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Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka manifestationer av en exkluderande migrationslagstiftning i en inkluderande frivårdspraktik. Fokus har legat på frivårdsinspektörers egna upplevelser av möjligheter att utföra sitt uppdrag i relation till irreguljära migranter dömda för brott, samt de sätt på vilka man förhåller sig till svårigheter och dilemman i det praktiska arbetet. Syftet har även varit att försöka förstå frivårdsinspektörers uppdrag och roll som frontlinjebyråkrater vid välfärdsstatens gränser. insamling av empiri har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta frivårdsinspektörer som arbetar med övervakning i samband med skyddstillsynsdom eller efter villkorlig frigivning. Studien visar på att frivårdsinspektörer upplever sina möjligheter att utföra sitt återfallsförebyggande och (åter)integrerande arbete som begränsade i relation till aktuell målgrupp. Att irreguljära migranter i hög utsträckning exkluderas från hjälp och stöd inom välfärdssystemen och samtidigt saknar rätt att arbeta anges som huvudanledningar. Denna exkludering förefaller även bidra till att den rationalitet med betoning på individens ansvar för val och beteenden och som ligger bakom implementerad arbetsmetod utmanas. Genom att den stöttande delen av uppdraget begränsas urholkas uppdraget till att främst omfatta den kontrollerande delen. Det visar sig även att avsaknad av riktlinjer och stöd i uppdraget kring målgruppens specifika förutsättningar bidrar till att nya praktiker skapas för gruppen irreguljära migranter som ej ligger i linje med myndighetens generella policy och målsättning. Genom analys med hjälp av gränsteorier blir det tydligt att frivårdsinspektörer blir delaktiga i en gränspraktik som genom de sätt på vilka dessa använder sitt handlingsutrymme bidrar till att antingen utmana eller befästa gränser för tillhörighet och rättigheter.

Rättsväsendets kapacitet till att rehabilitera kriminella har länge varit ett omdiskuterat ämne, med en betydande del forskning som har kritiserat fängelseverksamhetens utformning och möjlighet till att uppfylla en sådan effekt. I Sverige baseras allt rehabiliterande arbete inom Kriminalvården på en klientunik verkställighetsplan [VSP]. Verktyget innefattar klientens initiala risk- och behovsbedömning, efterföljande rehabiliterande åtgärder samt en dokumentation över processen och eventuella förändringar i den. Trots VSP centralitet för Kriminalvårdens återfallsförebyggande uppdrag är den tidigare forskningen om den begränsad. Således ämnar denna studie till att undersöka kriminalvårdsanställdas upplevelser av arbetet med VSP, samt deras erfarenheter av faktorer som kan påverka tillämpningen. Därigenom avser studien att bistå med fördjupad kunskap om dess tillämpning och aspekter för eventuell vidareutveckling. För detta ändamål utfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med kriminalvårdsanställda. Materialet transkriberades sedan i enlighet med Jeffersons system för transkribering och avslutningsvis analyserades genom en tematisk analys. Resultatet fann att anställda upplevde att verktygets struktur bidrog till ett förtroende för utförande av VSP. Kriminalvårdsanställda problematiserade även VSP genom deras erfarenhet av omständigheter som påverkar dess utförande; så som skild kunskapsnivå, resurstillgång, klientens motivation till förändring samt kriminalvårdarens professionella insikt och expertis. Med anledning av detta resultat bör således vidare forskning ämna att undersöka omfattningen av de faktorer som utgör ett hinder för implementeringen av VSP, samt tillförlitlighet av det underliggande risk- och behovsbedömnings instrumentet då korrekt identifikation av dessa krävs för effektiv och pålitlig behandling. / The judiciary's capability to rehabilitate criminals is a subject of discourse, with some research criticizing both the structure and the overall possibility of reform in a prison setting. Rehabilitation in the Swedish correctional services employ a per client individualized plan of treatment [VSP]. This plan contains an initial risk and need assessment, planned programs and documentation over the procedure and its potential changes. However, despite VSP's centrality for the Swedish correctional services, research about its effects is limited. Therefore, this study aims to examine the experiences that Swedish correctional service employees have of VSP, and their perception of potential factors that may affect its implementation. In doing so the study seeks to develop the understanding of VSP and to identify areas of development. In pursuit of this aim, semi-structured interviews with employees of the Swedish correctional service were utilized. The material was then transcribed in accordance with Jefferson's transcription system and finally analyzed through a thematic analysis. The study found that employees spoke of an organizational support and structure that inspired faith in VSP. Utilization of VSP was affected due to lacking resource allocation, differences in practitioner knowledge and expertise, and the client level of motivation. In lieu of these results further research should seek to examine the prevalence of these factors, as well as the validity of the underlying risk-need evaluation instrument as correct identification of these factors are required for reliable treatment.

In this research project the overcrowding problem in South African prisons will be analysed as well as the influence it had on the rehabilitation of offenders. The problem of overcrowding in South Africa's prisons is very clear when the approved accommodation of a prison is compared with the actual number of prisoners incarcerated. Prison sentences are a favoured form of punishment throughout the world. More and more people seek alternatives to incarceration in order to reduce prison overcrowding. The time to finalize criminal cases, releases on bail, the abolishment of minimum sentences and better utilization of community based sentences are some of the issues which can reduce overcrowding. One of the concepts that was implemented to establish rehabilitation within prisons was Unit Management. The number of prisoners incarcerated makes it difficult for Unit Management to be effective. In some cases prisoners are kept under inhumane conditions which is a violation of the Constitution of South Africa. Currently the morale of members of Correctional Services is very low and this has an influence on the way in which they treat prisoners. These members are supposed to be an example to prisoners but instead their bad behaviour has a negative influence on prisoner's discipline. Correctional Services goal is to make every member a rehabilitator but overcrowding will first have to be reduced. Individual attention to prisoners is one of the building blocks of Unit Management but overcrowding of prisons creates a member/prisoner ratio which is far too high to be effective with rehabilitating prisoners. Community based sentences can also be utilized more frequently by the courts. It can better rehabilitation possibilities and through this the objectives of punishment are met. In the past the focus of South African Law was on the criminal. With the Correctional Services Act (Act 111/1998) this focus was shifted to the victim as well. Both these parties can now come together and discuss the offence as well as the influence it had on the victim. This is called restorative justice and it helps the offender with re-integration into the community. / Criminology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

The researcher conducted a mixed method research study on parole violations from a South African perspective. In South Africa, there is limited research regarding the causes of parole violations. Thus, the study is mainly descriptive, but also exploratory in nature and considered a first of its kind. The study aimed to explore parole violation as a phenomenon through the perceptions, opinions, attitudes and incident recall of re-incarcerated parolees. Furthermore, the study aimed to describe the causes for parolees to fail on parole. A two-phase sequential mixed methods research design was used that involved the collection and analysis of primarily quantitative data from self-administered questionnaires. These questionnaires were complemented by a qualitative data collection phase consisting of focus group interviews. A representative sample (n=111) chosen according to the various ethnic groups was drawn from a population of 1 111 adult male parole violators in the Gauteng region (aligned to the regional divisions used by the Department of Correctional Services and not to the provincial borders) for the quantitative phase. Non-probability sampling was used to select 22 participants who volunteered for the second, qualitative phase of the study (focus group interviews). Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyse the data collected from the questionnaires. The data was analysed by means of frequencies (frequency tables and graphs) to describe one variable and cross tabulations (contingency tables) to show bivariate quantitative data. All the focus group interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. The transcripts provided a complete record of the discussions and helped to facilitate the analysis of the data according to identified, recurring themes. On release, many stigmatised and rejected parolees face widespread post-release challenges that prevent successful reintegration. The study revealed that poor pre-release planning and post-release support, a lack of education, unemployment, substance abuse, and a loss of family support are described as the main causes of parole violations. The recommendations from the research findings showed the importance of pre-release planning, risk assessment, employment, education, treatment for drug and alcohol abuse, community partnerships, family involvement, and graduated responses to parole violations that are fair, consistent, and legal. / Penology / D.Lit. et Phil. (Penology)

Late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century Dundee had a strikingly large female workforce and this fact has attracted much scholarly attention. But existing research has not probed the official crime records to determine whether the associated local stereotype of the disorderly mill worker, as a ‘moral blot' on the landscape, is justified. This study looks at female criminality in Dundee 1865–1925. It finds that drunkenness, breach of the peace and theft were the leading female offences and that the women most strongly associated with criminality belonged to the marginalised sections of the working class. Amongst them were the unskilled mill girls prominent in the contemporary discussions, but it was prostitutes and women of ‘No Trade' who appear to have challenged the police most often. They were frequently repeat offenders and consequently this thesis devotes considerable attention to the women entrenched in Dundee's criminal justice system. A pattern noted in the city's recidivism statistics, and often echoed elsewhere, is that the most persistent offenders were women. The fact that men perpetrated the majority of petty crime raises the suspicion that the police statistics capture differential policing of male and female recidivists – an idea that builds upon feminist theory and Howard Taylor's stance on judicial statistics. Yet a detailed study of the archives reveals that there are as many examples of the police treating women fairly as there are of gender-biased law. Indeed, several practical constraints hindered over-zealous policing, one of which was the tendency of the local magistrates to throw out cases against prostitutes and female drunks. This thesis, taking the police and court records as a whole, emphasizes that it was generally pragmatism, rather than prejudice, that guided the sanctioning of female recidivists in Dundee.

Literature debates the success of rehabilitation programmes in recidivism of offenders. This dissertation explores the effect of rehabilitation programmes on sentenced offenders at Kutama-Sinthumule Correctional Centre (KSCC). Correctional centres offer various rehabilitation programmes with the aim of reducing recidivism and rehabilitating sentenced offenders. The study used a qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate the perception of sentenced offenders changed from being negative to positive after completion of rehabilitation programmes and that rehabilitation programmes complement the reduction of recidivism. Gangsterism and the language medium was found to be a challenge to offender participation. Upon completion, the programmes were found to enhance offenders` chances of employment post-prison. The study recommends that programmes encourage rebuilding relationships and DCS improves their offered programmes to achieve the success of KSCC and recommends reinstating a credit system as incentive for participation, and a revision of the language of instruction used on these programmes. / Public Administration and Management / M.Admin. (Public Administration)

When conducting research on crime, scholars are generally inclined to focus on the aetiology, hence our comprehension of biological and/or environmental factors as antecedents of crime. In this study, however, acknowledgement was given to ex-offenders who, once released from prison showed positive signs of disengagement from crime and posed the following questions: what are the lived experiences of ex-offenders who desist from crime and what are the reasons influencing their decisions to stop offending? Four adult male ex-offenders of African descent between the ages of 30 and 42 participated in the study. The researcher, inspired by his insider position as an ex-offender aimed to explore and describe the lived experiences of other ex-offenders who had stopped offending, or who were in the process of disengaging from crime. An interpretive phenomenological approach including three theories of criminal desistance were used to ground the study. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. Results showed that the processes of criminal desistance are unique and contextual, particular rather than universal, and that change can be attributed to intra-individual factors facilitated by strong quality social bonds / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)