La plupart des immigrants qui arrivent au Canada s’installent d’abord dans les grands centres urbains. Ce phénomène a motivé des études sur la migration secondaire, qui cherchent à comprendre les raisons de cette concentration et les facteurs qui conduisent les immigrants à partir pour d’autres villes. Cependant, la majorité des études utilisent des méthodes quantitatives et peu d’entre elles cherchent à comprendre le point de vue des immigrants, ainsi que le processus d’adaptation vécu le long de cette trajectoire. À l’aide d’entrevues semi-dirigées, cette recherche vise à analyser l’adaptation des immigrants à Montréal et dans les villes d’une région du Québec, dans leurs communautés et dans leur milieu de travail. L’analyse et la présentation des résultats sont basées sur le modèle d’adaptation proposé par Young Yun Kim, qui considère la communication comme un aspect central du processus d’adaptation, résultant d’une interaction dynamique entre l’individu et l’environnement. Les résultats montrent que les immigrants cherchent à améliorer l’expérience d’adaptation tout au long de leur trajectoire. L’adaptation initiale facilite l’adaptation dans la deuxième ville, mais elle crée également de nouvelles attentes, car Montréal n’est pas en mesure de fournir tout ce dont les immigrants attendent. Bien que la présence d’immigrants et de services soit plus importante à Montréal, l’adaptation initiale représente un défi pour la plupart d’entre eux, qui ne connaissent pas les règles locales au début et ne se sentent pas intégrés à la communauté. Le multiculturalisme et le dynamisme économique favorisent toutefois l’insertion et l’adaptation sur le marché du travail. L’adaptation dans la deuxième ville s’avère finalement plus facile pour la plupart, qui font également état d’un plus grand sentiment d’appartenance et d’une meilleure qualité de vie. Cependant, l’intégration professionnelle représente un défi pour ceux qui quittent Montréal sans avoir planifié leur insertion au marché de travail. / Most immigrants who arrive in Canada initially settle in large urban centers. This phenomenon has motivated studies of secondary migration, which seek to understand the reasons for this concentration and the factors that lead immigrants to leave for other cities. However, most studies use quantitative methods, and few seek to understand the perspective of immigrants and the adaptation process experienced along this trajectory. Using semi-structured interviews, this research aims to analyze the adaptation of immigrants in Montreal and in cities in a region of Quebec, in their communities and in their workplaces. The analysis and presentation of the results are based on the adaptation model proposed by Young Yun Kim, who considers communication as a central aspect of the adaptation process, resulting from a dynamic interaction between the individual and the environment. The results show that immigrants seek to improve their adaptation experience throughout their trajectory. The adaptation in the first city facilitates adaptation in the second city, but it also creates new expectations, as Montreal is not able to provide everything that immigrants expect. Although there is a greater presence of immigrants and services in Montreal, the initial adaptation is a challenge for most of them, who are not familiar with the local rules at first and do not feel integrated into the community. However, the multiculturalism and economic dynamism of the city make it easier to integrate and adapt to the job market. Adaptation in the second city is ultimately easier for most and they report a greater sense of belonging and a better quality of life. However, professional integration is a challenge for those who leave Montreal without having planned their transition into the regional job market.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L’irrigation a connu de grands changements dans le bassin du Rhône français durant les trente dernières années du vingtième siècle. La mise en œuvre d’un Système d’Information sur le bassin du Rhône (SIR) montre l’existence de quatre grands systèmes d’irrigation qui s’individualisent au sein de plusieurs « régions d’irrigation ». Ces dernières révèlent des dynamiques contrastées, mettant à mal l’idée que l’irrigation aurait connu une expansion continue et homogène, même si les superficies irriguées augmentent globalement. Ces dynamiques spatiales s’expliquent par les profondes transformations d’une pratique modernisée, utilisant des techniques toujours plus économes en eau. C’est d’ailleurs le deuxième enseignement de la recherche : l’accroissement général des superficies irriguées n’a pas entraîné une augmentation des demandes en eau. Celles-ci ont plutôt tendance à diminuer, de l’ordre de 30 % en trente ans. Sous l’impulsion des gestionnaires, les irrigants font un usage de plus en plus raisonné des ressources en eau et, à terme, il ne faut certainement pas considérer l’irrigation comme une menace généralisée pour les équilibres environnementaux... Le mémoire de thèse s’accompagne d’un système de gestion de l’information géographique et d’un atlas en version électronique. / Over the last thirty years of the twentieth century, irrigation in the French basin of the Rhône river has undergone substantial change. The implementation of a Geographic Information System on the Rhône basin (SIR) demonstrates the existence of four main irrigation systems individualized within several “irrigation regions.” These reveal in turn a series of contrasted dynamics, putting into question the idea that irrigation expansion had been both continuous and homogeneous, even though the total surface area irrigated actually increased. These spatial dynamics can be accounted for by the deep transformations due to a modernised practice that relies on techniques ever more sparing with water. This is in fact the second lesson one can draw from this study : the general increase in irrigated surface areas did not lead to an increase in water demand. On the contrary, water demand has tended to diminish, in the order of 30% over thirty years. Driven by management, the cultivators’ use of water resources is more and more reasoned, so that in the long run irrigation is surely no global threat to environmental balance. The thesis includes a system for managing geographic information as well as an electronic atlas.

Cette étude a cherché à comprendre une partie de la régionalisation de la santé au Brésil, par le biais des hospitalisations envoyées par les communes de la « Região de Saúde Capital Vale do Gravataí – Região de Saúde 10 » (Région de Santé Capitale Vale do Gravataí – Région de Santé 10), de l’État de Rio Grande do Sul, vers les hôpitaux de Porto Alegre, par l’intermédiaire du flux d’hospitalisations de cette commune, de 2008 à 2013. Pour ce faire, ont été comparés deux groupes principaux (1) les communes de la « Região 10 » et les (2) dix communes plus fréquents en hospitalisation à Porto Alegre et aussi deux groupes complémentaires d’hospitalisation d’habitants de : (3) Porto Alegre dans la capitale et (4) d’autres communes (les autres communes qui n’appartiennent pas aux groupes mentionnés ci-dessus) pour les dix procédures les plus fréquentes d’hospitalisation à Porto Alegre en complexité moyenne, qui ont eu comme fonction principale d’expliquer les résultats des principaux. L’étude a été élaborée en quatre étapes : le téléchargement et le traitement de la base d’hospitalisations du Système d’Information Hospitalaire Décentralisé – SIHD de DATASUS – Départ d’Informatique du Système Unique de Santé; la lecture des résolutions de la « Comissão Intergestores Bipartite do Rio Grande do Sul » (Commission Intergestionnaires Bipartite de l’État de Rio Grande do Sul) – CIB/RS; la lecture des données virtuelles de santé sur les articles qui pourraient contribuer à la compréhension de l’information disponibilisée; et enfin, des visites réalisées aux Centrales de Régulation de l’État de Rio Grande do Sul et de la commune de Porto Alegre. Les résultats ont été démontrés en trois phases, les habitants de la « Região Saúde 1 » – les hospitalisations locales dans la « Região de Saúde 10 », les flux d’hospitalisation à Porto Alegre – de Moyenne Complexité et le comparatif des groupes. En ce qui concerne le groupe principal de l’étude, la procédure d’accouchement naturel a été la plus fréquente, dans la tranche de complexité moyenne qui est l’axe de la recherche, suivies par l’accouchement par césarienne et les procédures concernant l’oncologie. L’apport principal de ce travail a été celui de confirmer l’hypothèse que le plus grand nombre d’hospitalisations à Porto Alegre concernant la complexité moyenne est issue de leurs habitants et de leur Région de Santé. Nous avons pu conclure que la régionalisation tente de s’établir à travers l’effort des centrales de régulation afin de se structurer et d’utiliser l’information pour la planification dans le domaine de la santé et l’optimisation des procédures. / Diese Studie versucht, einen Teil der Regionalisierung der Krankenversorgung in Brasilien zu verstehen. Dafür wurden die Internierungen untersucht, die von Gemeinden der Gesundheitsregion 10 (Hauptstadt/Vale do Gravataí) im Bundesstaat Rio Grande do Sul an Krankenhäuser in Porto Alegre weitergeleitet wurden. Dazu wurden die Internierungsstatistiken der Stadt von 2008 bis 2013 ausgewertet. Hierfür wurden zwei Hauptgruppen miteinander verglichen (1) Gemeinden der Region 10 und (2) die zehn Gemeinden mit den meisten Internierungen in Porto Alegre und zwei weitere Gruppen (3) Internierungen von Einwohnern Porto Alegres in der Hauptstadt selbst und (4) andere Gemeinden (weitere Gemeinden die nicht Teil der genannten Gruppen sind). Ausgewertet wurden die zehn häufigsten Internierungsgründe mittlerer Komplexität deren Hauptfunktion war, die Ergebnisse der Hauptgruppen zu erklären. Die Studie wurde in vier Etappen durchgeführt : Download und Verarbeitung der krankenhäuslichen Internierungsdatenbank des Dezentralisierten Krankenhausinformationssystems (SIHD) des DATASUS ; das Lesen der Resolutionen der Bipartitenkommission von Rio Grande do Sul (CIB/RS) ; das Lesen virtueller Datenbanken mit Artikeln aus dem Gesundheitswesen, die zum Verständnis der zur Verfügung gestellten Information beitragen ; und, zum Schluß, Besuche der Koordinierungsstellen des Bundesstaates Rio Grande do Sul und der Stadt Porto Alegre. Die Ergebnisse gliedern sich in drei Phasen : Bewohner der Gesundheitsregion 10 – lokale Internierungen in der Gesundheitsregion 10, die Verlegungen nach Porto Alegre (mittlere Komplexität) und der Vergleich der Gruppen. Für die Hauptgruppe der Studie war eine normale Entbindung der häufigste Internierungsgrund in der mittleren Komplexität, dem Fokus dieser Studie, gefolgt von Geburten mit Kaiserschnitt und onkologischen Eingriffen. Der größte Beitrag dieser Arbeit ist die Bestätigung der Hypothese, dass die größte Zahl der Internierungen mit mittlerer Komplexität in Porto Alegre auf Einwohner der Stadt und ihrer eigenen Gesundheitsregion zurück geht. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Regionalisierung versucht, sich zu etablieren, über die Bemühungen der Koordinierungsstellen sich zu strukturieren und die Informationen für die Organisation des Gesundheitswesens und die Optimierung der Prozesse zu nutzen. / O presente estudo buscou compreender uma parte da regionalização da saúde no Brasil, por meio das internações encaminhadas por municípios da Região de Saúde Capital Vale do Gravataí – Região de Saúde 10, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para hospitais de Porto Alegre, através dos fluxos da internação no município, de 2008 a 2013. Para tanto, foram comparados dois grupos principais (1) municípios da Região 10 e (2) os dez municípios mais frequentes em internação em Porto Alegre; e dois grupos complementares internações de residentes de (3) Porto Alegre na Capital e (4) outros municípios (demais municípios que não fizeram parte dos grupos já citados) para os dez procedimentos mais frequentes em internação em Porto Alegre para a média complexidade,que tiveram como principal função explicar os resultados dos principais. O estudo se desenvolveu em quatro etapas: download e processamento da base de internação hospitalar do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar Descentralizado – SIHD do DATASUS; leitura das resoluções da Comissão Intergestores Bipartite do Rio Grande do Sul – CIB/RS; leitura das bases virtuais de saúde de artigos que contribuíssem na compreensão da informação disponibilizada; e por fim, visitas realizadas às Centrais de Regulação do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e do Município de Porto Alegre. Os resultados se mostraram em três fases, os residentes da Região de saúde 10 – Internações locais na Região de Saúde 10, os fluxos de internação para Porto Alegre - Média Complexidade e o comparativo dos grupos. Para o grupo principal do estudo o procedimento parto normal apareceu como mais frequente, seguido por parto cesariano e procedimentos relacionados à oncologia. A principal contribuição do trabalho foi confirmar a hipótese de que o maior número de internações em Porto Alegre para a média complexidade é oriunda de seus residentes e de sua própria Região de Saúde. Conclui-se que a regionalização tenta se estabelecer através de um esforço das centrais de regulações para se estruturarem e utilizarem a informação para o planejamento em saúde e otimização dos processos. / This study aimed to understand part of the health regionalization in Brazil, through the referral of admissions from Capital/ Gravataí Valley health region (10), Rio Grande do Sul State, to Porto Alegre hospitals, and through admission flows, from 2008 to 2013. For this purpose, comparisons between two main groups – (1) municipalities in Region 10 and (2) the ten most frequent municipalities in Porto Alegre admissions (10) - and two complementary groups : admissions of Porto Alegre residents (3) and (4) other municipalities (those which were not part of the groups already mentioned) - for the ten most frequent procedures in Porto Alegre admissions for medium complexity were made, in order to explain the results of the main groups. The study was conducted in four stages: hospitalization database download and processing from Hospital Information System Decentralization (SIHD) - DATASUS; Rio Grande do Sul Bipartite Inter-managerial Commissions (CIBs) - CIB / RS resolutions reading; health virtual database and publication reading for a better comprehension of the information provided; and visits to Regulatory Centers of Rio Grande do Sul state and Porto Alegre city. The results were presented in three phases: Health Region 10 residents - local admissions, Porto Alegre admission flows - medium complexity, and group comparison. For the main study group, normal delivery procedure appeared as the most frequent, followed by cesarean and oncology related procedures. The main outcome of this work was to confirm the hypothesis that the largest number of admissions in Porto Alegre for medium complexity comes from its residents and its own Health Region. To conclude, regionalization tries to establish itself through regulatory centers effort to structure themselves and use the information for health planning and process optimization. / Este estudio tuvo la finalidad de comprender una parte de la regionalización de la salud en Brasil, a través de las hospitalizaciones canalizadas por municipios de la Región de Salud 10 del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando los datos de número de ingresos hospitalarios por municipio entre los años 2008 y 2013. Para ello fueron comparados dos grupos principales: (1) municipios de la Región 10, (2) los diez municipios con mayor números de hospitalizaciones en Porto Alegre; así como dos grupos complementarios: (3) hospitalizaciones de residentes de la capital Porto Alegre, (4) demás municipios que no estan incluidos en los grupos antes mencionados. En este caso, fueron considerados los diez procedimientos más frecuentes de mediana complejidad que son motivo de hospitalización en Porto Alegre. Este trabajo se desarrollo en cuatro etapas: procesamiento de la base de datos de ingresos hospitalarios del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria Descentralizado, lectura de las resoluciones de la Comisión Intergestores Bipartita de Rio Grande do Sul, lectura de las bases de datos digitales cuyos artículos del área de la salud contribuyeran en la comprensión de la información disponible, y finalmente, visitas realizadas a las Centrales de Regulación del Estado Rio Grande do Sul y del municipio de Porto Alegre. Los resultados se presentaron en 3 etapas de acuerdo a: los residentes de la Región de Salud 10 - hospitalizaciones locales, el número de ingresos hospitalarios en Porto Alegre - mediana complejidad y la comparación entre grupos principales y complementarios. Para el grupo principal, objeto de esta investigación, el procedimiento de mediana complejidad más frecuente fue el parto normal, seguido por parto por cesárea y procedimientos oncológicos. La contribución más importante de este trabajo fue confirmar la hipótesis sobre que el mayor número de ingresos hospitalarios por casos de mediana complejidad en Porto Alegre, corresponde a los oriundos de esta ciudad y de la propia Región de Salud. Se concluye que la regionalización busca establecerse a través de los esfuerzos de las centrales de regulaciones, para estructurar y utilizar la información en la planificación de salud y optimización de los procesos.

Les échecs successifs des partenariats et tentatives de coopération dans la zone méditerranéenne ont montré les limites aux modèles diplomatiques employés jusqu’à présent et ont révélé le besoin de renouveler la participation des divers acteurs en présence. Dès lors, il s’est agi de déplacer le centre de gravité de l’activité diplomatique en Méditerranée afin d’élaborer un modèle de « diplomatie collective durable », par lequel la région pourrait servir de vecteur de modélisation pour les régionalisations actuelles ou futures, seules véritables réponses à une mondialisation croissante. Par le biais de l’analyse historique et contemporaine de l’exercice de la diplomatie ainsi que de l’évolution de la définition de la politique étrangère et grâce à l’exposé de l’effervescence intellectuelle autour de l’ouverture de l’activité diplomatique à des acteurs non gouvernementaux, il a été permis de présenter l’articulation entre les notions de diplomatie et de Société civile dans l’histoire et dans la théorie et d’en exposer les manifestations sur le terrain de la zone méditerranéenne. De ces manifestations, il a été conclu à un véritable état de fait de la diplomatie des Sociétés civiles. Face à cette phénoménologie de la diplomatie des Sociétés civiles dans les relations internationales, encouragée par les instances supranationales notamment, a été étudiée l’existence de l’insertion formelle de la Société civile dans l’ordre international afin d’envisager les divers fondements juridiques de sa participation. Dès lors, des textes internationaux ont servi aux recherches et ont permis de retracer l’évolution des relations internationales initialement exclusivement statocentrées mais qui se sont progressivement ouvertes à de nouveaux acteurs. Par ailleurs, il a été essentiel de procéder à la détermination du sujet de cette insertion à l’ordre juridique international et d’identifier l’existence d’une « Société civile internationale », simple acteur des relations internationales ou véritable sujet de droit international. Étant donnée la particularité de la région étudiée et les nécessités spécifiques qui en découlent, la zone a révélé un vrai potentiel afin d’intégrer voire d’institutionnaliser ce renouvellement diplomatique. Véritable modélisation régionale, la Méditerranée pourrait servir de laboratoire aux propositions contenues dans la thèse et qui tendraient à faire d’elle une zone pacifiée et stabilisée. / The consecutive failures of the successive cooperation and partnerships in the Mediterranean region have shown the limitations of the current diplomatic models and has also revealed the need to renew the participation of various actors on the international stage. Therefore, the dissertation has aimed to move the center of gravity of the diplomatic activity in the Mediterranean (mainly intergovernmental) in order to develop a model of “collective sustainable diplomacy” by which the region could serve as a model for current or future regionalizations, sole real answers to the increasing globalization. Through historical and contemporary analysis of the practice of diplomacy by civil societies and also through the presentation of the intellectual ferment allowing the expansion of diplomacy to non-state actors, it has been possible to show the signs of an existing diplomacy by these actors on the Mediterranean field. Facing this phenomenon of a less intergovernmental diplomacy, greatly encouraged by supranational organizations, we studied the existence of its formal insertion in the international legal order and presented various legal bases of the participation of civil societies to the diplomatic process. This analysis revealed the lack of a legal status of the so-called “international civil society” and highlighted the denial by the states of an official diplomatic action of this actor. This conclusion led to elaborate a Mediterranean model of action, integrating all stakeholders for a more collective and thus, sustainable diplomacy. Given the peculiarity and special needs of the study area, the Mediterranean has revealed a real potential to integrate, nay, institutionalize this diplomatic renewal. As a real regional modeling, the Mediterranean region could be used as a laboratory for the proposals contained in the dissertation, which could tend to make it a pacified and stabilized region.

O sistema de pagamento por serviços ambientais de uma bacia hidrográfica pode ser economicamente atrativo e ecologicamente importante. Programas como o Produtor de Água compensam economicamente proprietários a montante da bacia que utilizam de manejo adequado do uso do solo, e do reflorestamento, para evitar a erosão hídrica, o aumento de cargas poluidoras difusas, e aumentar a disponibilidade e qualidade de água. Por conseqüência usuários de água, a jusante da bacia, são beneficiados, por exemplo, as estações de tratamento de água. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, a partir de metodologias de pagamentos de serviços ambientais, regionalizar hidrologicamente a quantidade e qualidade de água do rio Benevente para dar subsídios ao programa de produtores de água de sua bacia hidrográfica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na parte média e alta da bacia hidrográfica do Benevente, localizada ao sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, com área de drenagem de aproximadamente 1260 \'KM POT.2\'. Á área de drenagem do local do estudo é de 825,24 \'KM POT.2\'. Parte da metodologia consistiu no levantamento de dados quantitativos e qualitativos de água ao longo do rio Benevente, nos últimos anos. De posse dos dados de vazão, concentração de SST e da área de drenagem, foram calculadas as cargas específicas difusas de SST, em termos de Kg/ha.ano e as cargas totais difusas em termos de ton/ano. A carga específica média de SST para a bacia foi de 194 Kg/ha.ano, a carga total média de SST foi de 11.238 ton/ano. A metodologia de regionalização hidrológica de cargas de SST por meio de curvas de permanência mostrou que há uma ampla variação de cargas produzidas na bacia sobre diferentes condições hidrológicas. Por exemplo, para uma faixa de permanências de 40% a 60% a variação de produção específica regional de SST foi de 58,54 a 825,14 Kg/ha.ano. A utilização da metodologia das curvas de permanência quali-quantitativas para a proposição de cenários ambientais em vista das mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo, propostos pelos programas de PSA, permitiu estimar o Percentual de Abatimento de Sedimentação (P.A.S) e consequentemente o Percentual de Abatimento de Erosão (P.A.E), na bacia. Encontrou-se um P.A.E de 36,9% entre o cenário atual e o cenário com amento de 20% da área florestal da bacia. Com este resultado estimou-se um total arrecadado na bacia pelo P.S.A de 825.195 R$/ano. Com as metodologias propostas também foi calculada a perda de solo atual da bacia, em relação à estação de amostragem mais a jusante. A taxa estimada foi de 200.123 ton/ano. / Systems of payment for environmental services of a catchment area can be economically attractive and ecologically important. Programs such as Producers of Water economically compensate owners upstream of the basin using the proper management of land use, and reforestation to prevent erosion, increased pollution loads diffuse and increase the availability and quality of water. Consequently water users downstream of the basin, are benefited, for example, sewage water treatment. This paper aims, methodologies from payments for environmental services, regionalization of hydrologically the quantity and quality of water from the river Benevente to aid the program producer of water from its watershed. The study was conducted in the middle and upper catchment of the Benevente, located south of Espírito Santo, with drainage area of approximately 1260 \'KM POT.2\'. The drainage area of the study is 825.24 \'KM POT.2\'. Part of the survey methodology consisted of qualitative and quantitative data of water along the river Benevente in recent years. With these data we calculated the diffuse specific loads of TSS, in terms of Kg/ha.year. The specific load average TSS for the basin was 194 Kg/ha.year, the total load average SST was 11,238 Ton/year. The methodology of regionalization of hydrological loads of TSS through curves of duration showed that there remain a wide range of loads in the basin produced on different hydrological conditions. For example, for a range of stays of 40% to 60% of the variation of specific regional production of TSS was 58.54 to 825.14 Kg/ha.year . Using the methodology of the curves remain qualitative and quantitative for the proposition environmental scenarios in view of land use change and land use, proposed by the PSA program, estimated the rate of reduction on Sedimentation (PAS) and consequently the rate Abatement of Erosion (PAE) in the basin. Found a PAE of 36.9% from the current scenario and the scenario with budget of 20% of the forest area of the basin. With this estimated result a total collected in the basin by the PSA for R$ 825,195/year. With the proposed methodology was also calculated the soil loss on the basin in relation to the sampling station further downstream. The rate was estimated at 200,123 ton/year.

Depuis 2004 et la résolution 1559 appelant au retrait syrien, le Liban est l’objet d’une action internationale extrêmement intense. En effet, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies (CSNU), face à la nouvelle configuration libanaise et levantine, a déployé des mécanismes issus de la sécurité collective afin de renforcer les attributs régaliens de l’État libanais. Le maintien de la paix, à travers le renforcement de la Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban (Finul), et la justice internationale, à travers la création du Tribunal spécial pour le Liban (TSL), sont les deux principaux outils visant à maintenir la paix et la sécurité internationales par le prisme libanais. Dans les deux cas, la France, que ce soit militairement ou diplomatiquement, a été singulièrement active.Partant de ce constat, notre thèse vise, dans un premier temps, à déconstruire les mécanismes onusiens mis en oeuvre dans le cas libanais. Il s’agira, plus précisément,d’appréhender les différentes logiques qui sont constitutives de l’action du CSNU au Liban.Que ce soit en matière de maintien de la paix ou de justice internationale, les résolutions onusiennes et les organes qui en découlent font face à la souveraineté nationale et reflètent ainsi l’éternelle opposition entre les chapitres VI et VII de la Charte des Nations unies. Or,nous verrons que dans le cas libanais, le CSNU met en oeuvre une action hybride oscillant entre une logique coercitive et une logique consensuelle.Dans un second temps, notre thèse analysera la tension permanente de l’État libanais,qualifié de quasi-État, entre des dynamiques supra-étatiques traduites par les résolutions onusiennes et des dynamiques infra-étatiques incarnées par des acteurs communautaires et confessionnels, parfois transfrontaliers, et propres au système consociatif libanais. Nous tenterons alors de mesurer le degré de consolidation de deux des attributs régaliens du quasi-État libanais : la défense et la justice. Plus largement, il s’agira de s’interroger sur la possibilité pour l’action internationale, héritière du système westphalien, de remplir ses objectifs dans un environnement national et régional qui questionne plus que jamais la possibilité de maintenir et de conforter des États-nations.À l’aune de la régionalisation des conflits depuis 2004, et particulièrement depuis2011 au Levant, nous conclurons à la difficulté pour le CSNU de faire face à des États déliquescents ainsi qu’à des conflictualités d’interface qui non seulement sont en plein essor,mais qui sont par ailleurs de plus en plus liées les unes aux autres. / Since 2004 and Resolution 1559 demanding Syrian withdrawal, Lebanon has been subjected to an exceptionally intense international action. Facing a new configuration both in Lebanon and the Levant, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has indeed implemented mechanisms of collective security aimed at strengthening national sovereignty.Peace-keeping through United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (Unifil) enhancement and international justice through the creation of the Special tribunal for Lebanon (STL) are the main tools for maintaining international peace and security in a Lebanese perspective. In both cases, France has been particularly active, be it militarily or diplomatically. Setting out from this premise, our thesis, to begin with, will aim at deconstructing the UN mechanisms implemented in the Lebanese case. More precisely, we shall try to apprehend the constitutive logics of the Security Council’s action in Lebanon. Whether in peace-keeping or in international justice, UN resolutions and the bodies created by them are faced with national sovereignty and, therefore, reflect the eternal opposition between chapters VI andVII of the United Nations Charter. Nevertheless, it will be shown that, in the Lebanese case,the UNSC has developed a hybrid action, fluctuating between coercion and consensus.Then, our thesis will show how the Lebanese State, which we will describe as a “quasi-State”, has to face an ongoing tension between supra-State dynamics expressed by UN resolutions and sub-State dynamics embodied by communitarian and religious representatives, sometimes cross-border, which are specific to the Lebanese consociationalist system. We shall later determine the extent to which two of the Lebanese quasi-State’s attributes, defense and security, have been consolidated by international action. More broadly, we will wonder whether international action, as an heir to the Westphalian system,can achieve its goal in a national and regional environment that challenges, today more than ever, the possibility to maintain and support nation-States. In a context of regionalization of conflicts since 2004, and especially since 2011 in the Levant, we shall come to the conclusion that the Security Council still has problems indealing with deliquescent States and with what we will call “interface conflicts”, which not only are booming, but also are more and more inextricably connected to one another.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

How does space affect individuals’ outcome on the labor market? And how do we measure it? Beyond the notion of the labor market as a system of supply and demand, lays a society of individuals and workplaces, whose relationships are undeniably complex. This thesis aims to shed some new light on how to investigate and analyze the complex labor market relationships from a spatial perspective. In this thesis, five self-contained articles describe the spatial relationship between individuals and workplaces. In the first article, the official delineation of local labor market areas is tested against the delineation of labor markets for different subgroups. Differences in the regionalization are discussed from the subgroups’ and municipals’ perspective. In the second article, two sources of bias in the computation of local labor market areas, and suggestions how to reduce them, are presented. In the third article the spatial mismatch hypothesis is tested and confirmed on a refugee population in Sweden. In articles four and five, a new model for the estimation of job accessibility is introduced and evaluated. The model, ELMO, is created to answer to the need for a new accessibility measure to be used in spatial mismatch related research. The usability of the model is validated through empirical tests, were the ELMO-model excels in comparison to the accessibility models it is tested against.

Reliable estimates of design flood quantiles are often necessary at sparsely gauged/ungauged target locations in river basins for various applications in water resources engineering. Development of effective methods for use in this task has been a long-standing challenge in hydrology for over five decades.. Hydrologists often consider various regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) approaches that involve (i) use of regionalization approach to delineate a homogeneous group of watersheds resembling watershed of the target location, and (ii) use of a regional frequency analysis (RFA) approach to transfer peak flow related information from gauged watersheds in the group to the target location, and considering the information as the basis to estimate flood quantile(s) for the target site. The work presented in the thesis is motivated to address various shortcomings/issues associated with widely used regionalization and RFA approaches. Regionalization approaches often determine regions by grouping data points in multidimensional space of attributes depicting watershed’s hydrology, climatology, topography, land-use/land-cover and soils. There are no universally established procedures to identify appropriate attributes, and modelers use subjective procedures to choose a set of attributes that is considered common for the entire study area. This practice may not be meaningful, as different sets of attributes could influence extreme flow generation mechanism in watersheds located in different parts of the study area. Another issue is that practitioners usually give equal importance (weight) to all the attributes in regionalization, though some attributes could be more important than others in influencing peak flows. To address this issue, a two-stage clustering approach is developed in the thesis. It facilitates identification of appropriate attributes and their associated weights for use in regionalization of watersheds in the context of flood frequency analysis. Effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through a case study on Indiana watersheds. Conventional regionalization approaches could prove effective for delineating regions when data points (depicting watersheds) in watershed related attribute space can be segregated into disjoint groups using straight lines or linear planes. They prove ineffective when (i) data points are not linearly separable, (ii) the number of attributes and watersheds is large, (iii) there are outliers in the attribute space, and (iv) most watersheds resemble each other in terms of their attributes. In real world scenario, most watersheds resemble each other, and regions may not always be segregated using straight lines or linear planes, and dealing with outliers and high-dimensional data is inevitable in regionalization. To address this, a fuzzy support vector clustering approach is proposed in the thesis and its effectiveness over commonly used region-of-influence approach, and different cluster analysis based regionalization methods is demonstrated through a case study on Indiana watersheds. For the purpose of regional frequency analysis (RFA), index-flood approach is widely used over the past five decades. Conventional index-flood (CIF) approach assumes that values of scale and shape parameters of frequency distribution are identical across all the sites in a homogeneous region. In real world scenario, this assumption may not be valid even if a region is statistically homogeneous. Logarithmic index-flood (LIF) and population index-flood (PIF) methodologies were proposed to address the problem, but even those methodologies make unrealistic assumptions. PIF method assumes that the ratio of scale to location parameters is a constant for all the sites in a region. On the other hand, LIF method assumes that appropriate frequency distribution to fit peak flows could be found in log-space, but in reality the distribution of peak flows in log space may not be closer to any of the known theoretical distributions. To address this issue, a new mathematical approach to RFA is proposed in L-moment and LH-moment frameworks that can overcome shortcomings of the CIF approach and its related LIF and PIF methods that make various assumptions but cannot ensure their validity in RFA. For use with the proposed approach, transformation mechanisms are proposed for five commonly used three-parameter frequency distributions (GLO, GEV, GPA, GNO and PE3) to map the random variable being analyzed from the original space to a dimensionless space where distribution of the random variable does not change, and deviations of regional estimates of all the distribution’s parameters (location, scale, shape) with respect to their population values as well as at-site estimates are minimal. The proposed approach ensures validity of all the assumptions of CIF approach in the dimensionless space, and this makes it perform better than CIF approach and related LIF and PIF methods. Monte-Carlo simulation experiments revealed that the proposed approach is effective even when the form of regional frequency distribution is mis-specified. Case study on watersheds in conterminous United States indicated that the proposed approach outperforms methods based on index-flood approach in real world scenario. In recent decades, fuzzy clustering approach gained recognition for regionalization of watersheds, as it can account for partial resemblance of several watersheds in watershed related attribute space. In working with this approach, formation of regions and quantile estimation requires discerning information from fuzzy-membership matrix. But, currently there are no effective procedures available for discerning the information. Practitioners often defuzzify the matrix to form disjoint clusters (regions) and use them as the basis for quantile estimation. The defuzzification approach (DFA) results in loss of information discerned on partial resemblance of watersheds. The lost information cannot be utilized in quantile estimation, owing to which the estimates could have significant error. To avert the loss of information, a threshold strategy (TS) was considered in some prior studies, but it results in under-prediction of quantiles. To address this, a mathematical approach is proposed in the thesis that allows discerning information from fuzzy-membership matrix derived using fuzzy clustering approach for effective quantile estimation. Effectiveness of the approach in estimating flood quantiles relative to DFA and TS was demonstrated through Monte-Carlo simulation experiments and case study on mid-Atlantic water resources region, USA. Another issue with index flood approach and its related RFA methodologies is that they assume linear relationship between each of the statistical raw moments (SMs) of peak flows and watershed related attributes in a region. Those relationships form the basis to arrive at estimates of SMs for the target ungauged/sparsely gauged site, which are then utilized to estimate parameters of flood frequency distribution and quantiles corresponding to target return periods. In reality, non-linear relationships could exist between SMs and watershed related attributes. To address this, simple-scaling and multi-scaling methodologies have been proposed in literature, which assume that scaling (power law) relationship exists between each of the SMs of peak flows at sites in a region and drainage areas of watersheds corresponding to those sites. In real world scenario, drainage area alone may not completely describe watershed’s flood response. Therefore flood quantile estimates based on the scaling relationships can have large errors. To address this, a recursive multi-scaling (RMS) approach is proposed that facilitates construction of scaling (power law) relationship between each of the SMs of peak flows and a set of site’s region-specific watershed related attributes chosen/identified in a recursive manner. The approach is shown to outperform index-flood based region-of-influence approach, simple-and multi-scaling approaches, and a multiple linear regression method through leave-one-out cross validation experiment on watersheds in and around Indiana State, USA. The conventional approaches to flood frequency analysis (FFA) are based on the assumption that peak flows at the target site represent a sample of independent and identically distributed realization drawn from a stationary homogeneous stochastic process. This assumption is not valid when flows are affected by changes in climate and/or land use/land cover, and regulation of rivers through dams, reservoirs and other artificial diversions/storages. In situations where evidence of non-stationarity in peak flows is strong, it is not appropriate to use quantile estimates obtained based on the conventional FFA approaches for hydrologic designs and other applications. Downscaling is one of the options to arrive at future projections of flows at target sites in a river basin for use in FFA. Conventional downscaling methods attempt to downscale General Circulation Model (GCM) simulated climate variables to streamflow at target sites. In real world scenario, correlation structure exists between records of streamflow at sites in a study area. An effective downscaling model must be parsimonious, and it should ensure preservation of the correlation structure in downscaled flows to a reasonable extent, though exact reproduction/mimicking of the structure may not be necessary in a climate change (non-stationary) scenario. A few recent studies attempted to address this issue based on the assumption of spatiotemporal covariance stationarity. However, there is dearth of meaningful efforts especially for multisite downscaling of flows. To address this, multivariate support vector regression (MSVR) based methodology is proposed to arrive at flood return levels (quantile estimates) for target locations in a river basin corresponding to different return periods in a climate change scenario. The approach involves (i) use of MSVR relationships to downscale GCM simulated large scale atmospheric variables (LSAVs) to monthly time series of streamflow at multiple locations in a river basin, (ii) disaggregation of the downscaled streamflows corresponding to each site from monthly to daily time scale using k-nearest neighbor disaggregation methodology, (iii) fitting time varying generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to annual maximum flows extracted from the daily streamflows and estimating flood return levels for different target locations in the river basin corresponding to different return periods.