O TDAH é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento e, de acordo com os novos critérios do DSM, a presença de vários sintomas antes de 12 anos de idade são exigidos. Além disso, o DSM-5 também incentiva o clínico a buscar informações colaterais para corroborar o diagnóstico, mesmo para adultos. O esforço para a obtenção de informações de terceiros seria justificada se uma evidência robusta de sua relevância pudesse ser demonstrada. Este é um estudo transversal com 449 pacientes adultos com TDAH e 143 controles, entrevistados entre 2002 e 2012. Os participantes foram consecutivamente avaliados para transtornos psiquiátricos considerando-se o DSM-IV, através de instrumentos diagnósticos padronizados. Informações colaterais foram obtidas usando-se as escalas de Barkley para sintomas de TDAH atuais e da infância. Nós comparamos os perfis demográficos e clínicos de pacientes adultos cujos informantes concordavam (n = 277) ou discordavam (n = 172) dos pacientes em relação à presença de sintomatologia na infância, e adultos sem TDAH (controles). Os pacientes com TDAH e controles não diferiram quanto à idade, anos de escolaridade, renda e sexo. Os grupos com TDAH diferiram dos controles com relação a repetência escolar, problemas com autoridade e disciplina, problemas com a lei e polícia, e tratamento farmacológico prévio. Comparados com os controles, os grupos com TDAH também apresentaram escores mais elevados de prejuízo e maiores taxas de prevalência de uso do tabaco, transtorno bipolar, transtorno de oposição e desafio, transtorno de conduta e dependência de substâncias não-alcoólicas. Poucas e pequenas diferenças entre os dois grupos com TDAH (suspensões escolares, problemas com autoridade e disciplina, e escores SNAP-IV) foram observadas. Nossos resultados não oferecem suporte para a ideia de que a informação colateral sobre a sintomatologia da infância é essencial para confirmar o diagnóstico de TDAH em adultos com uma síndrome clara auto relatada desse período, mas reafirmam a ideia de que o diagnóstico não deve ser descartado na ausência de um colateral que corrobore o relato do paciente. Contudo não podemos descartar a importância de informações de fontes externas ao próprio paciente em outras situações clínicas ou apresentações psicopatológicas. / ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and, according to the new DSM, the presence of various symptoms before 12 years of age is required. In addition, the DSM-5 also stimulates the clinician to look for collateral information to support the diagnostis, even for adults. The effort to obtain information from third parties would be justified if a robust evidence of its relevance could be demonstrated. This is a cross-sectional study of 449 adult patients with ADHD and 143 controls, that were interviewed between 2002 and 2012. Participants were consecutively evaluated for DSM-IV psychiatric disorders through standardized diagnostic instruments. Collateral information was obtained with Barkley’s scales for current and childhood ADHD symptoms. We compared the demographic and clinical profiles of adult patients whose informants agreed (n=277) or disagreed (n=172) from patients for the presence of symptoms in childhood, and adults without ADHD (controls). Patients with ADHD and controls did not differ in age, years of education, income and gender. Groups with ADHD differed from controls with respect to school failure, problems with authority and discipline, problems with the law and police, and prior psychopharmacological treatment. Compared with controls, the groups with ADHD also had higher scores of injury and higher prevalence rates of tobacco use, bipolar disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and non- alcoholic substance dependence. Few and small differences between the two groups with ADHD (school suspensions, problems with authority and discipline, and SNAP-IV scores) were observed. These results do not support the idea that collateral information about symptoms of childhood is essential to confirm the diagnosis of ADHD in adults with a clear self-reported syndrome in childhood, but reaffirm the idea that the diagnosis should not be dismissed in the absence of an informant to corroborate the patient's report. However, we can not rule out the importance of information from external sources for patients with different clinical situations or psychopathological presentations.

In this project, a number of different clustering algorithms are described and their workings explained. They are compared to each other by implementing them on number of graphs with a known architecture. These clustering algorithm, in the order they are implemented, are as follows: Nearest neighbour hillclimbing, Nearest neighbour big step hillclimbing, Best neighbour hillclimbing, Best neighbour big step hillclimbing, Gem 3D, K-means simple, K-means Gem 3D, One cluster and One cluster per node. The graphs are Unconnected, Directed KX, Directed Cycle KX and Directed Cycle. The results of these clusterings are compared with each other according to three criteria: Time, Quality and Extremity of nodes distribution. This enables us to find out which algorithm is most suitable for which graph. These artificial graphs are then compared with the reference architecture graph to reach the conclusions.

Estudo de caso-controle conduzido na cidade de Porto Alegre, com o objetivo de avaliar a associação do consumo de gorduras saturadas com sobrepeso e obesidade. Foram incluídas 52 crianças e adolescentes com idades entre seis e 19 anos, sendo 26 eutróficos e 26 com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Todos responderam a um questionário que contemplava história familiar, atividade física e hábitos alimentares. O consumo diário de alimentos ricos em ácidos graxos saturados no grupo de casos e controles foi, em média, de 31,63 mg e 23,18 mg, respectivamente (p<0,05). Quando a ingestão foi avaliada pelo questionário de freqüência alimentar, os casos apresentaram consumo mais freqüente de produtos lácteos e carne de gado. Este estudo demonstrou que fatores relacionados a história familiar de obesidade, hábitos alimentares inadequados e sedentarismo influenciam no desenvolvimento da obesidade desde a infância, e que a intervenção nutricional precoce torna-se necessária para prevenção de fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento desta patologia. / A case-control study was conducted in Porto Alegre, south Brazil, with the aim of evaluating the association of consumption of saturated fat with overweight or obesity. It was included 52 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 19 years old, being 26 eutrophic people and 26 overweight or obese people. All of them answered a questionnaire that contemplated family history, physical activity and feeding habits. The daily consumption of food rich in saturated fatty acid in the group of cases and controls were in average 31,63 mg and 23,18 mg, respectively (p< 0.05). There was a variation according to the type of food when ingestion was evaluated through the questionnaire of feeding frequency. This study showed that the factors related to family history of obesity, inadequate feeding habits and sedentariness influenced upon the development of obesity since childhood, and that precocious nutritional intervention is necessary to the prevention of risk factors associated to the development of this pathology.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Cristiana Augusto Pereira: 1119341 bytes, checksum: e1d9a3149e8633032dc04f8bcaf68a4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-17 / Não informada / The evaluation of nutritional status has as goal to identify the nutritional disorders with intention to make possible an adequate intervention and to assist in the recovery and/or maintenance of the status of health of the individuals. Thus, the nutritional status can be measured mainly by anthropometrics and dietary parameters. The objective of the present study was to analyze the anthropometric and alimentary profile in teachers of basic education in 16 cities of the interior of Amazon. Participated for free demand, 1,691 teachers with 18 years or more and both sex, they were enrolled in the program of mediated actual education (PROFORMAR), in the period July to September of 2003. The participants had been evaluated according to body mass index (BMI) from standardized procedures during the activities in the course. The data on the alimentary consumption had been registered in the 24h recall questionnaire (R24h) being also enclosed the variable such as weight, height, city of origin, age and gender. For analysis of the alimentary intakes it was constructed a food list including only items that had showed a percentage equal or bigger 10% report of alimentary frequency consumption. The data had been tabulated in Epi Info 6.0 and analyzed in the Statistical Analysis Systems® program, stratifying according to sex and city. The results showed a total of 1,391 participants (25.66% men and 74.33% women) evaluated. Malnutrition showed important percentages only in some cities (33.33% men and 13.79% women). The overweight was prevalent in the majority of the interior cities, in both the sex (31.13% men and 29.11% women) and the obesity showed minor frequency (8.88% women and 8.96% men), but it was present in almost all the evaluated interior cities. But, it was not different among sex (P>0,005). The dietary evaluation showed a low consumption of fruits and regional vegetables, milk and derivatives foods and poor about the variety of animal food consumption. The caloric food distributions disclosed to caloric adequacy in both the sex. However, it was observed a high consumption of carbohydrates and proteins, but deficient in of lipid consumptions and fibers. The vitamin consumption, mainly acid folic was lower in both the sex. The vitamin C deficiency was observed only between the women. Moreover, the mineral consumption such as calcium and magnesium showed deficient, in both sex. The present research suggest that the overweight was the more prevalent nutritional problems among teachers of basic education of the 16 interior cities from Amazon and it alerts for the acquisition of good alimentary habits, over all for choice of food sources of vitamin, also the vegetables adequate in minerals and in macronutrients in order to prevent co-morbidities associated with food disorders. / A avaliação do estado nutricional tem como objetivo identificar os distúrbios nutricionais de forma a possibilitar uma intervenção adequada e auxiliar na recuperação e/ou manutenção do estado de saúde do indivíduo. O estado nutricional pode ser medido principalmente por parâmetros antropométricos e dietéticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi traçar o perfil antropométrico e alimentar de professores do ensino fundamental em 16 municípios do interior do Amazonas. Participaram por livre demanda, 1.691 professores com 18 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, inscritos no programa de ensino presencial mediado (PROFORMAR), no período julho a setembro de 2003. Os indivíduos foram avaliados segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC) a partir de procedimentos padronizados durante as atividades acadêmicas previstas no curso. Os dados sobre o consumo alimentar foram registrados no recordatório de 24h (R24h) sendo também incluídas variáveis como peso, altura, município de origem, idade e sexo. Para análise da ingestão alimentar foi construída uma lista de alimentos incluindo somente aqueles que apresentaram um percentual igual ou maior a 10% de freqüência de ingestão alimentar. Os dados foram tabulados no Epi Info 6.0 e analisados no programa Statistical Analysis Systems®, estratificando-se segundo o sexo e município. O estudo resultou em um total de 1.391 professores (25,66% homens e 74,33% mulheres) avaliados. A desnutrição mostrou percentuais importantes apenas em alguns municípios (33,33% homens e 13,79% mulheres). O sobrepeso foi prevalente na maioria dos municípios, em ambos os sexos (31,13% homens e 29,11% mulheres) e a obesidade apresentou os menores percentuais (8,88% mulheres e 8,96% homens) do estudo, mas esteve presente em quase todos os municípios avaliados. A avaliação dietética mostrou um baixo consumo de frutas e hortaliças, leite e derivados, alimentos regionais e uma baixa variedade no consumo de alimentos de origem animal. A distribuição calórica dos alimentos revelou adequação calórica em ambos os sexos, um alto consumo de carboidratos e proteínas e um consumo deficiente de lipídios e fibras. Quanto ao consumo de vitaminas, o ácido fólico apresentou-se deficiente em ambos os sexos e a deficiência de vitamina C ocorreu apenas entre as mulheres. O consumo de minerais revelou-se deficiente para o cálcio e o magnésio, em ambos os sexos. A presente pesquisa evidencia que o sobrepeso foi o agravo nutricional mais importante entre os professores dos 16 municípios do Amazonas e alerta para a aquisição de bons hábitos alimentares, sobretudo pela ingestão de alimentos fontes de vitaminas e sais minerais e adequados em macronutrientes a fim de prevenir co-morbidades relacionadas a uma má alimentação.

Trata a presente tese de estudo acerca do instituto denominado recall, existente nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte, que constitui mecanismo que permite a destituição de autoridades públicas e a revogação de decisões judiciais, por meio de decisão popular. O ineditismo da tese decorre do aprofundamento que se fez sobre o tema, bem como da análise minuciosa sobre as condições de aplicação desse instituto no Brasil. Para compreensão integral do objeto em análise, inicialmente, buscou-se compreender o fenômeno da representação política, não só sob o aspecto jurídico-formal como também pelo aspecto histórico, político e social. As teorias acerca da representação política são abordadas dentro de uma perspectiva evolutiva, histórica, desde os seus traços primitivos nas sociedades antigas, passando pelas instruções e mandato imperativo do período medieval, até as concepções de Hobbes, Locke, Burke e Siéyès, não deixando de lado as posições mais modernas e os dilemas existentes sobre o tema. Busca-se também a essência desse mecanismo denominado recall. Para tanto, torna-se obrigatória a passagem pelas suas origens e pela sua configuração jurídica, que se encontra relacionada com o princípio federativo, os sistemas eleitorais, sua caracterização como direito político, instituto de democracia participativa e semidireta, bem como seu caráter sancionador e como forma de expressão da oposição política. Faz-se, além disso, uma análise comparativa do recall no direito contemporâneo. Inicialmente focando o instituto nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte, pelo âmbito de aplicação do instituto na Federação norte-americana, as hipóteses e procedimentos de cada Estado-membro (onde se permite o instituto) e os resultados gerais de sua aplicação. Analisar-se-á, outrossim, institutos semelhantes ao recall existentes em outros sistemas jurídicos. Ao final, será tratada a questão relacionada ao recall e o sistema jurídico brasileiro, apresentando-se a história da revogação do mandato político no país, o panorama jurídico pelo aspecto federativo e dos sistemas eleitorais, bem como as condições para viabilizar a aplicação do instituto no Brasil. Tudo isso, para se demonstrar que o recall deve ser um mecanismo democrático a ser utilizado por eleitores responsáveis contra eleitos irresponsáveis. / This dissertation focuses on the mechanism referred to as recall, which exists in the United States of America, and is a mechanism that provides for the removal of public officials and the repeal of judicial decisions by means of public opinion. The originality of this dissertation arises out of the further understanding of the subject, as well as of the thorough analysis of the conditions under which such mechanism could be applied in Brazil. In order to fully understand the analyzed object, it was first necessary to understand the phenomenon of political representation, not only from the formal-legal aspect, but also from the historical, political and social perspectives. The theories on political representation are approached from a historical-developing standpoint, from its primitive traces in ancient societies, to the medieval instruments and imperative mandate, to the ideas of Hobbes, Locke, Burke and Siéyès, in addition to the more modern schools of thought and existing dilemmas on the subject-matter. The dissertation also focuses on the essence of the recall mechanism. In order to do so, it was necessary to examine its origins and its legal configuration, which has to do with the federative principle, the electoral systems, its characterization as public law, participatory and semi-direct democracy, as well as its sanctioning ability and political opposition form of expression. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of recall in contemporary law is also carried out. The assessment is initially focused on the mechanism in the United States of America, as per its application in the North American Federation, the hypotheses and procedures of each Member-State (in which the mechanism is provided for) and the general results of its application. Moreover, similar mechanisms available in other legal systems are also analyzed. Finally, the issue of the recall mechanism and the Brazilian legal system is assessed, through the history of the repeal of political mandates in the country, its legal framework on the federative aspect and the electoral systems, as well as the conditions necessary in order to render the application of the recall mechanism in Brazil feasible. The objective is to demonstrate that the recall mechanism should be a democratic mechanism to be used by responsible voters against irresponsible elected officials.

Introdução: A avaliação do consumo alimentar de crianças e adolescentes representa um desafio na pesquisa epidemiológica. O Recordatório de 24 horas (R24h) é considerado um ótimo método para coletar dados dietéticos e é muito utilizado no acompanhamento alimentar da população. Porém requer entrevistadores altamente treinados, o que dificulta o uso em pesquisas de grandes amostras. Objetivo. Desenvolver um Recordatório de 24 horas estruturado e computadorizado (R24ec) para a avaliação do consumo alimentar de escolares e testar a usabilidade deste sistema. Métodos. Os alimentos escolhidos para o R24ec foram pré-definidos a partir de um banco de dados secundário. O R24ec inclui seis refeições prédefinidas, embutidas em questões que contextualizam as rotinas e locais do dia anterior. Contém ainda uma lista de alimentos dividida em grupos alimentares e subgrupos. Durante a entrevista, itens não listados podem ser adicionados em espaço previsto para este uso. A base de dados de composição de alimentos é composta pela tabela TACO. O R24ec ainda inclui um atlas fotográfico, contendo diferentes tipos de alimentos que serve como auxílio visual para que os entrevistados possam selecionar os tamanhos de porções. Realizou-se um teste com o R24ec em uma escola pública de Guarulhos com 73 escolares. A usabilidade foi testada por 17 profissionais da área da tecnologia da informação através de um questionário que avalia a usabilidade de sistemas utilizando a lógica Fuzzy baseado na ISO. Resultados. Foi desenvolvido um instrumento computadorizado contendo uma lista de aproximadamente 120 alimentos com média de três tamanhos de porções. Dos escolares pesquisados, cerca de 45 por cento fizeram alguma observação referente ao sistema durante o preenchimento do R24ec. 8,2 por cento tiveram problemas em relação à manipulação do sistema e 30 por cento tiveram problemas no preenchimento devido à incompreensão das perguntas, devido à idade ou maturidade. 67 por cento não cometeram erros ao preencher o R24ec. O teste de usabilidade apresentou para as métricas Controle de Erros, Eficiência e Satisfação amplitude Média (2), representando maior grau de confiança no resultado obtido. As métricas Facilidade de Aprender, Facilidade de Relembrar e Eficácia apresentaram amplitude Alta (3), o que representa um grau de confiança baixo. Conclusão. O Recordatório de 24 horas estruturado foi desenvolvido com sucesso e será hospedado no sitio da Universidade de São Paulo. O teste na escola com estudantes de 5ª a 8ª série apontou uma boa interação entre usuários e o sistema. O estudo de usabilidade com profissionais teve boas avaliações, porém deveria ser refeito com uma população maior para obterse maior confiança nos resultados / Introduction: The assessment of children and teenagers food intake brings a new challenge in epidemiological research. The 24-hour Dietary Recall (R24h) is considered an efficient method to collect diet data and is also very much used in population food monitoring. However, it requires highly qualified interviewers and this fact therefore generates great difficulty to the use of great sample research. Objectives: It aims at developing a structured and automated 24-hour Dietary Recall (R24ec) to evaluate school children food intake and test the usability of this system. Methods: The foods chosen to R24ec were pre-defined from a secondary database. The R24ec includes six pre-defined meals, incorporated in questions that contextualize the routines and places of the day before. It also contains a list of food divided in food groups and subgroups. During the interview, non-listed items can be included in proper blanks for this purpose. The database of food combination is composed of the TACO chart. The R24ec also includes a food photographic atlas, containing different types of food, used as visual help so that the interviewees can select the portion sizes. A test with school children was carried out with R24ec in a public school of Guarulhos. The usability was tested by 17 Information Technology professionals through a questionnaire that assesses the usability of systems using the Fuzzy logic, based on ISO. Results: An automated tool was developed, containing a list of approximately 120 types of food with an average of three portion sizes. Among the school children evaluated, around 45 per cent made some observation referring to the system during the R24ec filling process. 8,2 per cent had problems to manipulate the system and 30 per cent had problems to fill out the R24ec due to question misunderstandings, fact that can be related to the low level of maturity of the candidates. 67 per cent did not make any mistakes filling out the R24ec. The usability test presented to the metric Error Control, Efficiency and Satisfaction an average amplitude (2), representing a higher level of reliability in the obtained results. The metrics Facility to Learn, Facility to Remember and Efficiency presented high amplitude (3), which represents a low level of reliability. Conclusion: The structured 24-hour Dietary Recall was successfully developed and it will be posted in the Universidade de São Paulo website. The test with students from the Elementary School revealed good interaction between users and system. The usability study with professionals obtained good reviews, but it should be reapplied to a bigger audience in order to obtain a higher level of reliability towards the results

This thesis investigates individual and interpersonal predictions of future affect and explores their relation to implicit theories of emotion, prediction recall, debiasing, and focalism. Studies 1, 2, and 3 assessed affect predictions to upcoming reasoning tests and academic results, and Studies 4, 5, and 6 concerned predictions for self-identified events. The first study investigated the influence of implicit theories of emotion (ITE; Tamir, John, Srivastava, & Gross, 2007) on impact bias and prediction recall manipulating ITE between participant pairs who predicted and reported their affective reactions to feedback on a test of reasoning skills. Neither impact bias nor recalled predictions were affected by the manipulation. Recalled affect predictions differed from original affect predictions, but were not influenced by experienced affect. Study 2 further investigated the effects of target event timing on impact bias and affect prediction recall. The results showed no differences between individual and interpersonal impact biases across conditions. Again, recalled predictions differed from original predictions, and were not influenced by experienced affect. Study 3 investigated the influence of prior information about impact bias on interpersonal affective forecasting involving real-world exam results. The results demonstrated no differences in predictions due to information, however, significantly less unhappiness was predicted for participants’ friends compared to self-predictions. Study 4 examined the effect of different de-biasing information on affective predictions. The results demonstrated no differences in affective predictions by condition and found that participants’ ITE were not associated to affect predictions. Study 5 examined individual and interpersonal affect predictions using a between-subjects design in place of the within-subjects design. The results demonstrated no differences between the affect predictions made for self and for friends, and ITE were not associated with predictions. Study 6 examined the impact bias in interpersonal affective forecasting and the role of focalism. The results demonstrated distinctions between individual and interpersonal affecting forecasting with individual impact bias for positive reactions for negative events and individual and interpersonal reverse impact bias for calm emotional reactions to positive events. Immune neglect was found not to be associated with predictions. Overall, the studies found evidence for similar individual and interpersonal predictions which are resistant to influence.

Recollection, the process by which an item provokes the retrieval of associated information stored in the brain, is a key component of recognition memory. It is explored in this thesis through the use of a paradigm designed to allow the neural correlates of amount recalled to be identified through parametric fMRI analysis. A series of experiments were carried out during the development and optimisation of this paradigm in order to ensure that the various demands of this analysis were met. Subsequently this paradigm was applied during an fMRI experiment which provided data from both the encoding and retrieval stages of recollection.Whilst the development work was chiefly concerned with producing a suitable task design for the parametric fMRI analysis, these experiments provided some interesting results in their own right. The task design, which required participants to associate multiple item types within a story context, showed that there are significant differences in the frequency with which different stimuli are recollected. Participants were found to be particularly poor at recollecting faces whilst words were also shown to be recollected less frequently than either object or animal picture stimuli. A possible explanation for these differences may be related to the picture superiority effect although eye-tracking data collected from these experiments demonstrates large differences in viewing behaviour between different target stimulus types which is not correlated with later recall success. The amount of time participants spend engaging with the highly contextual scene item does predict later recall success.The fMRI analysis (Chapter 5) carried out during the encoding and retrieval stages of recollection found a variety of regions exhibiting a positive linear relationship with recollection at both these stages. This result provides support for the cortical reinstatement hypothesis of recollection despite the fact that the hippocampus only showed parametric modulation of activity during retrieval. It is proposed that parahippocampal activity during encoding and retrieval supports the recollection of contextual information whilst the same pattern of activity in parietal regions related to recollection may reflect the reinstatement of the global image of the story created during the encoding task.

Most eyewitness identification protocols recommend withholding feedback after an identification has been made, at least until a measure of confidence can be gathered. Although much research has examined the impact of post-identification feedback on subsequent witness behavior and confidence, research addressing the importance of post-recall feedback remains largely incomplete. The current study examined the effects of post-recall feedback and question type on subsequent witness recall, confidence, and reports of view of the crime. In line with previous eyewitness identification research, it was predicted that participants receiving confirming post-recall feedback would be more confident in their prior recall compared to participants receiving neutral, no, or disconfirming feedback. One hundred and fifty-eight participants viewed a mock crime video of a robbery followed by an interview which included both open-ended and cued questions. Participants were then given either confirming, neutral, no, or disconfirming feedback and asked about their confidence and the clarity of their view of the perpetrator. Under the pretense that the recording equipment failed, participants were interviewed again using the same question format. The second interview was followed by a series of suggestive questions. After the second interview, participants were again asked about their confidence and self-reported quality of view of the perpetrator. Participant interviews were transcribed and scored for quantity, accuracy, and consistency by two blind, independent coders. Analyses revealed that feedback had a systematic impact on confidence such that participants who received confirming feedback were more confident in the overall accuracy of their prior memory accounts than those who received neutral, no, or disconfirming feedback and participants who received neutral or no feedback were more confident in the overall accuracy of their prior memory accounts compared to those in the disconfirming feedback condition. In line with previous eyewitness identification research, there was no significant relationship between recall accuracy and reported confidence. Results from the current study can be used to inform real-world investigative interviewers by highlighting the consequences of offering post-recall feedback. Specifically, feedback can impact witness confidence irrespective of actual recall accuracy.