spatial characteristics, function and relationship to other public spaces, as well as the possibilities of extending the existing pedestrian malls and creation of new ones, that tend to establish a net of pedestrian streets included in the urban center of Juiz de Fora.

Many research reports mention the fact that a huge number of all system development projects never reach a successful ending; with other words never fulfil formulated goals. By identifying and forming success factors (and in some aspect risk factors) that the project manager in practice can use, this study may be seen as a step in the direction towards minimising the high number of failed system development projects. The purpose of this research report is to investigate how a system development project, where the development process is based on a specific development or process model (in this case the Waterfall model), can and should be driven. I aim to clarify what is demanded of a project leader for the specific development process and give an account for which eventual leadership qualities that can be well suited for given situation in relation to the need for technical competence. Among other things the project manager should inspire confidence, drive, be a decision maker, engage and own some form of basic knowledge in the field of system development. After completed investigation and analysis the given hypothesis is finally verified; leadership qualities are of more importance than technical competence for the project manager in a system development project where the development process is based on the Waterfall model.