Administrative appeal, as a critical part of the administrative remedy system, refers to a civil remedy action against any illegal or improper administrative act implemented by all levels of government, as well as any passive act that hinders fulfillment of their obligations. Administrative appeal is a basic right of citizens in a democratic country under the rule of law. Through the appeal procedures, regulations may remain accurate and adequate, and legalization of administrative measures may be ensured. In recent years, due to the rapid boom in commercial activities and advancement of technology, the social structure has drastically changed, and the amount of public affairs concerning economy, society, labor, transportation, and environmental pollution has gradually increased, resulting in a closer and more complicate relationship between government and people. As administrative actions by the government occur more frequently, it becomes difficult to ensure that every action is legal or proper. Furthermore, with higher levels of education and increased awareness of their rights, most citizens understand how to follow legal procedures to seek remedies when they refuse to accept the administrative acts implemented by government agencies. Hence, a solid administrative remedy system and its enforcement are essential to democratic countries under the rule of law. This study targets the administrative appeal cases filed to Kaohsiung City Government, and explores the influence of relevant regulations and procedures for administrative appeals on appeal practice following the enforcement of the new Administrative Appeal Act. It also discusses the increase and distribution of administrative appeal cases, as well as the reasons for administrative litigations, in order to make comparisons with the appeal conditions in Taipei City Government. It aims to understand the actual situations concerning appeal practice and the difficulties that appellants may encounter, draw up a corresponding improvement plan, and provide suggestions on policy adjustment and regulation revision, in the hope of eliminating the source of disputes and maximizing the function of policy feedback. This study consists of seven chapters, including: foreword, introduction to the administrative appeal system in Taiwan, administrative appeal procedures, Comprehensive analysis of administrative appeal cases filed to Kaohsiung City Government and its business, as well as the review and analysis of concrete administrative appeals filed to Kaohsiung City Government, concrete implementation plans for improving administrative appeal business, and conclusions and suggestions. It is hoped that the findings can help effectively resolve all of the problems exist in appeal practice, enhance the quality and accuracy of appeal case processing, refine administrative appeal business performance, and safeguard legitimate interests of appellants.

abstract: In the preface to his 1852 Dictionary of Domestic Medicine and Household Surgery, Spencer Thompson wrote: "But health will fail, either in old or young, and accidents will happen, in spite of the most careful precaution." With this concise statement, Thompson summarized the universal human desire to combat illness, injury, and hurt with action and knowledge. The more efficient ability to spread ideas and technology in nineteenth-century Britain led to increased production and use of home remedy books. Although women traditionally represented the agents of remedy and care within the domestic sphere (centuries prior to the nineteenth century), a struggle between the supposed inherent nurturing capabilities of womanhood and the professional medical realm occurred within the rhetoric of the home remedy genre during this period. Cultural mores allowed and pushed women to take up duties of nursing in the home, regardless of advice given by male physicians like Thomas John Graham, W.B. Kesteven, and Ralph Gooding. Despite remedy book physician-authors' attempts to dictate appropriate medical care in the home through the writing of home remedy books, British women read, interpreted, and used home remedy books in ways that undermined medical control. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. History 2011

La mise en œuvre des différents textes adoptés récemment ainsi que les évolutions jurisprudentielles intervenues ces dernières années ont fait évoluer le rôle du juge administratif (l’excès de pouvoir). Dans bien des domaines, son rôle va en effet désormais au-delà de la simple confrontation d’un acte administratif avec la règle de droit. Au cœur de la décision d’annulation se place désormais, outre l’interprétation de la loi, un relevé et une appréciation des faits, éléments que l’on séparait d’ordinaire à raison du principe de la séparation entre l’administration et son juge.Quelques jurisprudences devenues très classiques, comme d’autres plus récentes, peuvent être considérées comme des manifestations caractéristiques de cette nouvelle tendance du juge à imposer une lecture pragmatique de la légalité, à concevoir une certaine cohérence entre le droit applicable et la réalité des faits, rendant ainsi utile toute annulation contentieuse prononcée dans ce sens. / The role of the administrative judge (the excess of power) has evolved due to the implementation of the various texts adopted recently as well as the developments in the case-law in recent years. In many areas, its role now goes beyond the mere confrontation of an administrative act with the rule of law. At the heart of the annulment decision is a statement and an assessment of the facts, apart from the interpretation of the law, which were usually separated by the principle of separation between the administration and its judge.Some jurisprudence which has become very classical, as well as others more recent, can be considered as characteristic manifestations of this new tendency of the judge to impose a pragmatic reading of the law, to conceive a certain coherence between the applicable law and the reality of the facts, thus rendering useful any annulment contentious pronounced in this sense.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1377556 bytes, checksum: 97a7a6ee379e35782ebf2094902019b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation sought to reflect upon the corruption problem present in the republican thought of Florentine Republic secretary. For the author, the historical experience of Rome Republic in Antiquity was the adequate source of imitation as well as inspiration to reach Machiavelli s greatest daytime dream: the Italian political unification. In this work, we tried to reunite Machiavelli s many speeches on corruption, relating this problem to his natural and unavoidable trait, with the rising of private life, to law and order construction. At the same time, we investigated the relation between corruption and religion, as well as corruption and education and how such problems were related to external contacts set out by one specific republic. Based on this, it is possible to affirm that when Machiavelli focuses on corruption, he believes it as sickness, and then seeks the remedies to heal it. As the author points out, although such remedies are of diverse nature, they demand a high responsibility from citizens, so that, as republic natural and unavoidable conflicts develop, they are able to force the use of the remedies, preparing the political conflicts to the republic freedom enhancement. / A presente tese procurou refletir o problema da corrupção presente no pensamento político republicano do secretário da República Florentina. Para o autor, a experiência histórica da República de Roma na Antiguidade era a fonte de imitação e inspiração adequada para cumprir a meta de realização do maior sonho diurno de Maquiavel: a unificação política da Itália. Procuramos, nessa tese, reunir as várias falas de Maquiavel sobre a corrupção, focando a relação desse problema com a sua feição natural e inevitável, com o aumento da riqueza privada, com as ordenações e a construção das leis. Ao mesmo tempo, estudamos a relação entre corrupção e religião, corrupção e educação, e a relação desse problema com os contatos externos estabelecidos por uma determinada república. A partir desse percurso, podemos afirmar a tese de que Maquiavel, quando pensa a corrupção, refere-se a esta como sendo uma doença, e busca, ao mesmo tempo, os remédios para sanar esse mal. Os remédios são de naturezas diversas, como aponta o autor, entretanto exige uma ampla responsabilidade por parte dos cidadãos, para que estes, no desenrolar dos conflitos naturais e inevitáveis da república, possam forçar a aplicação desses remédios, preparando os conflitos políticos para o aperfeiçoamento da liberdade republicana.

A tese tem por objeto central a proposta de novas modalidades de antecipação da tutela sem o requisito da urgência. No primeiro capítulo é examinado o conceito de tutela jurisdicional diferenciada, em comparação com a antecipação da tutela. O segundo capítulo cuida da análise das principais técnicas de sumarização do procedimento, para concluir que as principais técnicas nessa seara são informadas por precedentes ou súmulas. O terceiro capítulo aborda o panorama atual da antecipação da tutela e sua comparação com a tutela cautelar, ambas concebidas como medidas pautadas pela sumarização da cognição. O quarto capítulo contém a abordagem das principais técnicas de sumarização da cognição que prescindem do elemento urgência, para concluir que tais técnicas são úteis para tutelar determinado direito material, porém não se adequam como novas modalidades de antecipação da tutela sem o requisito da urgência. No quinto capítulo são definidos os principais fundamentos da antecipação da tutela sem o requisito da urgência. O capítulo sexto desenvolve premissas voltadas a acomodar a possibilidade de antecipação da tutela fundada em precedente ou súmula, partindo da importância de valorizar e uniformizar a aplicação de precedentes. A manutenção de uniformidade de entendimentos sobre a mesma matéria proporciona segurança jurídica, previsibilidade, isonomia e estabilidade ao sistema. Mediante o confronto de técnicas de sumarização do procedimento já existentes e adoção de critério de racionalização de precedentes, é proposta a antecipação da tutela fundada em precedente ou súmula. O capítulo sétimo discorre sobre a cognição sumária exercida quando do exame da antecipação da tutela fundada em precedente ou súmula, devendo os elementos identificadores ser confrontados, ao comparar a súmula ou precedente com o caso concreto, a fim de conceder ou não a antecipação. No capítulo oitavo é comentada a Proposta de Novo CPC, em comparação com as propostas desta tese. / This thesis main objective is to propose new modalities of provisional remedy without urgency requirement. The first chapter examines the concept of differentiated court order, compared to provisional remedy. The second chapter deals with the analysis of the main procedure summarizing techniques, in order to conclude that the main techniques related to this subject are informed by precedents or summulas. The third chapter approaches the overview of the provisional remedy and its comparison with the injunction, both conceived as cognition summarization means. The fourth chapter presents an approach of the main cognition summarization techniques that ignore the urgency element, to conclude that such techniques are useful to protect certain substantive right, but not suitable as new modalities of provisional remedy without urgency requirement. In the fifth chapter are defined the main foundations of provisional remedy without urgency requirement. The sixth chapter develops assumptions to accommodate the possibility of provisional remedy based on precedent or summula, from the value and importance of uniform application of precedent. Maintaining uniformity of understanding on the same subject provides legal certainty, predictability, equality and stability to the system. Upon confrontation of existing summarization techniques and adoption of criteria for precedents rationalization, it is proposed the provisional remedy based on precedent or summula. The seventh chapter discusses the summary cognition exercised when considering the provisional remedy based on precedent or summula, where the designation elements must be confronted by comparing the summula or precedent to the case, in order to grant or not the anticipation. In the eighth chapter is commented the Proposed New CPC, compared with the proposals of this thesis.

Appeal in civil procedure The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the law regulation of appeal in czech civil procedure in connection with application of law by judges. I tried to describe the process of appeal procedure in Czech Republic and also describe a practical problem connected with application of law. This type of legal remedy is the most applied way how to examine or change the verdict of the judge. I have choosen the topic Appeal in civil procedure, because I am interested in civil procedure at all and in the future I would like to become a judge assistant. I think that knowledge of civil procedure is very important for each lawyer. The legal regulation of appeal and other legal remedies is enshrined in the legal act No. 99/1963, called Občanský soudní řád (Civil Procedure) in Czech Republic. The regulation we can find also in other legal acts (e.g. No. 292/2013 called Zákon o zvláštních řízeních soudních). This thesis is divided into twelve chapters, each charter is focused on different issue of this topic Appeal in civil procedure. The thesis is consisted of theoretical explanation of the institution of appeal in civil procedure and I also tried to emphasize the meaning of the practice of the courts, because the practical application of law is maybe more important than the...

The Florida Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Act has been the subject of intense scrutiny regarding its efficacy, constitutionality, and ethical implications, specifically as it relates to the widespread practice of patients agreeing to its terms prior to providing them with prenatal care. This research investigates the potential unconstitutionality of the Neurological Injury Compensation Association (NICA) as an exclusive remedy, questioning the legality of the bill under the Fourteenth Amendment due to potential violations of patient rights to litigation. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant case and statutory laws as well as secondary sources, this paper addresses the ethical and legal dilemmas posed by NICA's imposition on patients and providers alike. Additionally, it addresses the widely debated relevance and necessity of NICA, given the ineffectiveness in achieving intended objectives and the mounting backlog of claims, raising fundamental questions about governmental delegation of power to non-governmental entities, and the erosion of patients' rights to seek recourse for medical malpractice. This research also examines the issue of informed consent within NICA, highlighting that many expectant mothers are pressured into accepting the program without a clear understanding of its ramifications. Healthcare providers often fail to adequately inform patients about their legal rights and the restrictions that NICA imposes, which fundamentally undermines ethical medical practice and patient autonomy. This lack of transparency raises questions about whether healthcare systems prioritize administrative efficiency and legal protections for providers over the welfare of patients. Furthermore, the study investigates how NICA disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, who may lack the resources or legal knowledge necessary to effectively navigate the system. This paper contends that the structural flaws in NICA have implications that extend beyond its exclusivity, impacting overall healthcare accountability. By eliminating the possibility of pursuing traditional malpractice claims, NICA diminishes the deterrent against negligent medical practices, allowing providers to evade full responsibility for their actions. The research proposes reforms that would transform NICA from an exclusive remedy into an optional alternative, thereby granting families the choice to pursue the legal avenues that best meet their needs while ensuring accountability in healthcare. These suggested changes aim to align the program with constitutional standards, protect patient rights, and establish a more equitable and effective system for addressing birth-related injuries.

This thesis analyses minority shareholder protection in common law and civil law systems. Principally, this is done by examining closely-held corporations created under Canadian, Ukrainian and German laws. It examines minority shareholder protection by critically analyzing voting and related rights, the right to information; withdrawal from the company, expulsion right, the dissolution of a company, derivative action and direct action. The thesis also summarizes problems in the civil law system that cannot be solved in favor of minority shareholders. In addition to the above-mentioned, it provides possible solutions to the problems of minority shareholder protection in the civil law system, that is, methods by which to increase protection for minority shareholders against the majority and/or directors. Specifically, it focuses on cumulative voting, common law director’s duties, derivative action and the oppression remedy. Moreover, this thesis analyzes the possibility of incorporating some institutions into civil law legislation and considers obstacles to implementing them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Carvas.pdf: 1413824 bytes, checksum: 5f4bebeea1125a3e6bc28abec039a96d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The urban order was expressly included as object of collective action in 2001, and with this, it is pertinent to investigate what is the scope and content of his tutelage in court. So first was analyzed the term "urban order" in order to identify its component institutes and other features that are particularly important for their protection, considering principally the provisions of the federal law called City Statute . Subsequently, we analyze the Brazilian class action, which general discipline occurs with the interaction between the Code of Consumer Protection and the Law of Public Civil Action. We also analyze other actions related to collective protection, such as the popular action, the collective writ of mandamus and collective action of adverse possession / A ordem urbanística passou a ser prevista expressamente como objeto de ação coletiva em 2001, e, com isso, faz-se pertinente investigar qual o alcance e o conteúdo de sua tutela em juízo. Assim, primeiro se realiza a análise do termo ordem urbanística com o intuito de identificar quais institutos o compõem e as demais características que assumem relevo para sua tutela, considerando, principalmente, as disposições do Estatuto da Cidade. Posteriormente, analisa-se o chamado microssistema de ações coletivas, cuja disciplina geral se dá com a interação entre o Código de Defesa do Consumidor e a Lei de Ação Civil Pública. Também foram analisadas outras ações referentes à tutela coletiva, como a ação popular, o mandado de segurança coletivo e a ação de usucapião coletiva

於現今給付行政理念高唱入雲的時代，行政之機能與所涉及之領域隨之擴大，遂承擔諸多現實社會福祉之任務，而為確保行政之公正，以保障國民的權利，僅憑行政實體法，尚有未逮。而現代法治國家中所關注之焦點，乃集中於確立公正的行政程序上，如奧地利於一九二五年，美國於一九四六年，德國於一九七六年陸續制訂行政程序法，而鄰邦日本亦於一九九三年完成制定行政程序法的工作，故今日行政程序法之頒佈，成為戰後行政法學上之一股趨勢。另關於行政程序法之研究，亦為各國行政法學界之重大課題。 我國為因應此種行政程序法立法運動的趨勢，政府約在十餘年以前，即開始著手推動行政程序法草案的研擬工作，先後在民國六十三年及民國七十年由行政院研究發展考核委員會委託國立台灣大學林紀東教授組成專案小組進行比較研究，先後完成「各國行政程序法比較研究」及「我國行政程序法之研究」兩篇研究報告，為我國將來行政程序法典化奠定了良好的基礎。嗣後，行政院經濟建設委員會健全經社法規工作小組，於民國七十八年委託國立台灣大學法律學研究所進行行政程序法的專題研究，於民國七十九年十二月提出「行政程序法草案」研究報告。但上述兩種草案並未為政府所採用，而最後由法務部經過多年研擬於八十四年三月完成該部的「行政程序法草案」，報經行政院會通過後，送請立法院審議中。不過，有值 得吾人注意者，即近年來，國內、外行政程序法的發展已有大幅改變，加上國內自解嚴以來，社會快速變動，人民權利意識抬頭後，便衍生出許多社會問題，如勞工、環保等問題，而此等社會問題的解決方式，實有賴於行政機關具備健全的行政程序，為能澈底瞭解目前國內、外行政程序發展趨勢，並制定一套切合當前社會需要的行政程序法，故仍有針對行政程序法的相關問題加以探索的必要。 我國近年來已開始著手行政程序法草案的研擬工作，以因應國內、外行政程序法立法運動的發展趨勢，並希望藉此能制定一套切合當前社會需要的行政程序法。加上政府目前正積極推動以「發展台灣成為亞太營運中心計畫」為重心的國家建設，並列入行政院年度施政方針。因此，為有效達成行政革新及再造政府的目標，政府對行政程序法立法工作甚為重視，法務部已完成行政程序法草案的擬定，經行政院會通過後，業已送請立法院審議中，希望早日能夠完成立法程序。綜上所述，本論文主要內容分為七章二十九節，茲就各章要點分述如下： 第一章為緒論，係說明為因應國內、外行政程序法的制定趨勢，必須就行政程序法相關問題加以探討分析。說明本論文的研究動機係因鑑於戰後各民主國家，均甚重視行政程序法典化的發展趨勢，故認為有針對行政程程序法的相關問題加以探討的必要；又本論文的研究目的，係以整體觀點作一思考構想方向，希望經由前述研究流程之後，能夠提出有關健全行政程程序法的構想籃本。 第二章為行政程序法的基本概念，首先論述其意涵所在，及此種法制在一般民主國家所應發揮的實際功能，其次就行政程程序法與行政救濟制度兩者相互關係加以探討。 第三章為行政程序法的法理基礎與制定問題，用以說明行政程序法的基本理念與立法原則及其重要性，並論制定此項法典所面臨的困難問題。 第四章為外國行政程序法的發展，係以美國、日本及德國等三國為例，分析說明其行政程序法制定過程及內涵，並探討各國行政程序法共同的發展趨勢，以供我國行政程序法制定與施行的借鏡。 第五章為扼要說明我國行政程序法草案的研擬過程，並比較各時期所研擬草案的內容。 最後一章為結論，係以上述外國制定行政程序法的經驗與法理基礎作為探討的根據，陳述所獲得各項發現與心得，藉以對我國行政程序法的制定提供有關建議，希望有助於草案內容缺失的補充修正，並作為日後立法與執行時的參考。此外，筆者尚嘗試將本論文的研究心得予以具體化，擬定為一項符合法理原則與客觀標準的行政程序法草案，藉此顯示一部完備的行政程序法典所應具備的內容，並可供作政府草案版本比較的借鏡。 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究的動機與目的 1 第二節 研究分析架構 3 第三節 研究方法與限制 8 第二章 行政程序法的基本概念 11 第一節 行政程序法的意涵 12 第二節 行政程序法的功能 14 第三節 相關名詞界定 19 第四節 行政程序法與行政救濟制度關係 32 第五節 本章結語 37 第三章 行政程序法的法理基礎與制定問題 39 第一節 制定行政程序法的必要性 39 第二節 行政程序法的立法原則 42 第三節 行政程序法典化有待克服的困難 51 第四節 本章結語 53 第四章 德、美、日等三國行政程序法的發展?56 第一節 德國聯邦行政程序法概述???????????56 第二節 美國行政程序法概述???????????????65 第三節 日本行政程序法概述???????????????82 第四節 主要國家行政程序法的共同趨勢?????91 第五節 本章結語??????????????????????????93 第五章我國行政程序法草案的立法過程與檢討96 第一節 立法背景與緣起???????????????????96 第二節 行政程序法草案的研擬過程?????????96 第三節 各種版本的比較分析??????????????123 第四節 本章結語?????????????????????????131 第七章 結論??????????????????????????????133 第一節 研究發現?????????????????????????133 第二節 建議與檢討???????????????????????135 第三節 建構完整行政程序法的思維????????137