La libre circulation des délinquants n'a jamais été accompagnée de l'ouverture des frontières aux autorités de poursuite d'Europe. Cette situation paradoxale, partiellement résolue par une coopération judiciaire étroite entre les États membres, semble insoutenable à l’aune des phénomènes criminels actuels. La mise en place d’un nouvel acteur s’est donc imposée. Concrètement, le parquet européen, en ce qu’il aurait des pouvoirs propres transcendant ceux des États membres, disposerait d’une compétence pour diriger des enquêtes et déclencher des poursuites sur le territoire de l’Union ; ce qui relève pour le moment des seules autorités nationales. Après de multiples débats, le règlement lié à sa création, constituant le fruit d’un compromis délicat, a été finalement adopté le 12 octobre 2017. Dès lors, la mise en place d’une autorité de poursuite européenne ne relève plus d’un mythe, mais devient, en elle-même, une réalité empreinte de métamorphoses au sein de l’Union européenne. Cette dernière devrait influer tant sur les réactions des États membres que de l’Union, elle-même, qui ne pourront rester inertes face à son apparition. Cette imbrication de systèmes à la fois nationaux et européen soulèvera de nombreuses difficultés de nature à la fois organiques et fonctionnelles qu’il conviendra de décrypter afin d’en comprendre les enjeux. L’étude du statut du parquet européen imposera de circonscrire corrélativement la notion d’autorité judiciaire au sein de l’Union européenne ; l’analyse de son fonctionnement, quant à lui, exigera la détermination des normes et des organes qui régiront son action. En définitive, cette étude invitera le lecteur à se questionner, plus largement, sur l’émergence d’une véritable justice pénale de l’Union européenne. / Opening Member States’ borders has led to the free movement of offenders on the territory of the European Union. Nonetheless, and despite the judicial cooperation, such borders are quite real for prosecution authorities of Member States. To solve this situation which is unsustainable in the light of the current phenomena of crime, the establishment of a new European player was necessary: the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (“EPPO”). In essence, the competence of directing investigations and prosecutions – which until then had been reserved for the national authorities – should be granted to such an independent body with powers transcending those of the Member States. After many discussions and compromises, the regulation implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the EPPO was adopted on October 12th, 2017. Therefore, the creation of a European prosecution authority has become a reality that will entail changes in the territory of the European Union, at both Member State and European level. As a result of interlinking the national and European systems, such changes will raise difficulties of organic and functional nature which should be considered. On one hand, the study of the EPPO’s status will involve de facto to define the concept of judicial authority in the European Union. On the other hand, the analysis on its functioning will require the determination of the standards and bodies that will govern its action. Finally, and more generally, the readers will be invited to think about the emergence of a genuine European criminal justice.

This thesis examines the requirement that a supplier must have been harmed or risked being harmed in the review procedures of public procurements. The requirement for harm is analysed using the Swedish legal dogmatic method in connection with EU law. The requirement for harm is part of the implementation of the Remedies Directive, which balances the interest of protecting suppliers from unlawful decisions against the interest of effective and rapid procurement and review procedures. A review is a non-financial remedy in which the purpose is to act against unlawful decisions, preferably at a stage when no actual harm has occurred. In the case of a review, harm means that the supplier's ability of being awarded the contract is impaired. The concept of harm is thus more abstract than the required harm within tort law to receive damages (skadestånd). There are two kinds of requirements for harm in the Swedish Public Procurement Act for the review procedure. The first is that a supplier according to Chapter 20. Section 4 must consider itself to have been harmed or risked being harmed to apply for a review. Thus, it is the supplier's own perception of harm that is relevant, and the requirement is of a subjective nature. However, according to a precedent from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court in conformity with the Remedies Directive, the supplier is also required to have an interest in obtaining the particular contract that is up for review. The second requirement is in the court's review according to Chapter 20. Sections 6 or 13-13(b), depending on the type of case. It means that a supplier must show that it has been harmed or risked being harmed due to an infringement of the Swedish Public Procurement Act. The harm must have a causal link with the alleged infringement and the particular contract up for review. Thus, the supplier needs to describe in a clear and explicit manner how the infringement has resulted in harm or risk of harm and the requirement is of a more objective nature. According to another precedent from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court, the second requirement is not fulfilled unless the supplier has done enough to limit the harm which it is subject to. For example, by asking questions regarding an infringement in the contract documents before submitting a tender. The European Court of Justice has ruled that the objectives of the Remedies Directive are not fully implemented if a supplier is allowed to apply for a review at any stage, as has long been the case in Swedish law. However, there is no limitation period or general obligation for suppliers to limit harm in the event of a review according to EU law or previous Swedish law. Thus, there is an uncertainty regarding the exact scope of the second requirement of harm. / https://urt.cc/reportage/skada-vid-overprovning/

De två viktigaste händelserna i varje man jordliv är födelse och död. Varje av dessa händelser händer en gång i en livtid. Varje individ kommer in i världen på en bestämd tid på en särskild dag. På samma sätt lämnar varje person denna värld på en särskild dag på en bestämd tid. Växelverkan av dessa två viktiga händelser definierar, till en stor grad, totalityen av den globala befolkningen på någon given tidsperiod. Huruvida det finns befolkningboom/explosionen, eller kollapsen i världen beror i sin helhet på dessa två naturliga källor. Några demographers, klassificerar emellertid flyttning (dvs. emigration och invandring eller inflyttning och ut-flyttning) som delen av källorna av befolkningtillväxt.Antecknar dessa händelser, som och, när de uppstår, inte för gyckel eller en avsluta till honom, men ganska som hjälpmedel till en avsluta. Befolkningen påverkar varje aspekt av människoliv, namely: ekonomiskt, politiskt, lagligt, socialt, kulturellt, miljö-, vård-, Etc. Det är för dessa, och annat lika viktigt resonerar att folk av vision liksom John Graunt (1620-1674); Thomas Malthus (1766-1834); Herrn James Steuart (1713-1780); William Godwin (1756-1836); och något liknande sökte, i de tidig sortdagar, att ge erkännande till befolkningen utfärdar. Detta upprättar faktumet att, även om de formella sätter in av demography, är en förhållandevis ny innovation, folk long har angå om storleksanpassa och kännetecknen av deras territoriella befolkningar för mycket en lång tid. Trots dess jättelika betydelse, verkar som om det lite tid och resurser kanaliseras in i befolkningledning i samtidaa tider.I Ghana som i många ett u-land mycket lite uppmärksamhet har givits sätta in av på varandra följande regeringar. Denna low-profile inställning in mot befolkning utfärdar, över åren, har motsatt påverkats landets samhällsekonomiska och politiska framsteg. Jag kan inte vara för fel att förutsätta att riktig utveckling har undsluppit mest afrikanska länder och framkallningsvärlden på stort främst, därför att sammanlagt av dessa länder riktig uppmärksamhet inte har varit fallen föra befolkningmaterier. Är det inte riktigt att brist av den riktiga metoden och resurser är det huvudsakligt orsakar av ledare seemingly care-free inställning in mot befolkning utfärdar i dessa ett u-land i förflutnan? Även om det kan verka, att många bevattnar, har passerat under överbrygga, och, att, saker verkar för att ha stupat apart (Chinua Achibe) där är alltid ett fönster av flykten, när alla dörrar är stängda.Informations- och kommunikationsteknologier (ICTs) är den nya utvecklingen av fönster och flyktruttar ut ur många hitherto oöverstigliga problem. Därför i detta te, skulle jag något liknande för att undersöka och undersöka hur ICTs och det berömda nya/sociala massmedia kan hjälpa att lätta problemet av non-registreringen eller den otillräckliga registreringen av livsviktiga händelser i Ghana. / THE two most important events in every man’s Earth life are birth and death. Each of these events happens once in a life time. Every individual comes into the world at a certain time on one particular day. In the same way, every person leaves this world on one particular day at a certain time. The interaction of these two important events define, to a large extent, the totality of global population at any given time period. Whether there is population boom/ explosion or collapse in the world as a whole depends on these two natural sources. Some demographers, however, classify migration (i.e. emigration and immigration or in-migration and out-migration) as part of the sources of population growth.Recording these events as and when they occur is not for fun or an end to itself, but rather as a means to an end. Population affects every aspect of human life, namely: economic, political, legal, social, cultural, environmental, health, etc. It is for these and other equally important reasons that people of vision such as John Graunt (1620-1674); Thomas Malthus (1766-1834); Sir James Steuart (1713-1780); William Godwin (1756-1836); and the like sought, in those early days, to give recognition to population issues. This establishes the fact that although the formal field of demography is a relatively recent innovation, people have long been concerned about the size and characteristics of their territorial populations for a very long time. In spite of its enormous importance, it appears that little time and resources are channeled into population management in contemporary times.In Ghana, as in many developing countries, very little attention has been given the field by successive governments. This low-profile attitude towards population issues has, over the years, adversely affected the country’s socio-economic and political progress. I may not be too wrong to postulate that true development has eluded most African countries and the developing world at large mainly because in all of these countries proper attention has not been given to population matters. Is it not true that lack of proper method and resources are the main causes of leaders’ seemingly care-free attitude towards population issues in these developing countries in the past? Even though it may seem that many waters have passed under the bridge and that, things seem to have fallen apart (Chinua Achibe) there is always a window of escape when all doors are closed.Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are the new generation of windows and escape routes out of many hitherto insurmountable problems. Therefore, in this thesis, I would like to explore and examine how ICTs and the famous new/social media may help alleviate the problem of non-registration or inadequate registration of vital events in Ghana.

This dissertation considers whether photography as a language translates a transient moment into an embodied image. This is considered to be a mimesis of the moment as an aid for memory. By following a dialectic approach I posit a thesis based on the common sense perception of photography which states that photography is an artefactual mimesis aiding memory. After reflecting on Plato’s concept of writing as a pharmakon and Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction theory I establish an antithesis which proclaims that a photograph aids memory but also leads to the illusion of remembering past experiences. The synthesis is then presented which resolves the opposing ideas. This component argues that a photograph is a mimetic device that aids memory by presenting embodied fragmented reflections of time which can be used to create new meanings and memories. The dissertation concludes with a discussion that supports and integrates this argument with visual research. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

This thesis I deal with the issue of specific learning disabilities among students at 1 primary school and mention possible solutions. Due to the research carried out by the probe in the practical part of the work focuses on the specific disorder, dysgraphia writing. The thesis contains not only theoretical knowledge that I had to study the issue but a practical part. The practical part of my research included a probe that focused on observations of two boys while working in educational and psychological counseling. The practical part, I would usefully complement the relevant case report.

Suggérant une forme de primauté du fait sur le droit, la notion d’effectivité est paradoxalement présente au sein même du droit international positif. Sa signification fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses qui ont pour racine la dichotomie existant entre ce qu’elle évoque sur un plan général, et ce qui est fait en son nom. En pratique, l’effectivité est à la fois opposée et intégrée au droit international. De nombreuses règles internationales limitent la reconnaissance de situations ou de pratiques au nom de différentes valeurs. Mais dans certains cas, la prise en compte de ces « effectivités » paraît indispensable à l’effectivité du droit. Le souci d’assurer le respect du droit mène alors parfois les Etats, les juges et les auteurs de doctrine à apprécier les faits au regard de leur seule « effectivité », c’est-à-dire sans égard à certaines règles qui semblent pourtant applicables, ou à certaines représentations juridiques de ces faits. Cette exclusion du droit dans le traitement du fait est cependant toujours partielle, et ses dimensions comme les conséquences juridiques qui en sont tirées varient en fonction de choix politiques. Le recours à la notion d’effectivité en droit international ne peut donc être compris comme le simple « enregistrement » du fait en droit. Dans l’ordre juridique international, « l’effectivité » remplit principalement deux fonctions : en premier lieu, l’effectivité du pouvoir est un critère d’identification des sujets de droit, qui permet de délimiter le champ territorial et personnel de leurs compétences, de les soumettre aux règles internationales et d’engager leur responsabilité de manière pragmatique. En second lieu, l’effectivité des prétentions émises par les Etats sur la scène internationale, et l’effectivité de certains éléments de leur droit interne sont employées comme des conditions de leur opposabilité internationale. Plutôt que la primauté du fait sur le droit, l’étude menée montre le caractère paradoxal des exigences pratiques d’une défense efficace de la sécurité juridique, de la justice et de la paix. / The principle of effectiveness suggests that facts have primacy over law. However the notion of effectiveness is paradoxically featured in international law itself. The meaning of effectiveness is the subject of much controversy due to the dichotomy between what effectiveness means in general and the actions taken to achieve it. The notion of effectiveness is, in practice, both contrary to and included in international law. For moral reasons, many international rules restrict the recognition of effective situations. Yet, in many cases taking effective situations into account is essential for the effectiveness of the law. In order to ensure compliance with the law, the States, judges and scholars may assess the facts as regards their “effectiveness”, without considering the rules which seem however to be applicable or the legal representations of these facts. However law is only partially excluded when dealing with the facts and the way it is done as well as the legal consequences of this exclusion differ according to political choices. That is why the use of the principle of effectiveness in international law cannot be considered as a mere registration of fact. In international law the notion of effectiveness has two main functions. Firstly, the effectiveness of power acts as a way of identifying subjects of international law which makes it possible to define the territorial and personal scope of their jurisdiction, makes them subject to international rules and pragmatically assesses whether they are liable. Secondly, the effectiveness of States' international claims or the effectiveness of some aspects of their national laws are used as conditions to assess their legal effects internationally. This research does not focus on the primacy of fact over law but shows the paradox between the practical requirements of an effective defence of legal certainty, justice and of peace.

L’influence du droit issu de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme sur le droit interne n’est plus à démontrer. Ce texte offre aux justiciables une protection accentuée de leurs droits fondamentaux. Cette affirmation ne doit pas être limitée aux droits que la Convention EDH contient expressément ou encore à ceux que la Cour de Strasbourg a elle-même dégagés grâce à son interprétation dynamique et évolutive. Entendues comme les moyens permettant de contester un acte juridictionnel, les voies de recours ne correspondent pas, en tant que telles, à un droit protégé par le système européen des droits de l’homme. Ce n’est pas pour autant qu’elles sont ignorées de ce dernier. Au contraire, elles bénéficient de toute l’attention des juges européens. Construite à partir des décisions et arrêts rendus par les organes de contrôle européens, la thèse met en évidence les relations entretenues entre la Convention EDH et les voies de recours. Il est alors indispensable d’identifier précisément le type de relations dont il s’agit. Si ces deux mécanismes ont en point commun l’idée de contrôle, les juges européens n’interviennent qu’à l’issue de la procédure interne à laquelle participent les voies de recours. Cette organisation permet de mettre pleinement en lumière le regard que la Cour de Strasbourg porte sur les voies de recours au moment de réaliser son propre contrôle. Il faut alors observer que son appréhension des voies de recours n’est pas univoque. La Cour ne fait pas que contrôler la mise en œuvre par les voies de recours des garanties procédurales contenues dans la Convention. Ces dernières sont également un moyen utilisé par la Cour européenne afin de s’assurer du respect de l’ensemble des droits conventionnels. La découverte de ces dimensions pose la question d’une qualification globale des relations entre la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et les voies de recours. L’utilisation des voies de recours au cœur du contrôle de conventionnalité, en qualité d’instrument ou d’objet, montre que ces relations favorisent un renforcement mutuel des voies de recours comme du système de protection des droits conventionnels. / The influence of the law stemming from the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms no longer need to be demonstrated. This text provides people with an increased protection of their fundamental rights. This assertion can not be restricted to the rights that are clearly stated in the Convention or those that are drawn by the European Court of Human Rights thanks to its dynamic and evolutional interpretation. Remedies constitute a way to contest a judicial decision. On account of this definition, they do not correspond to a right directly protected by the European human rights system. That does not mean they are ignored by this system. On the contrary, European judges give their full attention to them. This thesis built up from the European decisions and judgments underscores the relations between the European Convention and remedies. It is therefore necessary to determine what kind of relations. If those two mechanisms have the idea of control in common, the European judges intervene only when the domestic proceedings in which remedies are brought is ended. This organization allows to highlight the way the European Court looks upon remedies when it carries out its own control. The way it grasps remedies is then not univocal. The European Court does not only control the enforcement of procedural guarantees of the Convention by remedies. These guarantees also are a means used by the European Court to ascertain the respect of all Convention rights. The discovery of these two aspects asks for a global qualification of the relations between the European Convention and remedies. Remedies’ use in the heart of the review of conventionality, as an instrument or an object, shows that these relations favour a mutual strengthening of remedies as well as the Convention rights system of protection.

Depuis les recommandations de l'OMS de la fin des années 1970, de nombreux pays enAfrique ont mis en place des dynamiques de reconnaissance de la médecinetraditionnelle et de ses praticiens. Cette thèse s'intéresse au projet de développement dela « médecine intégrative » à Madagascar, consistant en son intégration au sein dusystème de soins officiel et conventionnel. Ce projet a pour objectif l'amélioration de lasanté des populations et passe par une double évaluation : au niveau social avecl'encadrement des activités des tradipraticiens et au niveau thérapeutique avec larecherche sur les plantes médicinales et le développement de remèdes traditionnelsaméliorés. Cette recherche est le fruit d'une démarche méthodologique qui s'appuie surdes enquêtes multi-situées, avec un terrain de recherche dans la capitale malgache et sesenvirons et avec l'ethnographie d'une localité rurale de la région Analanjirofo (côte estde Madagascar). Cette approche s'intéresse d'un côté aux tentatives d'applications desdécisions politiques en matière d'encadrement de la médecine traditionnelle et de l'autreà la pratique concrète des soins traditionnels ainsi qu'aux comportements individuels etcommunautaires face à la gestion des maux, des malheurs et de la maladie avec desétudes de cas approfondies. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le champ de l'anthropologie de lasanté avec une orientation sur les dynamiques politiques et de développement. Unintérêt particulier est porté à la nature de la cohabitation entre praticiens (médecins,guérisseurs) se déclinant d'un simple référencement de patients à une plus rarecollaboration. Cette étude met en exergue le décalage pouvant exister entre desdécisions gouvernementales et leurs applications locales ainsi que les enjeux sociaux,politiques et économiques qui en résultent. / Following the WHO recommendations made in the late 1970s, many countries in Africahave implemented dynamics of recognition of traditional medicine and traditionalhealers. This dissertation focuses on the development of « integrative medicine » inMadagascar, consisting in its integration into the formal and conventional health caresystem. This development project, focusing on improving population's public health,requires a double evaluation: a social evaluation with the supervision of traditionalhealers' practices and a therapeutic evaluation with research on medicinal plants anddevelopment of improved traditional remedies. This research is the result of amethodological approach based on multi-located fieldworks conducted in the Malagasycapital and its surroundings and an ethnography of a rural town in the Analanjiroforegion (east coast of Madagascar). On one side, this approach focuses on the attempts ofapplication of political decisions regarding the supervision of traditional medicine andon the other side, on the real practice of traditional care as well as on individual andcommunal behaviours when facing disease, sickness, illness and misfortunes withextended case studies. This thesis contributes to the anthropology of health with a focuson political and developmental dynamics. A special emphasis is placed on the nature ofcohabitation existing between practitioners (doctors and traditional healers) going froma simple referencing of patients to a rare collaboration. This study tends to highlight thepossible gap between government decisions and local applications as well as theresulting social, political and economic issues.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilia Volpe Zanini Mendes Batista.pdf: 441698 bytes, checksum: d9538f8721ac0c4b0f261c9d47ded94a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-07 / This work had as target the study of the provisional remedy on the rescindable action. A scope more centered in the instituting of the provisional remedy, in the judged thing and the rescindable action was established. The objective was to demonstrate the possibility of the provision of the remedy on the rescindable action, on what, the alteration of article 489 of the Code of Civil Action, leaves no doubt. As such, the concept of jurisdictional remedy and its species was discoursed briefly, also informing on the instrumental character of the civil action. Still, a study was performed on the effectiveness of the process and the provisional remedy, to demonstrate that this is one of the most efficient ways (not to say it is the way) to change the process into an effective and just one. Immediately after, a specific study on the provisional remedy in the civil procedural Brazilian law was made. Also, a study was made on the judged thing and, mainly, on the possibility of it being relative in the cases where it exists serious vice to the sentence or this one is in disagreement with the law, violating the jurisprudence. An exclusive study about the rescindable action was performed. Finally, the central subject of the present work was approached: The possibility of the provision of the remedy on the rescindable action. As such, there was talk about the constitutional guarantees of the due legal process and of the intangibility of the judged thing, a short passage about the constitutional principles and its conflicts was written. Concluding, brief aspects regarding the common points and differences between the precautionary and provisional remedies were presented, with ends of showing that even with the alteration of the article 489 of the Code of Civil Action by the Law # 11.280 of 2006, that foresees the possibility of the rescindable action being suspended by measure of precautionary nature or provision of the remedy, in the essential cases and under the presuppositions predicted under law, the provisional remedy is the best way to plead the suspension of the rescindable jury / Este trabalho teve como escopo o estudo da tutela antecipada na ação rescisória. Foi feita uma abordagem mais centrada no instituto da tutela antecipada, na coisa julgada e na ação rescisória. O objetivo foi demonstrar a possibilidade de se antecipar a tutela na ação rescisória, sobre o que, com a alteração do artigo 489 do Código de Processo Civil, não pairam mais dúvidas. Para tanto, discorreu-se de forma breve sobre conceito de tutela jurisdicional e suas espécies, inclusive informando sobre o caráter instrumental do processo civil. Fez-se ainda um estudo sobre a efetividade do processo e a tutela antecipada, para demonstrar que esta é um dos meios (para não dizer é o meio) mais eficaz para tornar o processo efetivo e justo. Em seguida foi feito um estudo específico sobre a tutela antecipada no direito processual civil brasileiro. Houve também um estudo sobre a coisa julgada e, principalmente, sobre a possibilidade de sua relativização nos casos em que existir vício grave na sentença, ou esta esteja em desacordo com o direito, violando a ordem jurídica. Fez-se um estudo exclusivo sobre a ação rescisória. Finalmente, abordou-se o tema central do presente trabalho: a possibilidade da antecipação da tutela na ação rescisória. Para tanto, falou-se sobre as garantias constitucionais do devido processo legal e da intangibilidade da coisa julgada, fez-se uma breve passagem sobre os princípios constitucionais e seus conflitos. Concluindo, apresentou-se breves aspectos dos pontos comuns e diferenças entre as tutelas cautelar e antecipatória para fins de demonstrar que mesmo com a alteração do artigo 489 do Código de Processo Civil pela Lei n. 11.280 de 2006, que prevê a possibilidade de se suspender a ação rescisória por medida de natureza cautelar ou antecipatória da tutela, nos casos imprescindíveis e sob os pressupostos previstos em lei, a tutela antecipada é a forma mais adequada para pleitear a suspensão do julgado rescindendo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Brajal Veiga.pdf: 1262151 bytes, checksum: fa521ba55f68d3e2856dcf09ded02d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-14 / The aim of this research is to analyze the legal institute called poder geral de cautela or, in an attempt to translate the term, the general power of injunction , which is provided in the article 798 of Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure. The reason for this research is due to the fact that, not very often, the general power of injunction is not fully understood according to all its constitutional aspects. The hypotheses analyzed refer to the use of the general power of injunction by the judges, as well as its enforcement over plausible and urgent legal interests. The method chosen to the present study consist of analysis and research of the legislation, the legal doctrine (national and international) and the Court s decisions. The conclusions obtained show that the general power of injunction does the function of a filling rule of the legal system, besides being an instrument inherent of the jurisdiction s use. Keywords: general power of injunction, writ of prevention; court action; precautionary action provisional remedy, preliminary injunction, filling rule of the legal system, jurisdiction / Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise do instituto do chamado poder geral de cautela, previsto no artigo 798 do Código de Processo Civil. A justificativa deste estudo deve-se ao fato de que, nem sempre, o dever-poder geral de cautela é plenamente compreendido de acordo com todos os seus aspectos constitucionais. As hipóteses analisadas referem-se à utilização do dever-poder geral de cautela pelos juízes e à sua aplicação envolvendo interesses plausíveis e urgentes. O método utilizado para este estudo consistiu na análise e pesquisa da legislação, da doutrina (nacional e estrangeira) e da jurisprudência. As conclusões obtidas demonstram que o dever-poder geral de cautela desempenha a função de uma norma de fechamento do sistema, além de ser um instrumento ínsito ao exercício da jurisdição